Lower Insertional Torque of Fixation Screws for Mandibular Angle Fractures Is Associated With Complications.

BACKGROUND: Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is a common treatment for mandibular angle fractures. It is unknown, however, whether the insertional torque of the fixation screws is a risk factor for postoperative complications. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to determine the association between fixation screw insertional torque and postoperative inflammatory complications (POICs). STUDY DESIGN, SETTING, SAMPLE: The authors conducted a prospective cohort study consisting of all adult patients treated with ORIF of mandibular angle fractures using a single six-hole lateral border plate secured with monocortical screws from January 1, 2020, to October 31, 2022, at a large, urban academic hospital. Patients with gunshot wounds, prolonged maxillomandibular fixation, and bilateral angle fractures were excluded. PREDICTOR VARIABLE: The predictor variables were the average and lowest insertional torque of the six screws placed for fixation during ORIF. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE: The outcome variable was the presence of POICs, defined as the occurrence of exposed or infected hardware, abscess formation, recurrent swelling/pain, nonunion, osteomyelitis, or fistula formation. COVARIATES: Demographics, medical history, mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment-related variables were also analyzed. ANALYSES: Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed. A P value of ≤ .05 was considered significant. RESULTS: There were 51 patients included in the study, 37 (72.5%) men, with a mean age of 31.2 ± 10.1 years. POICs occurred in 15.7% of patients. The average insertional screw torque was 46.9 ± 7.8 Ncm, and the mean lowest insertional screw torque per plate was 34.3 ± 10.2 Ncm. The average torque values were not lower in patients who had POICs versus those who did not (45.0 ± 8.6 Ncm vs 48.4 ± 7.6 Ncm, respectively, P = .16). However, the lowest torque value was less in patients who had POICs compared to those who did not (27.5 ± 11.0 Ncm vs 35.6 ± 9.7 Ncm, respectively, P = .04). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Among patients with mandibular angle fractures treated with ORIF, decreased insertional torque for the lowest of the six screws placed for fixation was associated with complications. While previous studies have shown certain plating schemes have been associated with complications, the quality of fixation also plays a role.

Is Bipolar Radiofrequency-Assisted Liposuction Equivalent to Open Anterior Platysmaplasty in Facelift Surgery?

BACKGROUND: During facelift surgery, anterior platysmaplasty (AP) has been used for decades, but it limits lateral advancement and can induce contour irregularities. Radiofrequency (RF)-assisted-liposuction in the anterior neck can avoid these disadvantages by tightening skin without open surgery. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to compare the esthetic outcomes of facelift surgery with those of AP and RF. STUDY DESIGN, SETTING, SAMPLE: A 5-year retrospective cohort study was performed on facelift patients treated by a single surgeon. Exclusions were single-side surgery, previous facelift, chin/lip augmentation/reduction, and inadequate data. PREDICTOR VARIABLE: The predictor variable was neck management technique (AP vs RF). MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLES: The primary outcome variable was the change in cervicomental angle (CMA) following surgery as measured on facial photographs. Secondary outcomes included distance changes from the central CMA point in vertical and horizontal planes to repeatable reference planes. COVARIATES: Covariates were age, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, smoking, and simultaneous procedures. ANALYSES: The statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon rank-sum, Fisher's exact, Kruskal-Wallis tests, Pearson's correlation, and linear regressions. The level of statistical significance was P < .05. RESULTS: There were 132 patients included in the study; 67 received AP and 65 received RF. AP trended toward better performance in CMA change in the unadjusted analysis (-18.7° ± 13.8° vs -22.3° ± 13.7°, respectively, P = .08). AP and RF performed similarly in the adjusted analysis (P = .29). Techniques were similar in horizontal distance change to the CMA (P = .31). RF was associated with less change in the vertical distance to the CMA in the unadjusted analysis (-11.9 mm ± 11.0 mm vs -6.7 mm ± 8.7 mm, respectively, P = .01) and adjusted analysis (ß = 4.3 mm, 95% confidence interval .8 to 7.9 mm, P = .02). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Utilization of the RF technique for management of the anterior neck in facelift surgery is associated with similar outcomes to the AP technique in horizontal distance to the CMA, but AP performed better in CMA change and vertical distance to the CMA.

Does Preoperative Surgical Delay Lead to Increased Postsurgical Length of Stay or Reoperation in Patients With Severe Odontogenic Infections?

BACKGROUND: While severe odontogenic infections can be life-threatening and emergent surgery can be required more often, surgical management in the operating room (OR) is completed as soon as feasible. However, provider schedules and OR availability can occasionally lead to longer delays before surgery, but their effect on outcomes is unknown. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the association of preoperative surgical delay with postsurgical length of stay (LOS) and reoperation in patients with severe odontogenic infections. STUDY DESIGN, SETTING, SAMPLE: The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study consisting of all adult patients treated in the OR with incision and drainage for odontogenic infections from 1/1/2015 to 7/30/2021 at a large, urban academic hospital. PREDICTOR VARIABLE: The primary predictor variable was the length of presurgical delay-the number of hours between arrival in the emergency department and the start of surgery. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLES: The primary outcome variable was the postsurgical LOS and the secondary outcome variable was the rate of reoperation. COVARIATES: Demographics, medical history, exam findings, diagnosis, and treatment-related variables were also analyzed. ANALYSES: Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed along with multivariable linear and logistic regression. A P value of < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS: There were 401 patients included in the study with 50.9% men and a mean age of 39.1 years. Increased length of presurgical delay (hours) was associated with a decreased postsurgical LOS (ß = -0.05 days, P = .01) and length of presurgical delay was not associated with reoperation (P = .51) in the unadjusted analyses. However, length of presurgical delay was not found to be associated with either LOS (ß = -0.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.05 to 0.01, P = .12) or reoperation (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.0, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.02, P = .67) in the adjusted analyses. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The association of decreased length of presurgical delay with increased postsurgical LOS in the unadjusted analysis could reflect the practice of rapid intervention for the most ill patients. After adjusting for number of spaces, a primary indicator of infection severity, length of presurgical delay was not associated with either LOS or return to the operating room.

Do Antibiotics Prevent Infectious Complications in Critically Injured Patients With Blunt Nonoperative Midfacial Trauma?

BACKGROUND: While recent literature suggests antibiotics are not needed in patients with nonoperative facial fractures involving sinuses, the existing studies do not focus on critically injured patients who are known to be at higher risk for sinusitis and ventilator-associated pneumonia, which could be exacerbated by facial fractures. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if antibiotics reduce the rate of infectious complications in critically injured patients who have blunt midfacial trauma treated nonoperatively. STUDY DESIGN, SETTING, SAMPLE: The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study consisting of patients admitted to the trauma intensive care unit who sustained blunt midfacial injuries managed nonoperatively at an urban Level 1 trauma center from August 13th, 2012, to July 30th, 2020. Adults who were critically injured on admission and sustained a midfacial fracture involving a sinus were included in the study. Patients who underwent operative repair of any facial fracture were excluded. PREDICTOR VARIABLE: The predictor variable was the use of antibiotics. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE: The primary outcome variable was the development of infectious complications, such as sinusitis, soft tissue infection, or any type of pneumonia, including ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). ANALYSES: The data were analyzed using Wilcoxon rank sum tests, Fisher exact tests, and multivariable logistic regression as appropriate for analysis type with significance level set at <0.05. RESULTS: The study included 307 patients, with a mean age of 40.6 years. Men accounted for 85.0% of the study population. Antibiotics were administered to 229 (74.6%) of the study population. Complications developed in 13.6% of the patients, which included sinusitis (0.3%), VAP (7.5%), and other types of pneumonia (5.9%). Clostridioides difficile colitis developed in 2 patients (0.6%). Antibiotics were not associated with a decrease in infectious complications in either the unadjusted analysis (13.1% in antibiotic group, 15.4% in no antibiotic group, RR = 0.85 [95% confidence interval = 0.5 to 1.6], P = .7) or the adjusted analysis (odds ratio 0.74 [0.34 to 1.62]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Even in this critically injured patient population thought to be at elevated risk for infectious complications from their midfacial fractures, the rates of infectious complications in those who received antibiotics and those who did not were no different. These results suggest that consideration of more judicious use of antibiotics is warranted in critically ill patients with nonoperative midface fractures.

Does a Short Period of Maxillomandibular Fixation Decrease Complications in Open Reduction Internal Fixation of Mandibular Angle Fractures?

PURPOSE: A short duration of postoperative maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) has the potential to reduce complications following open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of mandibular angle fractures. The purpose of this study was to determine if a short duration of MMF is associated with a reduced rate of postoperative inflammatory complications (POICs) in patients with mandibular angle fractures undergoing ORIF. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study consisting of patients treated with ORIF for mandibular angle fractures from August 1, 2015 to May 31, 2020 at an urban, level 1 trauma center. Patients under the age of 18 years, bilateral angle fractures, those with MMF periods of more than 3 weeks, and those patients without documentation of the duration of MMF were excluded from the study. The primary predictor variable was the use of a short duration (less than 2 weeks) of postoperative MMF. The outcome variable of interest was the presence of POICs. Categorical covariates were compared using Fisher's exact tests, while continuous variables were compared using Wilcox rank-sum tests. Multivariable logistic regression adjustment was also performed. RESULTS: There were 307 patients included in the study, 84.4% of which were men. The average age was 32.5 years. Patients with a short duration of MMF had a POIC rate of 8.3% compared to 18.2% for no MMF (P = .08). In the adjusted analysis, patients with a short duration of MMF time had a significant decrease in POIC risk compared to no MMF (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.11 to 0.97). Other significant variables in the regression analysis included plating type and noncompliance. Inferior border rigid fixation was associated with decreased POIC risk compared to ladder plates and lateral border plates (aOR 5.8, 95% CI = 1.8 to 18.4 and aOR 5.1, 95% CI = 1.4 to 18.7, respectively). CONCLUSION: The findings from our study suggest that a short duration of postoperative MMF may reduce POICs following ORIF of mandibular angle fractures.

Are Delayed Dermal Filler Granulomas More Common Since COVID-19?

PURPOSE: Granuloma and delayed inflammatory reaction to hyaluronic acid facial esthetic fillers occurs rarely. More recently, these reactions have been reported with increasing frequency and have been associated with COVID-19 infection. The purpose of the study is to determine if delayed filler granulomas are more common after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study including of all patients treated with dermal filler at 4 offices of a single cosmetic surgery practice between August 1, 2018 and October 31, 2021 was performed. The primary outcome variable was granuloma formation. The primary predictor variable was time period, either pre-COVID (8/1/18 to 2/29/20) or post-COVID (3/1/20 to 10/31/21). Other study variables recorded were age, amounts of dermal fillers used, and types of dermal filler used. Data were analyzed using chi-squared test, t-tests, and logistic regression. RESULTS: Over the study period, 3,255 patients receiving 8,067 syringes of filler over 6,800 sessions were reviewed. The average patient age was 46.8 ± 13.7 years and 2,583 sessions were performed in the pre-COVID time period and 4,217 sessions in the post-COVID time period. There were 11 granulomas in 9 subjects receiving filler in the post-COVID time period and 0 granulomas in the pre-COVID time period (0.3% vs 0.0%, respectively, P = .009). Juvederm Vollure was used in 64% of patients who developed granulomas but only accounted for 26% of filler administrations in the post-COVID time period and 28% in the cohort overall (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Granuloma formation is a rare complication of hyaluronic acid filler injection that appears to be occurring with more frequency following the COVID-19 pandemic. Practitioners who administer dermal fillers should be aware of this complication and its apparent increased incidence.

Do Patient-Specific Implants Decrease Complications and Increase Orbital Volume Reconstruction Accuracy in Primary Orbital Fracture Reconstruction?

PURPOSE: Patient-specific titanium implants are increasingly used in orbital trauma as a means of achieving improved surgical outcomes as well as decreasing postoperative complications; however, the data to support their use remain limited. The purpose of this study is to compare the complication rates and accuracy of orbital reconstruction using preformed titanium mesh implants and patient-specific implants. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study consisting of patients with orbital floor and/or medial wall fractures treated by reconstruction with either preformed or patient-specific implants from August 1, 2015 to December 31, 2020. The primary predictor variable was the implant type. Outcome variables were the percent volume difference between the reconstructed and uninjured orbital volume and complications. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher exact test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. RESULTS: Of the 85 patients in the study, 73% were male and the average age was 38.7 ± 16.6 years. Sixty-one patients (72%) were treated with preformed implants and 24 (28%) with patient-specific implants. Complications occurred in 8.3% of the patient-specific implant group and 26.2% of the preformed implant group (P = .08). Percent volume difference between the reconstructed and nontraumatized orbit was 4.2% and 6.8% in the patient-specific and preformed implant group, respectively (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Patient-specific implants improved orbital volume reconstruction accuracy but did not decrease complications when compared to preformed implants.

Prediction of Residual Alveolar Bone Height in the Posterior Maxilla After Dental Extractions.

PURPOSE: After tooth extraction in the posterior maxilla, bone resorption often limits implant placement unless additional grafting procedures are performed. However, it is difficult to predict the amount of bone that will remain after extraction based on current evidence. The purpose of this study was to develop a method for predicting the postextraction alveolar bone height in the posterior maxilla. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study that included all patients who were treated for the extraction and replacement of a maxillary first molar with a dental implant from 2008 to 2019. Potential predictor variables included thirteen pre-extraction radiographic measurements obtained via cone-beam computed tomography. The outcome variable was having more than 6 mm of bone height from the alveolar crest to the sinus floor after extraction. Decision tree analyses were used to search for the best predictors of this outcome using random forest analysis with a maximum of 3 randomly chosen covariates in each candidate tree. RESULTS: A total of 63 patients were included in the study; 55.6% were women, and the mean age was 57.6 ± 14.5 years. In this study population, having a bone height from the furcation to the maxillary sinus floor of <6.7 mm had a 7.1% chance of having >6 mm of bone height postoperatively, whereas those patients with ≥6.7 mm at the same position preoperatively had a 61.9% chance of having >6 mm of bone height postoperatively (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that patients with <6.7 mm of bone from the furcation to the sinus are at increased risk of having insufficient bone to support a dental implant without additional grafting at the maxillary first molar position. When treating these patients, the surgeon should consider performing a procedure at the time of extraction to increase bone height or explain additional bone grafting is expected for ideal implant placement.

Surgical Treatment of Impacted Mandibular Second Molars: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: The evidence on surgical uprighting and surgical exposure for the management of impacted mandibular second molars is limited. This systematic review evaluated the efficacy of both of these surgical procedures in the management of impacted mandibular second molars. METHODS: The authors conducted a systematic review without meta-analysis of English language articles on Pubmed and Embase databases without publication date restrictions. Additional studies were identified by searching reference lists and manually reviewing published literature in key journals. Potential included study types were cases series, cohort studies, and randomized clinical trials studying surgical uprighting or surgical exposure of impacted mandibular second molars. The outcomes studied were the positioning of the tooth in the dental arch, pulpal obliteration or calcification, infection, root resorption, and root fracture. RESULTS: Of the 1,438 records identified, 8 were included in the review, representing a total of 433 molars. The age of study participants in the included studies ranged from 7 to 20 years. A total of 22 of 27 (81.5%) impacted mandibular second molars included in this study were reported to be successfully positioned in the dental arch after surgical exposure. A total of 374 of 408 (91.7%) mandibular second molars included in this study were successfully positioned in the dental arch after surgical uprighting. There were no reported cases of infection and root fracture of impacted mandibular second molars treated by surgical exposure. In surgical uprighting, the overall reported rates of pulpal obliteration or calcification, infection, root resorption, and root fracture were 27.1, 1.9, 14.9, and 1.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: While there are few studies comparing treatment strategies for the management of impacted mandibular second molars, surgical uprighting appears to be a successful treatment option for these patients with few reported complications.

The Use of Tranexamic Acid in Facial Cosmetic Surgery Procedures: A Technical Note.

Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been widely used as an antifibrinolytic in dentoalveolar surgery and only recently has its effects been explored in facial procedures. Multiple studies have reported the use of TXA in facial cosmetic surgery; and to date, only a limited number of them utilized TXA as a local infiltrative technique for rhytidectomy procedures. We present a technical note to using lower concentrations of TXA in tumescent anesthesia for an array of facial cosmetic procedures. Our experience thus far has shown improved hemostasis, reduction of intraoperative bleeding and a more profound reduction in postoperative ecchymosis, edema and seroma formation.

Is Screw-Fracture Proximity or Residual Fracture Displacement Correlated to Outcomes After Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Mandibular Angle Fractures?

PURPOSE: Computed tomography (CT) imaging is commonly obtained following open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of mandibular fractures but the significance of common findings is unknown. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of screw-to-fracture proximity and residual fracture displacement to post-operative complications following ORIF of mandibular angle fractures treated with monocortical fixation techniques. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study consisting of all patients with mandibular angle fractures treated with ORIF using monocortical fixation at the lateral surface of the mandible from the dates August 1, 2015 to May 31, 2020. The predictor variables were the distance measurements between the 2 closest screws to the fracture and the fracture line and the amount of residual fracture displacement, both measured on postoperative CT. The primary outcome variable was the presence of postoperative inflammatory complications (POICs). Statistical analysis was performed using logistic regression and Bayesian variable selection to calculate posterior probability of importance for the variables of interest. RESULTS: Of the 285 patients included in the study, 84.6% were men and the average age was 30.8 years. POICs occurred in 22.1% of the patients. Age, smoking, homelessness, noncompliance and drug use were associated with POICs. However, none of the screw-to-fracture distances were associated with POICs, including linear, dichotomous or polynomial transformations of these variables. Additionally, the residual fracture displacement distances and transformations of these distances were also not associated with POICs. CONCLUSION: The present study did not find any evidence to suggest that a closer screw-fracture distance or increased residual fracture displacement on postoperative CT imaging increased the risk of POICs for mandibular angle fractures treated with ORIF using monocortical fixation at the lateral border.

Is Arthroscopic Disk Repositioning Equally Efficacious to Open Disk Repositioning? A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: Temporomandibular joint disc repositioning surgery is 1 of the treatment modalities used for treating anterior disc displacement of the temporomandibular joint. The procedure can be arthroscopic disc repositioning or open disc repositioning. This systematic review measured and compared the efficacy of arthroscopic and open disc repositioning procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors conducted a systematic review without meta-analysis by performing a literature search electronically and manually covering arthroscopic and open disc repositioning studies published up to July 2020 in Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane databases. Surgical outcomes such as changes in maximal incisal opening (MIO) and pain scores, temporomandibular joint noises, diet consistency, malocclusion, and postoperative complications were extracted and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 28 studies were included in the review and split into those assessing open disc repositioning (n = 13) and those assessing arthroscopic disc repositioning (n = 15). The average age of the study patients in the included studies was 31.5 ± 6.8 years, and women represented 83.3% of the study population. Both arthroscopic and open disc repositioning showed to be efficacious in reducing pain and increasing MIO. Due to heterogeneity in study designs and data reporting between the studies, no quantitative analysis was performed, and the groups were not directly compared. CONCLUSIONS: Both arthroscopic and open disc repositioning led to significant improvements in clinical outcomes based on pain scores and MIO. This study highlights the need for comparative studies of the 2 techniques with well-documented case selection including standardized diagnosis based on Wilkes stages and rigorous outcomes assessment including patient reported outcomes.

Porous Bone Increases the Risk of Posterior Mandibular Implant Failure.

PURPOSE: Our recent study indicated that patients with osteoporosis had an increased risk for early and late implant failure perhaps due to a large cancellous space. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to explore the relationship between the amount of cancellous space in an implant site and implant failure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study on patients who received dental implants in the posterior mandible at the senior author's practice from January 1, 2008 to October 1, 2019. The primary outcome variable was time to implant failure. The primary predictor variable was the amount of cancellous bone between the buccal and lingual cortices (cancellous space). Other study variables included demographic variables, medical history variables, and implant site measurements. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, chi-squared tests, single variable and multiple Cox proportional hazard analyses. RESULTS: The study cohort (n = 220) was composed of 62.3% women and the average age was 58.2 years. The median follow-up time was 3.5 years (range: 1-12). Five-year survival rates for patients with a cancellous space of <4 mm was 100%, with a cancellous space of 4-6 mm was 95.3%, with a cancellous space of 6-8 mm was 88.2%, and with a cancellous space of >8 mm was 64.1%. In the final multivariate Cox proportional hazard model adjusting for age, gender, smoking status, site and buccal cortex width, cancellous space remained significantly associated with time to implant failure (aHR 1.7 per millimeter change [1.4 - 2.2], P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: The width of the cancellous space and subsequent gap between implant and cortical bone should be considered when placing implants into the mandibular molar sites. When the patient presents for an implant in the mandibular molar region, if the cancellous space is large, the patient should be informed of the risk.

Subnasal Lip Lift and Its Effect on Nasal Esthetics.

BACKGROUND: The subnasal lip lift has emerged as a standard procedure for the treatment of an elongated upper lip. Despite its popularity, limited literature has studied its effect on nasolabial esthetics. The purpose of this study is to describe the effect of the subnasal lip lift on nasal and labial esthetic parameters. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective case review of patients who underwent a subnasal lip lift procedure without concurrent rhinoplasty between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2019. The outcome variables were lip length, tooth show, vermillion display, alar width, nasolabial angle, columellar-lobular angle, Crumley analysis, and Simons analysis. Preoperative and postoperative values were compared and analyzed using paired sample t-tests. RESULTS: Overall, 55 female patients with an average age of 52 years and a mean follow-up of 14 months were included in the study. Subnasal lip lift resulted in a statistically significant 21.5% reduction in lip length, 31.5% increase in the vermilion show, and a 1.52 mm increase in tooth show (P < .0001). In relationship to nasal esthetics, there was a statistically significant decrease in nasolabial angle of 4.56° (P < .0001), a 2.2% increase in alar width (P < .001), and a 26.3% increase in nasal projection per Simons analysis (P < .0001). The study did not demonstrate a significant change in columellar-lobular angle or Crumley projection analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Subnasal lip lift procedure can significantly impact lower nasal esthetics, specifically by decreasing the nasolabial angle and potentially contribute to pseudo-overprojection of the nasal tip, as shown by the results of this study.

What Factors Are Associated With Implant Failure?

PURPOSE: Recognition of patient-specific risk factors should reduce implant failure. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors associated with implant failure and to determine if these factors differ over time after implant placement. METHODS: The investigators implemented a retrospective case-controlled study and enrolled a sample composed of patients who had 1 or more implants removed from December 1, 2007 to February 29, 2020. Risk factors were grouped into demographic, medical history, and treatment-related variables. The primary outcome variable was whether the patient's implant failed, with control patients including those without implant failure. The duration was recorded for follow-up from the time of implant placement to the last visit or implant removal. Backward variable selection was used to predict whether an implant failed within 1 year, 1 to 4 years, or after 4 years in 3 multivariable logistic regressions. RESULTS: Of 224 patients in this cohort, 82 experienced an implant failure. The mean age was 58.6 ± 15.3 years, and 53.1% were females. Patients with osteoporosis had an increased risk of failure in each period. Alcohol use, smoking, depression, and penicillin allergy were all associated with an increased probability of failure within 1 or more of the periods considered. CONCLUSIONS: This study has identified multiple discrete risk factors for implant failure and has demonstrated that these factors are associated with implant failure at different periods after placement.

Risk Factors for Reoperation in Patients Hospitalized for Odontogenic Infections.

PURPOSE: One of the most common adverse events after treatment of severe odontogenic infections is the need for a second procedure. The identification of risk factors for reoperation could help surgeons predict the need for reoperation or even tailor treatment to avoid this complication altogether. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors associated with reoperation in patients hospitalized with odontogenic infections. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We designed a retrospective cohort study from an eligible population of all patients treated at our institution for an odontogenic infection with incision and drainage under general anesthesia from August 1, 2015, to June 30, 2019. The primary outcome variable was a return to the operating room because of treatment failure. The potential predictor variables included demographic characteristics, history or physical examination findings from admission, admission laboratory values, initial computed tomography results, and medications provided during treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using the χ2 test and logistic regression, and from these results, a multiple logistic regression model was created. RESULTS: A total of 223 patients were included in the study. Men comprised 50.7% of the study population, and the average age was 38.9 ± 13.3 years. The mean number of involved spaces was 2.6 ± 1.7 spaces. Reoperation was performed in 25 patients (11.2%). In the adjusted model, an increased number of involved spaces (odds ratio [OR], 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3 to 2.7) and increased age (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.004 to 1.09) were associated with increased odds of reoperation, and antibiotic therapy with a penicillin-type antibiotic (OR, 0.1; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.5) and dexamethasone use (OR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.8 to 0.98) were negatively associated with reoperation. CONCLUSIONS: Further studies could be directed at determining whether certain timing or dosing regimens of dexamethasone could be helpful in reducing adverse outcomes in patients with odontogenic infections or determining feasible strategies when penicillin allergies are reported.

Risk Factors for Postoperative Inflammatory Complications After Maxillofacial Reconstruction Using Polyether-Ether-Ketone Implants.

PURPOSE: Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) implants are increasingly used for the reconstruction of craniomaxillofacial deformities, but limited data exist on their limitations or risk factors for complications associated with their use. The purpose of the present study was to identify risk factors for postoperative inflammatory complications (POICs) after the use of PEEK implants in craniomaxillofacial reconstruction. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted, incorporating all patients treated with patient-specific PEEK implants at the authors' institution from August 1, 2012 to June 30, 2019. The outcome variable was the presence of POICs. The potential predictor variables were demographic, medical, anatomic, and treatment related. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher exact tests, t tests, and multivariable logistic regression analysis where appropriate. RESULTS: The 32 patients included in the study were composed of 68.8% men; mean age was 40.6 years. The PEEK implant was placed adjacent to the paranasal sinuses in 56.3% of patients. The indication for use was malar depression in 50.0%, orbital dystopia in 46.9%, forehead or skull defects in 21.9%, and mandibular contour deformities in 6.2%; 8 patients had more than 1 indication. The overall rate of POICs was 28.1%. Of the POICs, 66.7% were managed with incision and drainage, revision surgery, or removal and 33.3% were managed with outpatient wound care or antibiotics. Tobacco use, the presence of an intraoral incision, and the presence of multiple incisions were all associated with POICs. On multivariable analysis, tobacco use approached significance (odds ratio, 17.3 [95% confidence interval, 0.98 to 306.7]) and multiple incisions (odds ratio, 6.9 [95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 32.3]) had a statistically significant association with the occurrence of complications. CONCLUSIONS: The present study identified several variables potentially associated with complications after the use of PEEK implants in maxillofacial reconstruction. Consideration should be given in the preoperative evaluation when a smoker is identified and when multiple incisions are planned.

Comparing Video and Direct Laryngoscopy for Nasotracheal Intubation.

This parallel group randomized controlled clinical trial compared intubation duration and success using video laryngoscopy (VL) versus direct laryngoscopy (DL) during routine nasotracheal intubation. Fifty patients undergoing oral and maxillofacial surgery under general anesthesia were randomly assigned into 2 groups receiving either VL or DL to facilitate nasotracheal intubation. The primary outcome was the amount of time required to complete nasotracheal intubation. The secondary outcomes included the success of first attempt at intubation and the use of Magill forceps. Results demonstrated a mean time to intubation of 142 seconds in the DL group and 94 seconds in the VL group (p = .011). First attempt intubation success was 92.0% in the VL group and 84.0% in the DL group (p = .34). The use of Magill forceps was significantly increased in the DL group (p = .007). VL for routine nasotracheal intubation in oral and maxillofacial surgery procedures results in significantly faster intubation times and decreased use of Magill forceps compared with traditional DL.

What Is the Effect of Treating Mandibular Fractures on Weight and Prealbumin?

PURPOSE: Fracture healing relies on the body to coordinate an inflammatory and anabolic reaction to re-establish osseous union. Although many factors affect this process or even disrupt it, the role of the body's nutritional reserves is not well understood. The purposes of this study were to describe the weight changes and to identify trends in laboratory values commonly used in nutritional assessment during mandibular fracture treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study was designed. The study cohort included patients who sustained a mandibular fracture from September 1, 2017, to March 31, 2018. The primary outcome variable was the percentage weight change from baseline. Secondary outcome variables included serum albumin and serum prealbumin levels. Weight change was analyzed using a linear mixed model. Paired Wilcoxon tests were used to compare laboratory values with baseline levels. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients met the inclusion criteria with sufficient follow-up data for analysis. The linear mixed model predicted a peak weight loss of 4.1% of the initial body weight by day 34. The serum prealbumin level increased over the study period (P < .001), and the albumin level was increased from baseline at week 3 (P < .05) but not significantly different from baseline after that time. CONCLUSIONS: During the course of treatment for mandibular fractures, patients lost an average of more than 4% of their body weight. However, the study did not show any meaningful change in nutritional laboratory values. Although it is important for patients and surgeons to be able to anticipate a weight loss of about 4 to 5% during mandibular fracture treatment, it is unlikely that this represents a large challenge to the nutritional status of patients.

Capnography Detection Using Nasal Cannula Is Superior to Modified Nasal Hood in an Open Airway System: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: The nasal cannula and modified nasal hood are methods used by oral and maxillofacial surgeons to detect expired carbon dioxide during procedural sedation in an open airway system. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of the detection of expired carbon dioxide between the nasal cannula and modified nasal hood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors designed a parallel-group randomized controlled trial to compare the nasal cannula and modified nasal hood. Patients presenting to the authors' institution for outpatient oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) using intravenous deep sedation or general anesthesia were randomized to have capnography detection by the modified nasal hood or the nasal cannula. The primary outcome variable was the percentage of accurately captured breaths, as determined by the average number of capnography waveforms per auscultated breath using a precordial stethoscope. The 2 groups were compared using t test. RESULTS: Fifty patients were screened for enrollment in the study. Twenty-five patients were randomized to the nasal cannula group and 25 patients were randomized to the modified nasal hood group. The proportion of accurate waveforms, recorded as a percentage of total breaths, was 95.7 ± 4.7% for the nasal cannula and 75.8 ± 14.1% for the modified nasal hood (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: When used for capnography for procedural sedation in an open airway system for routine OMS, the nasal cannula accurately recorded more breaths than the modified nasal hood.