Ivermectin acute administration impaired the spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis of adult rats.

Ivermectin (IVM) is an antiparasitic agent widely used in agricultural, domestic animals and in human clinical practice. In the present study, the temporal effects of therapeutic doses of IVM in the morphometric and histological assessment of testis were studied to verify if IVM acute administration impaired the spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis of adult rats, if these effects are reversible. The testosterone levels and the plasmatic IVM levels were assessed. The results show: 1) IVM acute exposure, mainly in the higher dose, reduced the testicular volume, the tubular diameter and the germinal epithelium height; 2) no interferences on Leydig cells frequency; 3) histological studies show that tubular sections containing several histological changes indicative of spermatogenesis interruption, such as disorganization of germinal epithelium, vacuolar degeneration of the germ cells and sloughing of cells into the tubular lumen; 4) no differences in testosterone levels; 5) The IVM plasmatic levels were significantly reduced at 72h after the 0.2mg/kg. It was concluded that acute IVM impaired the spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis of rats. Probably these effects were not consequence of IVM at the Leydig cells because no effects were observed at this level. Finally, our results suggest that some testicular effects are reversible and correlated with the plasmatic levels of IVM.

Avaliação de resíduos de pesticidas na dieta brasileira, período de 2001 a 2010 / Evaluation of pesticide residues in the Brazilian diet, from 2001 to 2010

O consumo, de alimentos seguros, vem aumentando e a prática do uso de agrotóxicos é comum no Brasil. A cesta básica deve ter os alimentos monitorados, para tanto, esforços do governo deveriam garantir a produção de alimentos seguros. O monitoramento de resíduos de agrotóxicos auxilia na garantia da qualidade. Neste estudo, no Laboratório de Resíduos de Pesticidas, analisaram-se amostras de frutas, grãos e hortaliças, no período de 10 anos (2001 a 2010). Método multirresíduos foi utilizado para identificar e quantificar os agrotóxicos. As amostras sem resíduos corresponderam de 60 a 95% do total. As amostras positivas apresentaram principalmente fungicidas e inseticidas. As violações (não permitido para a cultura e acima do limite máximo de resíduos-LMR) corresponderam a 20% do total e, apesar dos valores acima do LMR, a ingestão diária aceitável dos agrotóxicos encontrados nos alimentos não foi ultrapassada. Os resultados, embora não sejam críticos, são importantes para avaliar a qualidade do alimento consumido.(AU)

Nowadays, the safe food products concerning the human and animal health is increasing. Pesticide usage is a common practice in Brazil, therefore, the food basket must be controlled. Pesticide residues analysis conducted by laboratories as Pesticide Residues Laboratory (LRP) and national programs are important to guarantee the food quality. The objective of this work was to evaluate the data from LRP to these from monitoring programs. Samples of fruits, grains and vegetables (10-year period, 2001 to 2010) were analyzed. Multi-residues method was used to identify and quantify the pesticide residues. The total of 60 to 95% were negative samples. About 20% of the samples could be declared as inappropriate for the consumption, considering compounds not permitted for the crops and above the MRL. The ADI parameter was not exceeded. Perhaps such levels could represent a public health concern, the results are not critical, but are useful to evaluate the exposure to the food contaminants.

Development and validation of carbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) for forensic Veterinary Medicine.

Agricultural pesticides used with the criminal intent to intoxicate domestic and wild animals are a serious concern in Veterinary Medicine. In order to identify the pesticide carbofuran and its metabolite 3- hydroxycarbofuran in animals suspected of exogenous intoxication a high pressure liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method was developed and validated in stomach contents, liver, vitreous humor and blood. The method was evaluated using biological samples from seven different animal species. The following parameters of analytical validation were evaluated: linearity, precision, accuracy, selectivity, recovery and matrix effect. The method was linear at the range of 6.25-100µg/mL and the correlation coefficient (r2) values were >0.9811 for all matrices. The precision and accuracy of the method was determined by coefficient of variation (CV) and the relative standard deviation error (RSE), and both were less than 15%. Recovery ranged from 74.29 to 100.1% for carbofuran and from 64.72 to 100.61% for 3-hydroxycarbofuran. There were no significant interfering peaks or matrix effects. This method was suitable for detecting 25 positive cases for carbofuran amongst a total of 64 animal samples suspected of poisoning brought to the Toxicology Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo.

Pesticide residues evaluation in brazilian basic diet: rice and bean

Rice and bean constitute the basic diet in underdeveloped countries.In Brazil, the acquisition per capita of these aliments is around182.9 g/day (beans) and 160.3 g/day (rice). In the present work wereevaluated the pesticide residue contamination on these aliments,and possible risks for the consumer health. Pesticide residues wereevaluated in 364 bean samples and 143 rice samples commercializedin Sao Paulo City (BRAZIL). A multi-residue method (DFG S19) wasemployed with gas and liquid chromatography identifi cation andquantifi cation. Dietary intake estimation was processed using the Acute Dietary Ingestion (ADI) based on national data regarding foodconsumption. Residues of pesticides that, according to the Brazilianlegislation, are not allowed for this culture were detected respectivelyin 4.5% and 3.6% of the bean and rice samples. However, none ofthe samples had pesticide residues above the Maximum ResidueLevel (MRL). The European Union (EU) database showed that 7.3%of the bean sample and 85.7% of rice presented pesticide residuesabove the MRL. The toxicological parameter used for assessing therisk of contamination (ADI <100%) was not exceeded in none of thecommodities. The results do not pose a hazard for the consumer’shealth. Nevertheless, the presence of multiple residues indicatesthat continuous studies and monitoring of these commodities arerequired.

Pesticide residue monitoring of Brazilian fruit for export 2006-2007.

Brazil ranks 8th in the world for tropical fresh fruit production and exports almost 60% to Europe. A nationwide monitoring program "National Program Residues of Contaminants in Food (PNCRC)" checks compliance with the maximum residue levels, guaranteeing the quality of these commodities. Fruit samples (112) were analyzed between January 2006 and June 2007. Approximately 140 pesticides were evaluated by a multi-residue method using GC and HPLC methodologies. Dithiocarbamates were determined through conversion into carbon disulfide (CS2). A total of 76.8% of the samples were negative, with residues below the limit of detection. With reference to Brazilian legislation, 23.2% of the samples were positive (>MRL and not permitted for the crop (NPC), but only 4.4% were contaminated with multiple residues. A total of 14.3% of samples exceeded European Union MRLs. Samples of figs and persimmons had the highest violation rates. Action plans are being developed, with the cooperation of producers, to reduce pesticide residues.

Pesticide residues evaluation in fruit samples commercialized in São Paulo city, Brazil, 2002-2005 / Avaliação dos resíduos de pesticidas em amostras de frutas comercializadas na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil,

Durante o período de 2002 a 2005, foram analisadas 1779 amostras de frutas como parte de um Programa de Monitorização de Resíduos de Pesticidas na cidade de São Paulo, o qual vem sendo desenvolvido desde 1978. O estudo determinou se os resíduos de pesticidas encontrados estavam de acordo com os valores de Limites Máximos de Resíduos (LMR) estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira e se contribuíram para o risco à saúde dos consumidores. A amostragem foi realizada em mercados e centros de distribuição de alimentos da cidade de São Paulo. Uma metodologia multirresíduos foi utilizada e os pesticidas foram determinados por cromatografia à gás. A percentagem de amostras positivas foi de 26,6 por cento; destas 46,4 por cento continham resíduos de pesticidas não autorizados para as culturas e 2,9 por cento excederam os valores de LMRs. Alguns pesticidas encontrados no estudo não têm uso autorizado ou foram proibidos no Brasil, tais como: aldrim, carbofenotiona, dicrotofós, formotiona, fosalona, HCB, alfa HCH, mirex, ometoato, parationa etílica e quintozene. Maçã, pêssego e morango foram as principais frutas que apresentaram o maior número de amostras com resíduos de pesticidas. Resíduos múltiplos foram detectados em 37,8 por cento das amostras positivas. Os pesticidas mais frequentemente encontrados foram: captana, clorpirifós e dimetoato.

During 2002 to 2005 period, 1779 fruit samples were analyzed as a part of Residue Monitoring Program in São Paulo City which has been developed since 1978. The study determined if the detected residues were in accordance to the Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) from Brazilian Legislation, if they contributed to health risk to consumers. Samplings were carried out at markets and distribution centre in São Paulo City. A multiresidue method was used and the pesticides determined by gas chromatography. The percent of positive samples were 26.6 percent; 46.4 percent of those contained residues of non-authorized active ingredients and 2.9 percent exceeded the MRLs. Some pesticides found in the study do not have a regulatory use or have been prohibited in Brazil, such as: aldrin, carbofenothion, dicrotophos, formothion, HCB, alpha) HCH, mirex, omethoate, quintozene, parathion ethyl and phosalone. Apple, peach and strawberry there were the main fruit which presented the highest number of samples with pesticide residues levels. Multiple residues were detected in 37.8 percent of the positive samples. The most frequently pesticides found were captan, chlorpyrifos and dimethoate.

Praguicidas em alimentos: conceitos, classificação e a cromatografia como método de detecção ed resíduos / Pesticides in food: definitions, classification and the chromatography as detection method of residues

O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir o uso de praguicidas em agropecuária e o conseqüente risco da sua presença como resíduos nos alimentos. São apresentados os conceitos de praguicida, resíduo e limite máximo de resíduo. Os praguicidas organociorados, or anofosofrados, carbamato e piretróides são classificados de acordo com seu uso mas comenta-se também sua origem e grupo químico. Além disto, outros praguicidas, tais como as formamidinas, dinitrofenóis, organotinas e inseticidas inorgânicos, são referidos bem como descrito seu emprego. Os herbicidas, um extenso grupo de praguicidas para o controle de plantas daninhas, também são incluídos neste trabalho bem como a. classe dos fungicidas. O Limite Máximo de Resíduos (LMR) é a concentração máxima de resíduo de praguicida (expressa em mg/Kg) que é legalmente permitida no alimento, cultura e ração animal (dependendo do alimento e do praguicida). O LMR está relacionado aos níveis de resíduos de praguicidas que podem ser encontrados nos alimentos e que são toxicologicamente aceitáveis. Atualmente são utilizados para determinação e quantificação de resíduos de praguicidas métodos cromatográficos. A cromatografia é umá técnica também muito utilizada para análises ambientais, controle de poluição do ar, solo, da água e principalmente análise de resíduos de praguicidas em alimentos bem como no controle de formulações de praguicidas.São comentados os principais métodos cromatográficos empregados para detecção de resíduos de praguicidas em alimentos, em particular, nos produtos de origem animal. Assim, as técnicas mais simples como a cromatografia em papel, em camada delgada, por adsorção, troca iônica e permeação a gei são técnicas simples que permitem identificação qualitativa de substâncias químicas. Por outro lado, a cromatografia gasosa e líquida de alta eficiência, técnicas de alta precisão e de custo relativamente alta não identificam as substâncias testadas como também a sua quantidade presente em uma determinada amostra.

Pesticide residues in cow milk consumed in São Paulo City (Brazil).

Residues of pesticides were surveyed in 132 samples of cow milk collected from bulk transports (38 samples of raw milk) and market (94 samples of pasteurised milk). These samples were analysed by the multiresidue analytical method DFG S19 for pesticide contamination. More than 70 active substances were studied and the identification and quantification were made by gas chromatographic technique. The results showed that 0.76% of samples were contaminated with HCH (alpha isomer) and 10.60% with endosulfan (alpha and beta isomers). Both pesticides, endosulfan and HCH, found in milk samples, indicated their use in agriculture practices, although legislation in Brazil does not permit the use of HCH since 1985 and endosulfan can be used only in a few crops. These compounds should not be present in milk because there are implications on human health. Organophosphorus, carbamates, pyrethroids, herbicides, and fungicides were not detected in cow's milk samples.

Resíduos de pesticidas em hortaliças e frutas dos municípios de Valinhos e Piedade, Säo Paulo, 1995/1996 / Pesticide residues in fruit an vegetables samples in Valinhos and Piedade, Säo Paulo, 1995/1996

Nos municípios paulistas de Valinhos e Piedade, foram coletadas no campo, 138 amostras de frutas e hortaliças. Todas as amostras foram analisadas por métodos multiresíduos, capaz de detectar 100 pesticidas e metabólitos. Resíduos de pesticidas foram detectados em 58,6 por cento das amostras de frutas e em 58,2 por cento das amostras de hortaliças. De pesticidas näo registrados para uso nas culturas foram encontrados resíduos em 19,0 por cento das amostras de frutas e 40,5 por cento das de hortaliças.

Resíduos de pesticidas em morangos comercializados na cidade de Säo Paulo, de 1994 a 1996 / Residues of pesticide in strawberry commercialised in Säo Paulo City, from 1994 to 1996

No período de julho de 1994 a outubro de 1996, foram analisadas, por cromatografia gasosa, 123 amostras de morango comercializado na Cidade de Säo Paulo. Estes resultados fazem parte de um programa de monitoramento que vem sendo realizado pelo Laboratório de Resíduos do Instituto Biológico e a CEAGESP, dese 1978. Foram pesquisados 68 princípios ativos, e os resultados indicaram a presença de resíduos de pesticidas em 57,7 por cento das amostras analisadas, sendo 39,0 por cento de produtos näo autorizados pela legislaçäo vigente para uso em morango (clorotalonil, dimetoato, endosulfan, metamidofós, quintozene e tetradifon).