Integrated analysis of gut metabolome, microbiome, and exfoliome data in an equine model of intestinal injury.

BACKGROUND: The equine gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome has been described in the context of various diseases. The observed changes, however, have not been linked to host function and therefore it remains unclear how specific changes in the microbiome alter cellular and molecular pathways within the GI tract. Further, non-invasive techniques to examine the host gene expression profile of the GI mucosa have been described in horses but not evaluated in response to interventions. Therefore, the objectives of our study were to (1) profile gene expression and metabolomic changes in an equine model of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced intestinal inflammation and (2) apply computational data integration methods to examine host-microbiota interactions. METHODS: Twenty horses were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups (n = 10): control (placebo paste) or NSAID (phenylbutazone 4.4 mg/kg orally once daily for 9 days). Fecal samples were collected on days 0 and 10 and analyzed with respect to microbiota (16S rDNA gene sequencing), metabolomic (untargeted metabolites), and host exfoliated cell transcriptomic (exfoliome) changes. Data were analyzed and integrated using a variety of computational techniques, and underlying regulatory mechanisms were inferred from features that were commonly identified by all computational approaches. RESULTS: Phenylbutazone induced alterations in the microbiota, metabolome, and host transcriptome. Data integration identified correlation of specific bacterial genera with expression of several genes and metabolites that were linked to oxidative stress. Concomitant microbiota and metabolite changes resulted in the initiation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response within the intestinal mucosa. CONCLUSIONS: Results of integrative analysis identified an important role for oxidative stress, and subsequent cell signaling responses, in a large animal model of GI inflammation. The computational approaches for combining non-invasive platforms for unbiased assessment of host GI responses (e.g., exfoliomics) with metabolomic and microbiota changes have broad application for the field of gastroenterology. Video Abstract.

Margetuximab with retifanlimab as first-line therapy in HER2+/PD-L1+ unresectable or metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: MAHOGANY cohort A.

BACKGROUND: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive metastatic gastric and gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA) is globally treated with chemotherapy plus trastuzumab. Novel therapeutic strategies strive to not only optimize efficacy, but also limit toxicities. In MAHOGANY cohort A, margetuximab, an Fc-engineered, anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) was combined with retifanlimab, an anti-programmed cell death protein 1 mAb, in the first-line HER2-positive/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-positive GEA. PATIENTS AND METHODS: MAHOGANY cohort A part 1 is a single-arm trial to evaluate margetuximab plus retifanlimab in patients with HER2 immunohistochemistry 3+, PD-L1-positive (combined positive score ≥1%), and non-microsatellite instability-high tumors. Primary objectives for cohort A were safety/tolerability and the confirmed objective response rate (ORR). RESULTS: As of 3 August 2021, 43 patients were enrolled and received margetuximab/retifanlimab. Nine grade 3 treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) were reported in eight (18.6%) patients and eight serious TRAEs in seven (16.3%) patients. There were no grade 4/5 TRAEs. Three patients discontinued margetuximab/retifanlimab because of immune-related adverse events. The ORR by independent assessment was 53% [21/40 (95% confidence interval (CI) 36.1-68.5)], with a median duration of response of 10.3 months (95% CI 4.6-not evaluable); disease control rate was 73% [29/40 (95% CI 56.1-85.4)]. The study sponsor discontinued the study in advance of the planned enrollment when it became apparent that the study design would no longer meet the requirements for drug approval because of recent advances in the treatment of GEA. CONCLUSIONS: The chemotherapy-free regimen of combined margetuximab/retifanlimab as first-line treatment in double biomarker-selected patients demonstrated a favorable toxicity profile compared with historical outcomes using chemotherapy plus trastuzumab. The ORR observed in this study compares favorably versus ORR observed with other chemotherapy-free approaches.

Safety and efficacy of HER2 blockade by trastuzumab-based chemotherapy-containing combination strategies in HER2+ gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma.

Since completion of the Trastuzumab for Gastric Cancer study, trastuzumab with doublet chemotherapy (a fluoropyrimidine and a platinum) has been the gold-standard first-line therapy for patients with locally advanced unresectable or metastatic human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA). The safety and efficacy of 23 studies of first-line trastuzumab plus doublet chemotherapy, without checkpoint inhibitors (n = 19) or with checkpoint inhibitors (n = 4), conducted in patients with locally advanced unresectable or metastatic HER2+ GEA, including phase II/III, prospective, and retrospective observational studies, were summarized. In studies without checkpoint inhibitors, the median duration of trastuzumab treatment ranged from 19.5 to 39.0 weeks and from 15.3 to 30.0 weeks for chemotherapy. In studies with checkpoint inhibitors, the median duration of pembrolizumab/trastuzumab/chemotherapy was 30 weeks, and 18 weeks for chemotherapy. In studies without checkpoint inhibitors, treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) of grade ≥3 ranged from 32% to 84%. Serious adverse events (SAEs) ranged from 15% to 39%. Adverse events resulting in discontinuation ranged from 0% to 30%. Treatment-related deaths occurred in 0%-9% of patients. In studies with checkpoint inhibitors, TEAEs of grade ≥3 were 57%. SAEs ranged from 31% to 38%. Adverse events resulting in discontinuation ranged from 5% to 24%. Treatment-related deaths occurred in 0%-3% of patients. In studies without checkpoint inhibitors, objective response rate (ORR) ranged from 39% to 82%, median progression-free survival (PFS) from 5.7 to 11.6 months, and median overall survival (OS) from 11.2 to 27.6 months. In studies with checkpoint inhibitors, ORR ranged from 39% to 86%, median PFS from 8.0 to 13.0 months, and median OS from 19.3 to 27.3 months. This review provides a historical benchmark on safety and efficacy of available first-line chemotherapy-based standard of care for patients with locally advanced unresectable or metastatic HER2+ GEA.

First-in-human phase 1 study of the anti-TIGIT antibody vibostolimab as monotherapy or with pembrolizumab for advanced solid tumors, including non-small-cell lung cancer☆.

BACKGROUND: In this first-in-human phase 1 study (NCT02964013; MK-7684-001), we investigated the safety and efficacy of the anti-TIGIT (T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain) antibody vibostolimab as monotherapy or in combination with pembrolizumab. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Part A enrolled patients with advanced solid tumors, and part B enrolled patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients received vibostolimab 2.1-700 mg alone or with pembrolizumab 200 mg in part A and vibostolimab 200 mg alone or with pembrolizumab 200 mg in part B. Primary endpoints were safety and tolerability. Secondary endpoints included pharmacokinetics and objective response rate (ORR) per RECIST v1.1. RESULTS: Part A enrolled 76 patients (monotherapy, 34; combination therapy, 42). No dose-limiting toxicities were reported. Across doses, 56% of patients receiving monotherapy and 62% receiving combination therapy had treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs); grade 3-4 TRAEs occurred in 9% and 17% of patients, respectively. The most common TRAEs were fatigue (15%) and pruritus (15%) with monotherapy and pruritus (17%) and rash (14%) with combination therapy. Confirmed ORR was 0% with monotherapy and 7% with combination therapy. In part B, 39 patients had anti-PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1)/PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1)-naive NSCLC (all received combination therapy), and 67 had anti-PD-1/PD-L1-refractory NSCLC (monotherapy, 34; combination therapy, 33). In patients with anti-PD-1/PD-L1-naive NSCLC: 85% had TRAEs-the most common were pruritus (38%) and hypoalbuminemia (31%); confirmed ORR was 26%, with responses occurring in both PD-L1-positive and PD-L1-negative tumors. In patients with anti-PD-1/PD-L1-refractory NSCLC: 56% receiving monotherapy and 70% receiving combination therapy had TRAEs-the most common were rash and fatigue (21% each) with monotherapy and pruritus (36%) and fatigue (24%) with combination therapy; confirmed ORR was 3% with monotherapy and 3% with combination therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Vibostolimab plus pembrolizumab was well tolerated and demonstrated antitumor activity in patients with advanced solid tumors, including patients with advanced NSCLC.

Molecular determinants of clinical outcomes with pembrolizumab versus paclitaxel in a randomized, open-label, phase III trial in patients with gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: In the phase III KEYNOTE-061 trial (NCT02370498), pembrolizumab did not significantly improve overall survival versus paclitaxel as second-line therapy for gastric/gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) combined positive score (CPS) ≥1 tumors. The association of tissue tumor mutational burden (tTMB) status and clinical outcomes was determined, including the relationship with CPS and microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) status. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In patients with whole exome sequencing (WES) data [420/592 (71%); pembrolizumab, 218; paclitaxel, 202], the association of tTMB with objective response rate (ORR; logistic regression), progression-free survival (PFS; Cox proportional hazards regression), and overall survival (OS; Cox proportional hazards regression) were measured using one-sided (pembrolizumab) and two-sided [paclitaxel] P values. tTMB was also evaluated using FoundationOne®CDx [205/592 (35%)]. Prespecified equivalent cut-offs of 175 mut/exome for WES and 10 mut/Mb for FoundationOne®CDx were used. RESULTS: WES-tTMB was significantly associated with ORR, PFS, and OS in pembrolizumab-treated (all P < 0.001) but not paclitaxel-treated patients (all P > 0.6) in univariate analysis. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve for WES-tTMB and response was 0.68 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56-0.81] for pembrolizumab and 0.51 (95% CI 0.39-0.63) for paclitaxel in univariate analysis. There was low correlation between WES-tTMB and CPS in both treatment groups (r ≤ 0.16). WES-tTMB remained significantly associated with all clinical endpoints with pembrolizumab after adjusting for CPS and with PFS and OS after excluding known MSI-H tumors (n = 26). FoundationOne®CDx-tTMB demonstrated a positive association with ORR, PFS, and OS in pembrolizumab-treated patients (all P ≤ 0.003) but not PFS or OS in paclitaxel-treated patients (P > 0.1). CONCLUSION: This exploratory analysis from KEYNOTE-061 is the first to demonstrate a strong association between tTMB and efficacy with pembrolizumab but not paclitaxel in patients with gastric/GEJ adenocarcinoma in a randomized setting. Data further suggest tTMB is a significant and independent predictor beyond PD-L1 status.

Effects of psychological behaviour management programme on dental fear and anxiety in children: A randomised controlled clinical trial.

AIM: A psychological behaviour management programme with information and communications technology was developed that includes symbolic modelling, tell-show-do, positive reinforcement and distraction, and provides real-time treatment information. We hypothesised that the programme would help patients feel less stressed and show less uncooperative behaviours and subjective pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight paediatric patients were recruited from May 2016 to January 2017, and randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group. In the control, patients watched cartoon animations during the first and second treatments. The experimental group watched cartoon animations during the first treatment, and they used the programme during the second treatment. To measure stress, uncooperative behaviour and subjective pain, we recorded the heart rate, Procedure Behaviour Checklist (PBCL) and Wong and Baker's Faces Pain Rating Scale (FPRS). RESULTS: The experimental group resulted in a significantly lower mean heart rate, uncooperative behaviour and subjective pain in the second treatment than did the control group (p<0.001). The differences in heart rate and uncooperative behaviour between the treatments were also significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The programme was effective in relieving fear and anxiety as well as learning cooperative behaviour.

Safety and efficacy of nivolumab in combination with S-1/capecitabine plus oxaliplatin in patients with previously untreated, unresectable, advanced, or recurrent gastric/gastroesophageal junction cancer: interim results of a randomized, phase II trial (ATTRACTION-4).

BACKGROUND: Nivolumab is approved as an option for third- or later-line treatment of advanced gastric/gastroesophageal junction (G/GEJ) cancer in several countries after ATTRACTION-2. To further improve the therapeutic efficacy of first-line therapy, exploration of a nivolumab-chemotherapy combination is warranted. In part 1 (phase II) of ATTRACTION-4, the safety and efficacy of nivolumab combined with S-1 plus oxaliplatin (SOX) or capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (CapeOX) as first-line therapy for unresectable advanced or recurrent human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative G/GEJ cancer were evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were randomized (1 : 1) to receive nivolumab (360 mg intravenously every 3 weeks) plus SOX (S-1, 40 mg/m2 orally twice daily for 14 days followed by 7 days off; oxaliplatin, 130 mg/m2 intravenously on day 1 every 3 weeks) or CapeOX (capecitabine, 1000 mg/m2 orally twice daily for 14 days followed by 7 days off; oxaliplatin, 130 mg/m2 intravenously on day 1 every 3 weeks) until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or consent withdrawal. RESULTS: Of 40 randomized patients, 39 (nivolumab plus SOX, 21; nivolumab plus CapeOX, 18) and 38 (21 and 17, respectively) comprised the safety and efficacy populations, respectively. Most frequent (>10%) grade 3/4 treatment-related adverse events were neutropenia (14.3%) in the nivolumab plus SOX group, and neutropenia (16.7%), anemia, peripheral sensory neuropathy, decreased appetite, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and nausea (11.1% each) in the nivolumab plus CapeOX group. No treatment-related death occurred. Objective response rate was 57.1% (95% confidence interval 34.0-78.2) with nivolumab plus SOX and 76.5% (50.1-93.2) with nivolumab plus CapeOX. Median overall survival was not reached (NR) in both groups. Median progression-free survival was 9.7 months (5.8-NR) and 10.6 months (5.6-12.5), respectively. CONCLUSION: Nivolumab combined with SOX/CapeOX was well tolerated and demonstrated encouraging efficacy for unresectable advanced or recurrent HER2-negative G/GEJ cancer. ATTRACTION-4 has proceeded to part 2 (phase III) to compare nivolumab plus SOX/CapeOX versus placebo plus SOX/CapeOX. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV ID: NCT02746796.

A phase II, randomised study of mFOLFOX6 with or without the Akt inhibitor ipatasertib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer.

BACKGROUND: Akt activation is common in gastric/gastroesophageal junction cancer (GC/GEJC) and is associated with chemotherapy resistance. Treatment with ipatasertib, a pan-Akt inhibitor, may potentiate the efficacy of chemotherapy in GC/GEJC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre, phase II trial, patients with locally advanced or metastatic GC/GEJC not amenable to curative therapy were randomised 1:1 to receive ipatasertib or placebo, plus mFOLFOX6 (modified regimen of leucovorin, bolus and infusional 5-fluorouracil [5-FU], and oxaliplatin). The co-primary end-point was progression-free survival (PFS) in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population and in phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-low patients. Secondary end-points included PFS in patients with PI3K/Akt pathway-activated tumours; overall survival, investigator-assessed objective response rate and duration of response in the ITT population; and safety assessments. RESULTS: In 153 enrolled patients, the median PFS (ITT) was 6.6 months (90% confidence interval [CI], 5.7-7.5) with ipatasertib/mFOLFOX6 versus 7.5 months (90% CI, 6.2-8.1) with placebo/mFOLFOX6 (hazard ratio, 1.12; 90% CI, 0.81-1.55; P = 0.56). No statistically significant PFS benefit was observed in biomarker-selected patient subgroups (PTEN-low and PI3K/Akt pathway-activated tumours) with ipatasertib/mFOLFOX6 versus placebo/mFOLFOX6. Other secondary end-points did not favour the ipatasertib/mFOLFOX6 treatment arm. The percentages of patients with ≥1 adverse event (AE, 100% versus 98%) and grade ≥3 AEs (79% versus 74%) were similar between arms. Higher rates of AEs leading to treatment withdrawal (16% versus 6%) and serious AEs were reported in the ipatasertib arm (54% versus 43%). Thirty-nine and 29 deaths occurred in the ipatasertib and placebo arms, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Ipatasertib/mFOLFOX6 compared with placebo/mFOLFOX6 did not improve PFS in unselected or biomarker-selected patients. No unexpected safety concerns were observed. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01896531).

Phase III, randomised trial of avelumab versus physician's choice of chemotherapy as third-line treatment of patients with advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer: primary analysis of JAVELIN Gastric 300.

Background: There currently are no internationally recognised treatment guidelines for patients with advanced gastric cancer/gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (GC/GEJC) in whom two prior lines of therapy have failed. The randomised, phase III JAVELIN Gastric 300 trial compared avelumab versus physician's choice of chemotherapy as third-line therapy in patients with advanced GC/GEJC. Patients and methods: Patients with unresectable, recurrent, locally advanced, or metastatic GC/GEJC were recruited at 147 sites globally. All patients were randomised to receive either avelumab 10 mg/kg by intravenous infusion every 2 weeks or physician's choice of chemotherapy (paclitaxel 80 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, and 15 or irinotecan 150 mg/m2 on days 1 and 15, each of a 4-week treatment cycle); patients ineligible for chemotherapy received best supportive care. The primary end point was overall survival (OS). Secondary end points included progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and safety. Results: A total of 371 patients were randomised. The trial did not meet its primary end point of improving OS {median, 4.6 versus 5.0 months; hazard ratio (HR)=1.1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9-1.4]; P = 0.81} or the secondary end points of PFS [median, 1.4 versus 2.7 months; HR=1.73 (95% CI 1.4-2.2); P > 0.99] or ORR (2.2% versus 4.3%) in the avelumab versus chemotherapy arms, respectively. Treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) of any grade occurred in 90 patients (48.9%) and 131 patients (74.0%) in the avelumab and chemotherapy arms, respectively. Grade ≥3 TRAEs occurred in 17 patients (9.2%) in the avelumab arm and in 56 patients (31.6%) in the chemotherapy arm. Conclusions: Treatment of patients with GC/GEJC with single-agent avelumab in the third-line setting did not result in an improvement in OS or PFS compared with chemotherapy. Avelumab showed a more manageable safety profile than chemotherapy. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02625623.

Inhibition of Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus by Multi-Targeting Micro RNA Against Long Terminal Region.

BACKGROUND: There might be much benefit in xenotransplantation, however, the risk of infections across species barriers remains, especially porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV). To date, many attempts have been made to knock down active PERVs by inhibitory RNA (RNAi) and micro RNA (miRNA), which target different genes of PERV. There are a few studies that have explored whether targeting promoter regions of PERV could exert an inhibition effect. METHODS: miRNAs were automatically selected based on an online program BLOCK-iT RNAi Designer. The inhibition efficiency between miRNAs was compared based on their inhibition of different PERV genes: long terminal repeats (LTR), gag, and pol. Both relative quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and C-type reverse transcriptase activity were performed. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that miRNA targeting the LTR region degraded the target sequence, and simultaneously inhibited the mRNA expression of both gag and pol genes of PERV. The LTR1, LTR2, and dual LTR1 + LTR2 miRNA inhibited 76.2%, 22%, and 76.8% of gag gene expression, respectively. Similarly, the miRNA was found to knock down the pol gene expression of 69.8%, 25.5%, and 77.7% for single targeting miRNA (LTR1 and LTR2) and multi-targeting miRNA (LTR1 + LTR2), respectively. A stable PK15 clone constitutively expressed dual LTR1 + LTR2 miRNA and exhibited higher inhibitory up to 82.8% and 92.7% of the expressions of the gag and pol genes, respectively. Also, the result of co-cultivation of dual LTR1 + LTR2 miRNA transfected PK15 cell with a human cell line inhibited expression of LTR, gag, and pol genes of PERV. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, this study suggested that the LTR might be an alternative target for gene silencing of PERV, and that multi-targeting miRNA had better inhibitory effect than single- targeting miRNA. In an in vitro model, the presence of miRNA was able to reduce PERV infectivity in a human cell line.

Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Porcine Deltacoronavirus in Korean Swine Farms, 2015.

This study applied molecular-based method to investigate the presence of porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) in 59 commercial pig farms in South Korea. The results of RT-PCR screening on a relatively large collection of faeces samples (n = 681) from January 2013 to March 2015 did not reveal the presence of PDCoV until the end of 2014. However, on March 2015, PDCoV-positive samples (SL2, SL5) were detected from SL swine farm in Gyeongbuk province. The phylogenetic trees based on the complete spike- and nucleocapsid protein-coding genes showed that SL2 and SL5 closely related to the US PDCoV strains rather than those in China. Thought Korean strains of PDCoV isolated in 2014 (KNU14.04) and in 2015 (SL2 and SL5) grouped within US PDCoV cluster, the reconstruction of ancestral amino acid changes suggested that they are different.

LAMC2 enhances the metastatic potential of lung adenocarcinoma.

Lung cancer is the number one cancer killer, and metastasis is the main cause of high mortality in lung cancer patients. However, mechanisms underlying the development of lung cancer metastasis remain unknown. Using genome-wide transcriptional analysis in an experimental metastasis model, we identified laminin γ2 (LAMC2), an epithelial basement membrane protein, to be significantly upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma metastatic cells. Elevated LAMC2 increased traction force, migration, and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma cells accompanied by the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). LAMC2 knockdown decreased traction force, migration, and invasion accompanied by EMT reduction in vitro, and attenuated metastasis in mice. LAMC2 promoted migration and invasion via EMT that was integrin ß1- and ZEB1-dependent. High LAMC2 was significantly correlated with the mesenchymal marker vimentin expression in lung adenocarcinomas, and with higher risk of recurrence or death in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. We suggest that LAMC2 promotes metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma via EMT and may be a potential therapeutic target.

Evolutionary Dynamics of a Highly Pathogenic Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: Analyses of Envelope Protein-Coding Genes.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has long been an economically devastating swine viral disease. The recent emergence of a highly pathogenic type 2 PRRSV with high mobility and mortality in China, spreading in Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand has placed neighbouring countries at risk. This study applied a codon-based extension of the Bayesian relaxed clock model and the fixed effects maximum-likelihood method to investigate and compare the evolutionary dynamics of type 2 PRRSV for all of known structural envelope protein-coding genes. By comparing the highly pathogenic type 2 PRRSV clade against the typical type 2 PRRSV clade, this study demonstrated that the highly pathogenic clade evolved at high rates in all of the known structural genes but did not display rapid evolutionary dynamics compared with typical type 2 PRRSV. In contrast, the ORF3, ORF5 and ORF6 genes of the highly pathogenic clade evolved in a qualitatively different manner from the genes of the typical clade. At the population level, several codons of the sequence elements that were involved in viral neutralization, as well as codons that were associated with in vitro attenuation/over-attenuation, were predicted to be selected differentially between the typical clade and the highly pathogenic clade. The results of this study suggest that the multigenic factors of the envelope protein-coding genes contribute to diversifying the biological properties (virulence, antigenicity, etc.) of the highly pathogenic clade compared with the typical clade of type 2 PRRSV.

A Bayesian phylogeographical analysis of type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).

Understanding viral transmission is an important factor for the effective prevention one of the most devastating swine diseases, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. Focusing on molecular epidemiology of type 1 PRRSV, this study analysed a large ORF5 dataset collected worldwide from 1991 to 2012 using a coalescent-based Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo approach. The results suggested that the virus diversified into unique subpopulations in Russia & Belarus and Italy approximately 100 years ago. Previously unreported consecutive diffusions of the virus were identified, which showed that some countries, such as Spain and Germany, acted as distribution sources to some extent. This study also provided statistical evidence for the existence of an ORF5-based phylogeographical structure of type 1 PRRSV, in which the virus tended to cluster by geographical locations more tightly than expected by chance. In contrast to this tight geographical structure, the evolution of the ORF5 gene, based on mapping of non-synonymous/synonymous substitutions, was best described by a non-homogeneous process that could be implicated as a mechanism for viral immune evasion.

External validation of nomogram for the prediction of recurrence after curative resection in early gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Nomograms are statistics-based tools that provide the overall probability of a specific outcome. In our previous study, we developed a nomogram that predicts recurrence of early gastric cancer (EGC) after curative resection. We carried out this study to externally validate our EGC nomogram. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The EGC nomogram was established from a retrospective EGC database that included 2923 consecutive patients. This nomogram was independently externally validated for a cohort of 1058 consecutive patients. For the EGC nomogram validation, we assessed both discrimination and calibration. RESULTS: Within the follow-up period (median 37 months), a total of 11 patients (1.1%) experienced recurrence. The concordance index (c-index) was 0.7 (P = 0.02) and the result of the overall C index was 0.82 [P = 0.006, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.59-1.00]. The goodness of fit test showed that the EGC nomogram had significantly good fit for 1- and 2-year survival intervals (P = 0.998 and 0.879, respectively). The actual and predicted survival outcomes showed good agreement, suggesting that the survival predictions from the nomogram are well calibrated externally. CONCLUSIONS: A preexisting nomogram for predicting disease-free survival (DFS) of EGC after surgery was externally validated. The nomogram is useful for accurate and individual prediction of DFS, patient prognostication, counseling, and follow-up planning.

Exploration of edge-dependent optical selection rules for graphene nanoribbons.

Optical selection rules for one-dimensional graphene nanoribbons are explored based on the tight-binding model. A theoretical explanation, through analyzing the velocity matrix elements and the features of the wavefunctions, can account for the selection rules, which depend on the edge structure of the nanoribbon, i.e., armchair or zigzag edges. The selection rule of armchair nanoribbons is ΔJ = Jc - Jv = 0, and the optical transitions occur from the conduction to the valence subbands of the same index. Such a selection rule originates in the relationships between two sublattices and between the conduction and valence subbands. On the other hand, zigzag nanoribbons exhibit the selection rule |ΔJ| = odd, which results from the alternatively changing symmetry property as the subband index increases. Furthermore, an efficient theoretical prediction on transition energies is obtained by the application of selection rules, and the energies of the band-edge states become experimentally attainable via optical measurements.

Risk factors for extra-pulmonary tuberculosis compared to pulmonary tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major global health problem. Extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB) manifests with protean symptoms, and establishing a diagnosis is more difficult than pulmonary TB (PTB). SETTING: A university-affiliated hospital in southern Taiwan. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the risk factors for EPTB compared with PTB. DESIGN: This retrospective study compared patients with EPTB and PTB in southern Taiwan by analysing their demographic data and clinical underlying diseases. Risk factors for EPTB were further analysed. RESULTS: A total of 766 TB patients were enrolled in this study, with 102 (13.3%) EPTB and 664 (86.7%) PTB cases. Of the 766 patients, 3% of PTB patients had EPTB, while 19.6% of EPTB patients also had PTB. The most frequently involved EPTB site was the bone and joints (24.5%). The incidence of EPTB vs. PTB decreased significantly for each decade increase in patient age. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that being female, not being diabetic, having end-stage renal disease and not smoking were independent risk factors for EPTB. CONCLUSION: This study defines the risk factors for EPTB compared with PTB. Awareness of these factors is essential for physicians to have a high index of suspicion for accurate and timely diagnosis.

Association of the ABCB1 gene polymorphisms 2677G>T/A and 3435C>T with clinical outcomes of paclitaxel monotherapy in metastatic breast cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: ABCB1 is responsible for multidrug resistance, the principal mechanism by which many cancers develop resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. There is a controversy whether ABCB1 gene polymorphisms correlate with survival and response in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. We evaluated the association between clinical outcome (safety and efficacy) of paclitaxel monotherapy in metastatic breast cancer patients with ABCB1 gene polymorphisms 2677G>T/A or 3435C>T. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with metastatic breast cancer were treated with 175 mg/m(2) paclitaxel per 3-week cycle. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients were used to genotype ABCB1 2677G>T/A and 3435C>T polymorphisms. Genotypes were investigated for their association with tumor response, survival, toxicity, and chemoresistance. RESULTS: ABCB1 3435 CT showed a significantly lower disease control rate than the CC genotype (P = 0.025). ABCB1 3435 CT was correlated with shorter overall survival (OS) in Cox regression analysis (P = 0.026). The 2677 GG genotype showed a significant association with chemoresistance to paclitaxel and anthracycline (P = 0.04 and 0.04, respectively). None of the ABCB1 genotypes correlated with toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: ABCB1 genotypes may be a predictor of paclitaxel activity as well as a prognostic factor in metastatic breast cancer patients.

Inflammation-induced up-regulation of ionotropic glutamate receptor expression in human skin.

BACKGROUND: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazolone-4-propionic acid (AMPA), and kainate (KA) receptors are members of the ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) family and are increased in inflamed rat skin. These receptors contribute to inflammatory pain. In this study, we have examined whether there is a similar increase in iGluRs in inflamed human skin in the presence of inflammatory pain. METHODS: Normal and inflamed-skin biopsies were obtained from eight patients undergoing elective wound-debridement surgery. Real-time-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analysis were used for quantitation of iGluR mRNA and protein in normal and inflamed human skin. RESULTS: A significant increase in mRNA and protein for NMDA, AMPA, and KA receptor subunits was detected in inflamed compared with normal skin. The amounts of NMDA (NR1 subunit), AMPA (GluR2 subunit), and KA (GluR6 subunit) mRNA in inflamed skin were mean 6 (SD 1.6-fold), 2.5 (0.6-fold), and 3.8 (0.9-fold) (P<0.05), respectively, greater than that measured in normal skin. The ratio of NR1, GluR2, and GluR6 protein in inflamed compared with normal skin was 5.7 (1.2), 2.4 (0.5), and 3.6 (0.9) (P<0.05), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results, in human tissue, demonstrate that iGluR mRNA and protein expression are increased during persistent inflammation and that this increased activity may be involved in mediating clinical inflammatory pain in human skin.

Survival benefit of combined curative resection of the stomach (D2 resection) and liver in gastric cancer patients with liver metastases.

BACKGROUND: The benefit of surgical resection of liver metastases from gastric cancer has not been well established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rationale for hepatic resection in patients with hepatic metastases from gastric cancer. METHODS: Among 10 259 patients diagnosed with gastric adenocarcinoma in the Yonsei University Health System from 1995 to 2005, we reviewed the records of 58 patients with liver-only metastases from gastric cancer who underwent gastric resection regardless of hepatic surgery. RESULTS: The overall 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates of 41 patients who underwent hepatic resection with curative intent were 75.3%, 31.7%, and 20.8%, respectively, and three patients survived >7 years. Of the 41 patients, 22 had complete resection and 19 had palliative resection. Between the curative and palliative resections, survival rates after curative intent were not different. The number of liver metastasis (solitary or multiple) was a marginally significant prognostic factor for survival. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery for liver metastases arising from gastric adenocarcinoma is reasonable if complete resection seems feasible after careful preoperative staging, even if complete resection is not actually achieved. Hepatic resection should be considered as an option for gastric cancer patients with hepatic metastases.