Promoted Overall Water Splitting Catalytic Activity and Durability of Ni3 Fe Alloy by Designing N-Doped Carbon Encapsulation.

Combining an electrochemically stable material onto the surface of a catalyst can improve the durability of a transition metal catalyst, and enable the catalyst to operate stably at high current density. Herein, the contribution of the N-doped carbon shell (NCS) to the electrochemical properties is evaluated by comparing the characteristics of the Ni3 Fe@NCS catalyst with the N-doped carbon shell, and the Ni3 Fe catalyst. The synthesized Ni3 Fe@NCS catalyst has a distinct overpotential difference from the Ni3 Fe catalyst (ηOER = 468.8 mV, ηHER = 462.2 mV) at (200 and -200) mA cm-2 in 1 m KOH. In stability test at (10 and -10) mA cm-2 , the Ni3 Fe@NCS catalyst showed a stability of (95.47 and 99.6)%, while the Ni3 Fe catalyst showed a stability of (72.4 and 95.9)%, respectively. In addition, the in situ X-ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy (XANES) results show that redox reaction appeared in the Ni3 Fe catalyst by applying voltages of (1.7 and -0.48) V. The decomposition of nickel and iron due to the redox reaction is detected as a high ppm concentration in the Ni3 Fe catalyst through Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis. This work presents the strategy and design of a next-generation electrochemical catalyst to improve the electrocatalytic properties and stability.

Gulp1 deficiency augments bone mass in male mice by affecting osteoclasts due to elevated 17ß-estradiol levels.

The engulfment adaptor phosphotyrosine-binding domain containing 1 (GULP1) is an adaptor protein involved in the engulfment of apoptotic cells via phagocytosis. Gulp1 was first found to promote the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages, and its role in various tissues, including neurons and ovaries, has been well studied. However, the expression and function of GULP1 in bone tissue are poorly understood. Consequently, to determine whether GULP1 plays a role in the regulation of bone remodeling in vitro and in vivo, we generated Gulp1 knockout (KO) mice. Gulp1 was expressed in bone tissue, mainly in osteoblasts, while its expression is very low in osteoclasts. Microcomputed tomography and histomorphometry analysis in 8-week-old male Gulp1 KO mice revealed a high bone mass in comparison with male wild-type (WT) mice. This was a result of decreased osteoclast differentiation and function in vivo and in vitro as confirmed by a reduced actin ring and microtubule formation in osteoclasts. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis further showed that both 17ß-estradiol (E2) and 2-hydroxyestradiol levels, and the E2/testosterone metabolic ratio, reflecting aromatase activity, were also higher in the bone marrow of male Gulp1 KO mice than in male WT mice. Consistent with mass spectrometry analysis, aromatase enzymatic activity was significantly higher in the bone marrow of male Gulp1 KO mice. Altogether, our results suggest that GULP1 deficiency decreases the differentiation and function of osteoclasts themselves and increases sex steroid hormone-mediated inhibition of osteoclast differentiation and function, rather than affecting osteoblasts, resulting in a high bone mass in male mice. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the direct and indirect roles of GULP1 in bone remodeling, providing new insights into its regulation.

Bone Generation Following Repeated Administration of Recombinant Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2.

BACKGROUND: The delivery of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP2) by using various carriers has been used to successfully induce bone formation in many animal models. However, the effect of multiple administration of rhBMP2 on bone formation and BMP2 antibody production has not been determined. Our aim was to examine the bone formation activity of rhBMP2 and serum levels of anti-BMP2 antibodies following the repeated administration of rhBMP2 in mice. METHODS: Absorbable collagen sponges or polyphosphazene hydrogels containing rhBMP2 were subcutaneously implanted or injected into one side on the back of six-week-old C57BL/6 mice. Three or 4 weeks later, the same amount of rhBMP2 was administered again with the same carrier into the subcutaneous regions on the other side of the back or into calvarial defects. The effects of a single administration of rhBMP2 on the osteoinductive ability in the ectopic model were compared with those of repeated administrations. In vivo ectopic or orthotopic bone formation was evaluated using microradiography and histological analyses. Serum concentrations of anti-rhBMP2 antibodies were measured by ELISAs. RESULTS: Re-administration of the same amount of rhBMP2 into the subcutaneous area showed a comparable production of ectopic bone as after the first administration. The bone forming ability of repeated rhBMP2 administrations was equal to that of single rhBMP2 administration. The administration of rhBMP2 into calvarial defects, following the first subcutaneous administration of rhBMP2 on the back, completely recovered the defect area with newly regenerated bone within 3 weeks. Repeated administration of rhBMP2 at 4-week intervals did not significantly alter the serum levels of anti-BMP2 antibodies and did not induce any inflammatory response. The serum obtained from rhBMP2-exposed mice had no effect on the ability of rhBMP2 to induce osteogenic gene expressions in MC3T3-E1. CONCLUSION: We suggest that the osteoinductive ability of rhBMP2 is not compromised by repeated administrations. Thus, rhBMP2 can be repeatedly used for bone regeneration at various sites within a short duration.

Fisetin induces apoptosis in uterine leiomyomas through multiple pathways.

Although uterine leiomyomas are the most common benign uterine tumors in women, there is no effective therapy that can also preserve the uterus and maintain fertility. The work aimed to work was to discover a potential natural agent that has pharmacological activities on uterine leiomyomas with fewer adverse effects. We chose Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) as a candidate after primary cytotoxicity testing, and analyzed the RVS components that showed pharmacological activity. Leiomyoma cells and myometrium cells were cultured from uterine tissues obtained from patients, and were treated with RVS at varying concentrations. RVS was cytotoxic in both leiomyoma and myometrium cells; however, the effects were more prominent in the leiomyoma cells. Among the bioactive components of RVS, fisetin showed significant pharmacological effects on leiomyoma cells. Fisetin showed excellent leiomyoma cell cytotoxicity and induced apoptotic cell death with cell cycle arrest. The apoptotic cell death appeared to involve not one specific pathway but multichannel pathways (intrinsic, extrinsic, MARK, and p53-mediated pathways), and autophagy. The multichannel apoptosis pathways were activated with a low concentration of fisetin (IC50). This is the first demonstration to show the pharmacological activities of fisetin on leiomyoma cells. These findings suggest that fisetin may be used for the prevention and treatment of uterine leiomyomas. Since fisetin can be obtained from plants, it may be a safe and effective alternative treatment for uterine leiomyomas.

The impact of short-term acute heat stress on the rumen microbiome of Hanwoo steers.

Heat stress negatively affects cattle productivity by reducing feed intake. In the present study, we assessed if the rumen microbiome composition of Hanwoo steers was altered by exposure to heat stress. Rumen samples were collected from four Hanwoo steers that were individually housed in climate-controlled chambers with 60% humidity and environmental temperatures of: 1) 15°C (0-day group), 2) 35°C for 3 days (3-day group), and 3) 35°C for 6 days (6-day group). The total community DNA of samples was extracted, and 997,843 bacterial and 1,508,770 archaeal sequences were analyzed using next-generation sequencing. Assessment of the relative abundances revealed 15 major phyla of which Bacteroidetes was found to be the most dominant. After 3 days of heat stress exposure there were no significant changes in the rumen microbiome composition, except for a decrease in the Planctomycetes. However, after 6 days of heat stress exposure, we found that the relative abundance of fibrolytic Ruminococcaceae had decreased while that of lactate-producing Lactobacillaceae and amylolytic Prevotella and Ruminobacter had increased. The normal rumen microbiome of Hanwoo cattle was shown to be disrupted after 6 days of heat stress, which led to the decrease in fibrolytic bacteria that are sensitive to low pH and the increase in both lactate-producing and amylolytic bacteria. We have demonstrated that the microbiome composition of the rumen is affected by acute heat stress. Our findings may contribute to the development of different feeding strategies to restore heat stress-induced disruption of the rumen microbiome.

Ablation of Stabilin-1 Enhances Bone-Resorbing Activity in Osteoclasts In Vitro.

Stabilin-1 is a transmembrane receptor that regulates molecule recycling and cell homeostasis by controlling the intracellular trafficking and participates in cell-cell adhesion and transmigration. Stabilin-1 expression is observed in various organs, including bones; however, its function and regulatory mechanisms in the bone remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the physiological function of stabilin-1 in bone cells and tissue using a stabilin-1 knockout (Stab1 KO) mouse model. In wild-type (WT) mice, stabilin-1 was expressed in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and its expression was maintained during osteoblast differentiation but significantly decreased after osteoclast differentiation. There was no difference in osteoblast differentiation and function, or the expression of osteoblast differentiation markers between mesenchymal stem cells isolated from Stab1 KO and WT mice. However, osteoclast differentiation marker levels demonstrated a non-significant increase and bone-resorbing activity was significantly increased in vitro in RANKL-induced osteoclasts from Stab1-deficient bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) compared with those of WT BMMs. Microcomputed tomography showed a negligible difference between WT and Stab1 KO mice in bone volume and trabecular thickness and number. Moreover, no in vivo functional defect in bone formation by osteoblasts was observed in the Stab1 KO mice. The osteoclast surface and number showed an increased tendency in Stab1 KO mice compared to WT mice in vivo, but this difference was not statistically significant. Overall, these results indicate that Stab1 does not play an essential role in in vivo bone development and bone cell function, but it does affect in vitro osteoclast maturation and function for bone resorption.

Apoptotic effect of Gyejibokryunghwan on uterine sarcoma cells (SK-UT-1B).

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of uterine sarcomais is a challenging task for clinicians because its position is not easily accessible by current conventional techniques. In addition, standardized treatment for uterine sarcoma has not yet been established due to its rarity and heterogeneity. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: We investigated the apoptotic cell death of uterine sarcoma cells (SK-UT-1B) induced by Gyejibokryunghwan (GBH). GBH, an herbal medicine, has been widely used for gynecological diseases in Koean medicine. METHODS: SK-UT-1B cells were treated with GBH of varying concentrations from 0 to 500 µg/ml. The mechanism of cell death was investigated through multiple analysis methods, including flow cytometry, cell cycle, and western blotting. RESULTS: Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the number of apoptotic cells increased in a GBH dose-dependent manner. The cell populations of sub-G1 and G0/G1 phases were increased by GBH treatment, indicating apoptosisand cell arrest, while the population of S and G2/M phases decreased. With GBH, the expression levels of cleaved caspase-3, -6, and -9 were upregulated, while the expression levels of pro-caspase-3, -6, and -9 were down-regulated in SK-UT-1B cells. CONCLUSION: These results are the first observation of uterine sarcoma cell death induced by GBH and confirmation of the mechanism of cell death, which occurred through the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Clinically, uterine sarcoma has a poor prognosis with no appropriate treatment. GBH may become a new treatment modality for uterine sarcoma.

Low-Tube-Voltage CT Urography Using Low-Concentration-Iodine Contrast Media and Iterative Reconstruction: A Multi-Institutional Randomized Controlled Trial for Comparison with Conventional CT Urography.

Objective: To compare the image quality of low-tube-voltage and low-iodine-concentration-contrast-medium (LVLC) computed tomography urography (CTU) with iterative reconstruction (IR) with that of conventional CTU. Materials and Methods: This prospective, multi-institutional, randomized controlled trial was performed at 16 hospitals using CT scanners from various vendors. Patients were randomly assigned to the following groups: 1) the LVLC-CTU (80 kVp and 240 mgI/mL) with IR group and 2) the conventional CTU (120 kVp and 350 mgI/mL) with filtered-back projection group. The overall diagnostic acceptability, sharpness, and noise were assessed. Additionally, the mean attenuation, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and figure of merit (FOM) in the urinary tract were evaluated. Results: The study included 299 patients (LVLC-CTU group: 150 patients; conventional CTU group: 149 patients). The LVLC-CTU group had a significantly lower effective radiation dose (5.73 ± 4.04 vs. 8.43 ± 4.38 mSv) compared to the conventional CTU group. LVLC-CTU showed at least standard diagnostic acceptability (score ≥ 3), but it was non-inferior when compared to conventional CTU. The mean attenuation value, mean SNR, CNR, and FOM in all pre-defined segments of the urinary tract were significantly higher in the LVLC-CTU group than in the conventional CTU group. Conclusion: The diagnostic acceptability and quantitative image quality of LVLC-CTU with IR are not inferior to those of conventional CTU. Additionally, LVLC-CTU with IR is beneficial because both radiation exposure and total iodine load are reduced.

Effects of Sampling Techniques and Sites on Rumen Microbiome and Fermentation Parameters in Hanwoo Steers.

We evaluated the influence of sampling technique (cannulation vs. stomach tube) and site (dorsal sac vs. ventral sac) on the rumen microbiome and fermentation parameters in Hanwoo steers. Rumen samples were collected from three cannulated Hanwoo steers via both a stomach tube and cannulation, and 16S rRNA gene amplicons were sequenced on the MiSeq platform to investigate the rumen microbiome composition among samples obtained via 1) the stomach tube, 2) dorsal sac via rumen cannulation, and 3) ventral sac via rumen cannulation. A total of 722,001 high-quality 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained from the three groups and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. There was no significant difference in the composition of the major taxa or alpha diversity among the three groups (p＞ 0.05). Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes represented the first and second most dominant phyla, respectively, and their abundances did not differ among the three groups (p＞ 0.05). Beta diversity principal coordinate analysis also did not separate the rumen microbiome based on the three sample groups. Moreover, there was no effect of sampling site or method on fermentation parameters, including pH and volatile fatty acids (p ＞ 0.05). Overall, this study demonstrates that the rumen microbiome and fermentation parameters are not affected by different sampling techniques and sampling sites. Therefore, a stomach tube can be a feasible alternative method to collect representative rumen samples rather than the standard and more invasive method of rumen cannulation in Hanwoo steers.

New approach for vertical bone regeneration using in situ gelling and sustained BMP-2 releasing poly(phosphazene) hydrogel system on peri-implant site with critical defect in a canine model.

An injectable hydrogel system with sustained bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) release ability was developed for vertical bone regeneration at peri-implant sites and enhanced osseointegration of dental implants. In three young male beagle dogs, a pair of defects was created on both sides of the mandibular bone. Next, two implants were transplanted into each defect. In situ gelling polymer solutions with or without BMP-2 were applied to cover the implants and mandibular defects. The effects of the in situ gelling and sustained BMP-2 releasing (IGSR) hydrogel system on peri-implant bone regeneration were evaluated by radiologic examination, micro-computed tomography, and histomorphometric analysis. Twelve weeks after the treatment, significant bone generation at the peri-implant site occurred following BMP-2/IGSR hydrogel treatment. Bone volume and mineral density were increased by 1.7- and 1.3-fold, respectively (p < 0.01 and 0.05 vs. control, respectively) for the BMP-2/IGSR hydrogel system. And, 0.57-0.31 mm vertical bone generation was observed at the peri-implant site for the BMP-2/IGSR hydrogel system, while rare vertical bone generation occurred in the control group. The BMP-2/IGSR hydrogel system significantly increased bone to implant contact % between induced bone and existing bone (p < 0.05 and 0.01 vs. control). These vertical bone regeneration and higher osseointegration levels demonstrated the effectiveness of the BMP-2/IGSR hydrogel system. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 751-759, 2018.

Eclalbasaponin II Ameliorates the Cognitive Impairment Induced by Cholinergic Blockade in Mice.

Eclalbasaponin II derived from Eclipta prostrata L. (Asteraceae) has been reported to have anti-fibrotic, anti-bacterial and autophagic activities, but its effect on cognitive function has not been investigated. We studied the effect of eclalbasaponin II on cholinergic blockade-induced memory impairment in mice using the passive avoidance, Y-maze, and Morris water maze tasks. Eclalbasaponin II (10 or 20 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly ameliorated the cognitive dysfunction induced by scopolamine in the passive avoidance, Y-maze, and the Morris water maze tasks. To identify the mechanism of the memory-ameliorating effect of eclalbasaponin II, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity assay, Western blot analysis and electrophysiology were conducted. Eclalbasaponin II inhibited the AChE activity in ex vivo study, and the administration of eclalbasaponin II and its metabolite, echinocystic acid, increased the phosphorylation levels of memory-related signaling molecules, including protein kinase B (Akt) and glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK-3ß), in the hippocampus. Although eclalbasaponin II did not affect hippocampal long term potentiation (LTP), echinocystic acid significantly enhanced hippocampal LTP formation (30 µM). These results suggest that eclalbasaponin II ameliorates cholinergic blockade-induced cognitive impairment via AChE inhibition, LTP formation and the activation of Akt-GSK-3ß signaling, and that eclalbasaponin II may be a useful to treat cognitive impairment derived from cholinergic dysfunction.

Rumen fermentation and digestibility of spent mushroom ( Pleurotus ostreatus ) substrate inoculated with Lactobacillus brevis for Hanwoo steers / Fermentación ruminal y digestibilidad de la cama de champiñón (Pleurotus ostreatus) desechada inoculada con Lactobacillus brevis en novillos Hanwoo / Fermentação ruminal e digestibilidade de resíduo de substrato de cogumelo (Pleurotus ostreatus) inoculado com Lactobacillus brevis en novilhos Hanwoo

Abstract Background: Ensiling spent mushroom substrate (SMS) generally increases its nutrient digestibility and quality. Objective: To determine the feed quality and digestibility of SMS from Pleurotus ostreatus (SMSP) inoculated with lactic acid bacteria (LAB: Lactobacillus brevis) in Hanwoo steers. Methods: Ruminal disappearance of SMSP and inoculated SMSP (ISMSP) were evaluated in three rumen-fistulated Hanwoo steers (408 ± 13.0 Kg body weight). Further, three healthy Hanwoo steers (336 ± 69.0 Kg body weight) were randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments (control: 25% straw, 75% concentrates; treatments: 25% straw, 60% concentrates, and 15% of either SMSP or ISMSP) in a 3×3 Latin square design. Results: The chemical composition of the ISMSP diet did not differ from that of the control or the SMSP diets. In the ISMSP diet, the rate of decrease of pH of ruminal fluid and the increase in storage period was greater than with the SMSP diet. Ruminal disappearance of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber were slightly higher in steers fed ISMSP than those fed SMSP. Furthermore, the degradation rate and effective degradability of crude protein was greater in the ISMSP diet than in the SMSP diet. Effective ruminal fermentation characteristics and total nutrients digestibility were not affected by SMSP nor ISMSP diet. Conclusion: The SMSP and ISMSP diets could replace formulated concentrate without adverse effects and be a cost-effective feed for Hanwoo steers. Furthermore, LAB inoculation improved the SMSP preservation.

Resumen Antecedentes: El ensilado de cama de champiñón desechada (SMS) generalmente aumenta la digestibilidad y la calidad de sus nutrientes. Objetivo: Determinar la calidad del alimento y digestibilidad del SMS a partir de Pleurotus ostreatus (SMSP) inoculado con bacterias ácido-lácticas (LAB: Lactobacillus brevis) en bueyes Hanwoo. Métodos: La desaparición ruminal del SMSP y ISMSP (SMSP inoculado) fue evaluada en tres bueyes Hanwoo fistulados en el rumen (408 ± 13,0 Kg peso corporal). Igualmente, tres bueyes Hanwoo sanos (336 ± 69,0 Kg peso corporal) fueron asignados al azar a uno de los tres tratamientos dietéticos (control: 25% de heno, 75% de concentrados; tratamientos: 25% de heno, 60% de concentrados y 15% de SMSPo ISMSP) en un diseño cuadrado latino 3×3. Resultados: La composición química de la dieta ISMSP no difirió de la del control o de la dieta SMSP. En la dieta ISMSP, la tasa de disminución del pH del fluido ruminal y el incremento del tiempo de almacenamiento fueron mayores que los de la dieta SMSP. La desaparición ruminal de la materia seca, proteína cruda, fibra detergente neutra y la fibra detergente ácida fue ligeramente superior en los bueyes alimentados con el ISMSPque en aquellos alimentados con SMSP. Además, la tasa de degradación y la degradabilidad efectiva de la proteína cruda fueron mayores en la dieta ISMSPque en la dieta SMSP. Las características de la fermentación ruminal efectiva y la digestibilidad total de nutrientes no fueron afectadas por la dieta SMSP ni por la de ISMSP. Conclusión: Las dietas SMSPe ISMSP podrían reemplazar el concentrado formulado sin efectos adversos y ser una alimentación económica para los bueyes Hanwoo. Además, la inoculación con LAB mejoró la conservación del SMSP.

Resumo Antecedentes: Ensilagem de resíduo de substrato de cogumelo (SMS) geralmente aumenta a digestibilidade e a qualidade dos nutrientes. Objetivo: Determinar a qualidade da alimentação e digestibilidade do RSC apartir do Pleurotus ostreatus (SMSP) inoculado com bactérias de ácido láctico (LAB: Lactobacillus brevis) nos novilhos Hanwoo. Métodos: Desaparecimento ruminal do SMSP e ISMSP (SMSP inoculado) foram avaliados em três novilhos Hanwoo fistulados no rúmen (408 ± 13.0 Kg peso corporal). Além disso, três novilhos Hanwoo (336 ± 69.0 Kg peso corporal) foram aleatoriamente distribuídos para um dos três tratamentos dietéticos (controle: 25% palha, 75% concentrado; tratamentos: 25% palha, 60% concentrado, e 15% ambos SMSP e ISMSP) em um quadrado Latino de 3×3. Resultados: A composição química da dieta ISMSP não diferiu do controle ou das dietas SMSP. Na dieta ISMSP, a taxa de diminuição do pH do fluido ruminal e o aumento no período de armazenamento foram melhores do que com a dieta SMSP. O desaparecimento ruminal de matéria seca, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, e fibra detergente ácido foi ligeiramente superior em novilhos alimentados com ISMSP, do que aqueles alimentados com SMSP. Além disso, a taxa de degradação e degradabilidade da proteína bruta foi maior na dieta ISMSP, do que na dieta SMSP. As características efetivas de fermentação ruminal e a digestibilidade total de nutrientes não foram afetadas pela dieta SMSP, nem pela dieta ISMSP. Conclusão: Dietas com SMSP e ISMSP podem ser utilizados em substituição ao concentrado formulado sem causar efeitos adversos e ser um alimento rentável em novilhos Hanwoo. Além disso, a inoculação com LAB melhorou a qualidade conservante da SMSP.

The Value of Preoperative Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in Node-Negative Endometrial Cancer on Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the value of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) in predicting lymph node status in node-negative endometrial cancer on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: Patients with endometrial cancer who underwent both preoperative MRI and FDG-PET/CT followed by hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy were initially included. We then enrolled patients with MRI-defined node-negative disease (lymph nodes <1 cm in the short-axis diameter, or no visible lymph node). Histologic examination was the gold standard for lymph node metastasis diagnosis. The diagnostic performance of FDG-PET/CT in predicting lymph node metastasis was calculated in patient-by-patient and lymph node station-by-station analyses. RESULTS: On preoperative MRI, 362 patients had no lymph node metastasis. All patients underwent pelvic lymph node dissection and 118 patients underwent further para-aortic lymph node dissection. From 2099 lymph node stations, 10,238 lymph nodes were retrieved. Twenty-seven patients (7.5%) had lymph node metastasis in 49 lymph node stations (2.3%) on pathologic examination. FDG-PET/CT identified lymph node metastasis in five patients (18.5%) and eight lymph node stations (16.3%). The median diameter of false-negative metastatic lymph nodes was 6 mm (range 1-22) in the long axis and 3 mm (range 1-11) in the short axis. For para-aortic lymph nodes, FDG-PET/CT diagnosed 2 of 11 patients (18.1%) with para-aortic lymph node metastasis, and 3 of 12 para-aortic lymph node stations (25%) with metastasis. CONCLUSION: Preoperative FDG-PET/CT has low value in predicting lymph node metastasis in node-negative endometrial cancer on preoperative MRI.

Terahertz imaging of metastatic lymph nodes using spectroscopic integration technique.

Terahertz (THz) imaging was used to differentiate the metastatic states of frozen lymph nodes (LNs) by using spectroscopic integration technique (SIT). The metastatic states were classified into three groups: healthy LNs, completely metastatic LNs, and partially metastatic LNs, which were obtained from three mice without infection and six mice infected with murine melanoma cells for 30 days and 15 days, respectively. Under histological examination, the healthy LNs and completely metastatic LNs were found to have a homogeneous cellular structure but the partially metastatic LNs had interfaces of the melanoma and healthy tissue. THz signals between the experimental groups were not distinguished at room temperature due to high attenuation by water in the tissues. However, a signal gap between the healthy and completely metastatic LNs was detected at freezing temperature. The signal gap could be enhanced by using SIT that is a signal processing method dichotomizing the signal difference between the healthy cells and melanoma cells with their normalized spectral integration. This technique clearly imaged the interfaces in the partially metastatic LNs, which could not be achieved by existing methods using a peak point or spectral value. The image resolution was high enough to recognize a metastatic area of about 0.7 mm size in the partially metastatic LNs. Therefore, this pilot study demonstrated that THz imaging of the frozen specimen using SIT can be used to diagnose the metastatic state of LNs for clinical application.

The ethanolic extract of the Eclipta prostrata L. ameliorates the cognitive impairment in mice induced by scopolamine.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Eclipta prostrata L. (Asteraceae) has been prescribed for whole body nourishment and nervine tonic in Asia. However, the effects of E. prostrata in learning and memory have not been fully explored. AIM OF THE STUDY: To scientifically elucidate the effects of E. prostrata on cognitive functions, we examined whether E. prostrata could ameliorate a cholinergic blockade-induced memory impairment, and we also investigated the effects of E. prostrata on the synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Memory impairment was induced by scopolamine, a cholinergic muscarinic receptor antagonist. The anti-amnesic effects of the ethanolic extract of Eclipta prostrata L. (EEEP) were measured in mice by the passive avoidance, Y-maze and Morris water maze tasks. To test the effects of EEEP on synaptic plasticity, we measured long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus. We also studied several signaling molecules related to learning and memory, such as phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt) or phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK-3ß). RESULTS: In the passive avoidance task, EEEP (50 or 100mg/kg, p.o.) significantly ameliorated the shortened step-through latency induced by scopolamine. EEEP (100mg/kg, p.o.) also showed significant increase in alternation behavior during the Y-maze task. In the Morris water maze task, scopolamine-induced a decrease in both the swimming time within the target zone and the number of crossings where the platform had been placed were significantly reversed by EEEP (50 or 100mg/kg, p.o.). Moreover, EEEP (100µg/ml) significantly enhanced hippocampal LTP without affecting basal synaptic transmission. The administration of EEEP (100mg/kg) increased the phosphorylation levels of Akt and GSK-3ß in the hippocampal region. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that EEEP has memory-ameliorating activity against scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment and facilitates LTP in the hippocampus. This could be, at least in part, mediated by the activation of the Akt-GSK-3ß signaling pathway.

Betulinic acid synergically enhances BMP2-induced bone formation via stimulating Smad 1/5/8 and p38 pathways.

BACKGROUND: Healing of bone defects is a dynamic and orchestrated process that relies on multiple growth factors and cell types. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) is a key growth factor for bone healing, which stimulates mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into osteoblasts. Betulinic acid (BetA) is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid from plants. This study aimed to examine combinatory effects of BetA and BMP2 on ectopic bone generation in mice. RESULTS: In MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast culture, 10-15 µM of BetA increased the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and expression levels of osteogenic marker genes without the decreased cell viability. In addition, BetA synergistically enhanced BMP2-induced gene expressions and mineralization with the enhancement of phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 and p38. In an in vivo ectopic bone formation model, combination of BetA (50 µg) and BMP2 (3 µg) resulted in increases in the amount of new bone generation, compared with treatment with BMP2 alone. Histological studies showed that bone generation with cortical and trabecular structures was resulted from the combination of BetA and BMP2. CONCLUSION: BetA can enhance in vivo osteogenic potentials of BMP2, possibly via stimulating Smad 1/5/8 and p38 pathways, and combination of both agents can be considered as a therapeutic strategy for bone diseases.

Effect of Music on Reducing Anxiety for Patients Undergoing Transrectal Ultrasound-Guided Prostate Biopsies: Randomized Prospective Trial.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of music on anxiety and perceived pain during transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty consecutive men with an elevated serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level and/ or an abnormal digital rectal examination referred for transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy were recruited and allocated to a music (n = 20) or a non-music (n = 20) group. Anxiety was assessed prior to and after biopsy and pain was assessed after biopsy in each patient using visual analog scales (VAS) in the same setting, and group anxiety scores were compared. RESULTS: Patients in the music group experienced less anxiety (P = .046) during the procedure, but group pain scores were not significantly different. CONCLUSION: Music was found to decrease anxiety effectively during transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy.

MDM2 E3 ligase-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of HDAC1 in vascular calcification.

Vascular calcification (VC) is often associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms linking VC to these diseases have yet to be elucidated. Here we report that MDM2-induced ubiquitination of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) mediates VC. Loss of HDAC1 activity via either chemical inhibitor or genetic ablation enhances VC. HDAC1 protein, but not mRNA, is reduced in cell and animal calcification models and in human calcified coronary artery. Under calcification-inducing conditions, proteasomal degradation of HDAC1 precedes VC and it is mediated by MDM2 E3 ubiquitin ligase that initiates HDAC1 K74 ubiquitination. Overexpression of MDM2 enhances VC, whereas loss of MDM2 blunts it. Decoy peptide spanning HDAC1 K74 and RG 7112, an MDM2 inhibitor, prevent VC in vivo and in vitro. These results uncover a previously unappreciated ubiquitination pathway and suggest MDM2-mediated HDAC1 ubiquitination as a new therapeutic target in VC.