Head movement measurement: An alternative method for posturography studies.

The present study evaluated the measurement of head movements as a valid method for postural emotional studies using the comparison of simultaneous recording of center of pressure (COP) sway as criterion. Thirty female students viewed a set of 12 pleasant, 12 unpleasant and 12 neutral pictures from the International Affective Picture System, repeated twice, using a block presentation procedure while standing on a force platform (AMTI AccuSway). Head movements were recorded using a webcam (©KPC139E) located in the ceiling in line with the force platform and a light-emitting diode (LED) placed on the top of the head. Open source software (CvMob 3.1) was used to process the data. High indices of correlation and coherence between head and COP sway were observed. In addition, pleasant pictures, compared with unpleasant pictures, elicited greater body sway in the anterior-posterior axis, suggesting an approach response to appetitive stimuli. Thus, the measurement of head movement can be an alternative or complementary method to recording COP for studying human postural changes.

[Prevalence of resistance to antiretroviral drugs in Spain]. / Prevalencia de resistencia a fármacos antirretrovirales en España.

INTRODUCTION: The development of resistance to antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces the effectiveness of these drugs in HIV-infected children. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study in 86 vertically HIV-infected children, divided into four groups according to prior treatment: group 1: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), group 2: NRTI and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), group 3: NRTI and protease inhibitor (PI), group 4: NRTI, NNRTI and PI. RESULTS: In group 1 (11 children), the median treatment duration was 35 months (26 to 108). Nucleoside-associated mutations (NAMs) were found in 10 of these patients and the Q151M multiresistance mutation was found in two. The three children in group 2 were treated for 9, 32 and 42 months with NRTI and NNRTI. One child showed three NAMs and another showed Q151M. Two children had the K103N mutation. Group 3 (36 children) received treatment with NRTI and PI for 48.0 +/- 27.6 and 23.0 +/- 14.6 months, respectively. NAMs were observed in 94 % of the patients in this group, and one child showed the Q151M mutation. In group 4 (36 children) total treatment duration was 70.0 +/- 36.1 months (13.0 +/- 12.1 months with NNRTI, and 39.0 +/- 14.3 months with PI). NAMs were observed in all patients in this group, and Q151M was found in three children. K103N and Y181C were detected in 24 (67%) and 10 (28%) of the children respectively, while 32 (90%) showed primary mutations to PI. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of resistance mutations to NRTI and early appearance of resistance to NNRTI were observed in treated children.

Prevalencia de resistencia a fármacos antirretrovirales en España / Prevalence of resistance to antiretroviral drugs in Spain

Introducción La aparición de resistencias a los antirretrovirales (ARV) compromete la eficacia del tratamiento antirretroviral (TAR) en los niños infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Métodos Se realizó un estudio transversal en 86 niños divididos en 4 grupos según su historia de TAR previo: 1. inhibidores de la retrotranscriptasa análogos de nucleósido (NRTI); 2. NRTI e inhibidores de la retrotranscriptasa no análogos de nucleósido (NNRTI); 3. NRTI e inhibidores de la proteasa (IP); 4. NRTI, NNRTI e IP. Resultados En el grupo 1 (11 niños) la mediana de TAR fue de 35 meses (26-108). En 10 pacientes se detectaron mutaciones asociadas a los análogos de timidina (NAM) y en 2 pacientes se halló el complejo de multirresistencia Q151M. Los 3 niños del grupo 2, recibieron 9, 32 y 42 meses respectivamente de TAR con NNRTI. En un paciente de este grupo se aislaron 3 NAM y en otro el complejo Q151M. 2 pacientes tenían la mutación K103N. En el grupo 3 (36 niños) la media de duración de tratamiento con NRTI e IP era de 48,0 ± 27,6 y 23,0 ± 14,6 meses, respectivamente. El 94 % de los pacientes de este grupo, tenían NAM y un paciente tenía el complejo Q151M. En el grupo 4 (36 niños) el tiempo previo de TAR era de 70,0 ± 36,1 meses (NNRTI: 13,0 ± 12,1 meses; IP: 39,0 ± 14,3 meses). Todos los pacientes tenían NAM y 3 pacientes tenían el complejo Q151M. Las mutaciones K103N y Y181C se hallaron en 24 (67 %) y 10 (28 %) de los pacientes, respectivamente. Un total de 32 pacientes (90 %) tenían alguna mutación primaria a IP. Conclusiones La aparición de resistencias a los ARV es frecuente en niños, siendo de rápida aparición con los NNRTI

Introduction The development of resistance to antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces the effectiveness of these drugs in HIV-infected children. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study in 86 vertically HIV-infected children, divided into four groups according to prior treatment: group 1: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), group 2: NRTI and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), group 3: NRTI and protease inhibitor (PI), group 4: NRTI, NNRTI and PI. Results In group 1 (11 children), the median treatment duration was 35 months (26 to 108). Nucleoside-associated mutations (NAMs) were found in 10 of these patients and the Q151M multiresistance mutation was found in two. The three children in group 2 were treated for 9, 32 and 42 months with NRTI and NNRTI. One child showed three NAMs and another showed Q151M. Two children had the K103N mutation. Group 3 (36 children) received treatment with NRTI and PI for 48.0 ± 27.6 and 23.0 ± 14.6 months, respectively. NAMs were observed in 94 % of the patients in this group, and one child showed the Q151M mutation. In group 4 (36 children) total treatment duration was 70.0 ± 36.1 months (13.0 ± 12.1 months with NNRTI, and 39.0 ± 14.3 months with PI). NAMs were observed in all patients in this group, and Q151M was found in three children. K103N and Y181C were detected in 24 (67 %) and 10 (28 %) of the children respectively, while 32 (90 %) showed primary mutations to PI. Conclusions A high prevalence of resistance mutations to NRTI and early appearance of resistance to NNRTI were observed in treated children

Nonsurgical management of neonatal multiple brain abscesses due to Proteus mirabilis.

A newborn infant with Proteus mirabilis meningitis developed multiple brain abscesses with diameters ranging from 2 to 4 cm. Intravenous antibiotic therapy alone without surgical intervention led to the complete resolution of this complication. The case supports that this may be an acceptable treatment of multiple brain abscesses in neonates. However, the clinical outcome was relatively poor, since a porencephalic cyst, hypodense areas in CT scan, and psychomotor retardation were found at one year of age.

[Pediatric AIDS through vertical transmission]. / SIDA pediátrico por transmisión vertical.

We report here the first paediatric immunodeficiency acquired syndrome (AIDS) in Spain, acquired by vertical-transmission and a second infant case with the same transmission and classified as AIDS related complex. We also mention the incidence and characteristics, of the neonatal population born in the last eighteen months to HIV positive mothers in our geographic area. The AIDS patients, was a female drug addicted parents born to who died at 22 month. Her parents are HIV positive and have ARC. The second patient was a boy, born to a sexual HIV positive partner of a member of a high risk group who died pat 17 month. Review of the literature until September 1986, revealed 369 AIDS paediatric patients, the number is lower 265 (7 Spanish), if only vertical transmitted AIDS is considered. For this reason, we considered pertinent to provide some information about clinical manifestations and laboratory, radiologic and necropsy findings in our patients.