RESUMO
The use of artificial intelligence approaches in health-care systems has grown rapidly over the last few years. In this context, early detection of diseases is the most common area of application. In this scenario, thyroid diseases are an example of illnesses that can be effectively faced if discovered quite early. Detecting thyroid diseases is crucial in order to treat patients effectively and promptly, by saving lives and reducing healthcare costs. This work aims at systematically reviewing and analyzing the literature on various artificial intelligence-related techniques applied to the detection and identification of various diseases related to the thyroid gland. The contributions we reviewed are classified according to different viewpoints and taxonomies in order to highlight pros and cons of the most recent research in the field. After a careful selection process, we selected and reviewed 72 papers, analyzing them according to three main research questions, i.e., which diseases of the thyroid gland are detected by different artificial intelligence techniques, which datasets are used to perform the aforementioned detection, and what types of data are used to perform the detection. The review demonstrates that the majority of the considered papers deal with supervised methods to detect hypo- and hyperthyroidism. The average accuracy of detection is high (96.84%), but the usage of private and outdated datasets with a majority of clinical data is very common. Finally, we discuss the outcomes of the systematic review, pointing out advantages, disadvantages, and future developments in the application of artificial intelligence for thyroid diseases detection.
RESUMO
Research on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) detection methods has increased in the last months as more accurate automated toolkits are required. Recent studies show that CT scan images contain useful information to detect the COVID-19 disease. However, the scarcity of large and well balanced datasets limits the possibility of using detection approaches in real diagnostic contexts as they are unable to generalize. Indeed, the performance of these models quickly becomes inadequate when applied to samples captured in different contexts (e.g., different equipment or populations) from those used in the training phase. In this paper, a novel ensemble-based approach for more accurate COVID-19 disease detection using CT scan images is proposed. This work exploits transfer learning using pre-trained deep networks (e.g., VGG, Xception, and ResNet) evolved with a genetic algorithm, combined into an ensemble architecture for the classification of clustered images of lung lobes. The study is validated on a new dataset obtained as an integration of existing ones. The results of the experimental evaluation show that the ensemble classifier ensures effective performance, also exhibiting better generalization capabilities.
RESUMO
The capability of sensors to identify individuals in a specific scenario is a topic of high relevance for sensitive sectors such as public security. A traditional approach involves cameras; however, camera-based surveillance systems lack discretion and have high computational and storing requirements in order to perform human identification. Moreover, they are strongly influenced by external factors (e.g., light and weather). This paper proposes an approach based on a temporal convolutional deep neural networks classifier applied to radar micro-Doppler signatures in order to identify individuals. Both sensor and processing requirements ensure a low size weight and power profile, enabling large scale deployment of discrete human identification systems. The proposed approach is assessed on real data concerning 106 individuals. The results show good accuracy of the classifier (the best obtained accuracy is 0.89 with an F1-score of 0.885) and improved performance when compared to other standard approaches.
