Corrigendum to " Biochemical diagnosis of aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency (AADCD) by assay of AADC activity in plasma using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry" [32/100888 (2022) page 1-4].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2022.100888.].

Biochemical diagnosis of aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency (AADCD) by assay of AADC activity in plasma using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC, EC 4.1.1.28) deficiency is a rare genetic disorder characterized by developmental delay, oculogyric crises, autonomic dysfunction and other problems, caused by biallelic mutations in the DDC gene leading to deficient activity of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase, an enzyme involved in the formation of important neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin. A clinical development program of gene therapy for AADC deficiency is ongoing. An important step for the success of this therapy is the early and precise identification of the affected individuals, but it has been estimated that around 90% of the cases remain undiagnosed. The availability measurement of the AADC activity is mandatory for an accurate biochemical diagnosis. Based on these statements, our objectives were to develop a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method suitable for the determination of the AADC activity, and to evaluate its capacity to confirm the deficiency of AADC in potential patients in Brazil. The AADC activities were measured in plasma samples of seven AADC deficient patients and 35 healthy controls, after enzymatic reaction and LC-MS/MS analysis of dopamine, the main reaction product. The results obtained showed clear discrimination between confirmed AADC deficient patients and healthy controls. The method presented here could be incorporated in the IEM laboratories for confirmation of the diagnosis of when a suspicion of AADC deficiency is present due to clinical signs and/or abnormal biomarkers, including when an increased level of 3-O-methyldopa (3-OMD) is found in dried blood spots (DBS) samples from high-risk patients or from newborn screening programs.

Newborn screening for lysosomal disorders in Brazil: A pilot study using customized fluorimetric assays.

Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are a group of genetic disorders characterized by deficiency of specific lysosomal enzymes. In general, patients are clinically normal at birth, and progressively develop severe signs and symptoms. Diagnosis is usually made several years after onset of manifestations, preventing patients to have the benefits of the early treatment. Newborn screening programs are being considered for LSDs to allow early diagnosis and treatment. The present study evaluated the feasibility of a customized screening approach based on modified fluorometric assays with reduced amounts of reagents, substrates and samples for: mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type I (MPS I), MPS VI, Fabry, Gaucher, and Pompe diseases. We also evaluated the advantages of including blood chitotriosidase and urinary glycosaminoglycans in the protocol. By the measurement of the specific disease-associated enzymes (plus blood chitotriosidase and urinary glycosaminoglycans) we analyzed 834 de-identified DBS of unselected newborns. No positive case was detected, and the false-positive rates were low. Taking into consideration the limitations of this methodology, we believe that, after defining proper cutoffs, it could be a viable alternative to provide NBS for LSDs by laboratories that may not be able to afford the commercial methods available.

Monitoring of Phenylalanine Levels in Patients with Phenylketonuria Using Dried Blood Spots: a Comparison of Two Methods

Abstract Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by deficient activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), responsible for the conversion of phenylalanine (Phe) to tyrosine (Tyr). Monitoring of patients with PKU requires the measurement of Phe in plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or in dried blood spots (DBS) using different techniques to adjust treatment strategy. The objective of this study was to evaluate Phe levels in DBS measured by two different methods and compare them with Phe levels measured in plasma by HPLC. We analyzed 89 blood samples from 47 PKU patients by two different methods: fluorometric method developed in-house (method A) and the commercially available PerkinElmer® Neonatal Phenylalanine Kit (method B) and in plasma by HPLC. The mean Phe levels by method A, method B, and HPLC were 430.4±39.9μmol/L, 439.3±35.4μmol/L, and 442.2±41.6μmol/L, respectively. The correlation values between HPLC and methods A and B were 0.990 and 0.974, respectively (p < 0.001 for both). Our data suggest that methods A and B are useful alternatives for monitoring Phe levels in patients with PKU, with method A being in closer agreement with the reference standard (HPLC).

High-Risk Screening and Diagnosis of Inborn Errors of Metabolism: A Practical Guide for Laboratories

Abstract Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are a large and heterogeneous group of genetic diseases. In most of these conditions, the presence of variants in specific genes leads to enzyme deficiencies that affect a particular metabolic step. The number of laboratories dedicated to the study of IEM is very limited worldwide, and its multiplication is urgently required for a more effective diagnosis. With the scarcity of specialized centers, the diagnosis of affected individuals comes too late or does not happen at all. Moreover, the biological samples have to travel long distances, compromising its quality and delaying still more the diagnosis. In this work, we suggest a practical guide for a basic biochemical laboratory to get involved in the study of IEM. This proposal was based on already described metabolic tests and involves the need of just a few, simple, and affordable instruments that can give an enormous quantity of information about the possible metabolic defect faced, such as a spectrophotofluorometer and a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) instrument. The procedures proposed can be customized and adapted to particular needs and situations, which make it especially useful for developing countries.

Diagnosing Mucopolysaccharidosis type IV a by the fluorometric assay of N-Acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase activity.

BACKGROUND: Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA, also known as Morquio A or MPS IV A, is an autosomal recessive disease caused by the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS). The loss of GALNS activity leads to the impaired breakdown of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) keratan sulfate and chondroitin-6-sulfate. The accumulation of GAGs results in multiple organ damage. The accurate and early diagnosis of this disorder helps enhance the effectiveness of the treatment. The present study uses a pre-designed protocol for testing GALNS activity in the leukocytes of Iranian patients with MPS IV A and their parents and compares it with healthy controls. METHODS: Patients with MPS IVA previously diagnosed through the measurement of enzyme activity or genetic analysis entered the study. Leukocytes were obtained from the heparinized blood of the participants. The GALNS activity was measured by a fluorometric method using 4-methylumbelliferyl-ß-D-galactoside-6-sulfate (4MU-G6S) as the substrate and proper buffer solutions and calibrators. RESULTS: The GALNS activity (nmol/17 h/mg protein) was reported as 0-7.4 in the MPSIV A patients, as 19.85-93.7 in their parents and as 38.4-164 in the healthy controls. Statistically significant differences were observed between the three groups in terms of enzyme activity. There were no significant differences in enzyme activity by age. The female subjects in both the patient and parents groups showed lower enzyme activity compared to the male subjects. CONCLUSION: The fluorometric method was validated for the measurement of GALNS activity in leukocyte samples and identifying Iranian patients with MPS IV A.

Validation of a Multiplex Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Detection of Selected Lysosomal Storage Diseases in Dried Blood Spots

Abstract Background: Interest in screening methods for lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) has increased in recent years, since early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent or attenuate the onset of symptoms and the complications of these diseases. In the current work, we evaluated the performance of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the detection of some LSDs, aiming the future use of this methodology for the screening of these disorders. Methods: Standard curves and quality control dried blood spots were assayed to evaluate the precision, linearity, and accuracy. A total of 150 controls were grouped according to age and subjected to measurement of lysosomal enzymes deficient in Niemann-Pick A/B, Krabbe, Gaucher, Fabry, Pompe, and Mucopolysaccharidosis type I diseases. Samples from 59 affected patients with a diagnosis of LSDs previously confirmed by fluorimetric methods were analyzed. Results: Data from standard calibration demonstrated good linearity and accuracy and the intra- and interassay precisions varied from 1.17% to 11.60% and 5.39% to 31.24%, respectively. Except for galactocerebrosidase and ?-l-iduronidase, enzyme activities were significantly higher in newborns compared to children and adult controls. Affected patients presented enzymatic activities significantly lower compared to all control participants. Conclusion: Our results show that MS/MS is a promising methodology, suitable for the screening of LSDs, but accurate diagnoses will depend on its correlation with other biochemical and/or molecular analyses.

Twelve different enzyme assays on dried-blood filter paper samples for detection of patients with selected inherited lysosomal storage diseases.

BACKGROUND: Diagnoses of inherited lysosomal storage diseases are based on specific enzymatic assays performed on plasma, leukocytes, fibroblasts, and lately, dried-blood filter paper samples. We evaluated feasibility of detecting of patients with several inherited lysosomal storage diseases using dried-blood filter paper samples for appropriate enzyme assays. METHODS: Fluorometric methods were used to evaluate the activities of arylsulfatase B, alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase, chitotriosidase, alpha and beta-galactosidases, beta-glucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, total hexosaminidases, hexosaminidase A, alpha-iduronidase, and iduronate-2-sulfatase. A radiometric method was used for sphyngomyelinase determination. Single 3.0-mm diameter disks containing dried-blood samples were incubated at 37 degrees C with appropriate dilution buffers and artificial substrates, and the fluorescence or radioactivity was measured. RESULTS: Our results showed a statistically significant difference of the enzyme activity between affected individuals and controls, in all the assays performed. In contrast, we have not obtained a complete differentiation between heterozygotes and controls with these assays. CONCLUSIONS: Enzyme assay on dried-blood filter paper is a suitable method to screen for several lysosomal storage diseases. Despite the low individual incidence of these pathologies, the incorporation of individual enzyme assays in neonatal screening programs could be justified to screen for diseases with relatively high local frequency and therapeutic measures available.

Leukodystrophy and CSF purine abnormalities associated with isolated 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency.

We report the first case of isolated biotin resistant 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCC) deficiency in Argentina. The diagnosis was established at 14 months of age by urinary organic-acid analysis and confirmed by enzyme assay in fibroblasts. The patient suffered from severe psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, areflexia, and failure to thrive, and died unexpectedly at 3 years 4 months of life. Brain MRI at 14 months showed signals of the white matter on cerebral T2-weighted, which were indicative of confluent and multiple foci of leukodystrophy, a pattern not previously described in this entity. In addition, high levels of oxypurines were detected in cerebrospinal fluid. This might be related to energetic consequences of the enzyme deficiency in the brain. This case extends the phenotype of isolated MCC deficiency in infancy and suggests this entity should be considered to be one of the possible causes of "metabolic leukodystrophies."

Enzymatic method for branched chain alpha-ketoacid determination: application to rapid analysis of urine and plasma samples from maple syrup urine disease patients

A new method for the determination of branched-chain alpha-ketoacid concentration using lactate dehydrogenase (E C 1.1.1.27) isozyme C4 (LDH) C4) from mouse testes is proposed. The assay is performed on urine and plasma without previous treatment. Alpha-ketoglutarate and pyruvate are determined on the same sample using glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH,EC 1.4.1.2) and lactate dehydrogenase isozyme A4 (LDH5) respectively and subtracted from the total alpha-ketoacid concentration obtained with LDH C4. This value corresponds to the branched chain alpha-ketoacid. Results were linear within the concentration range 8 to 170 mumoles/L. Detection limit was 8 mumoles/L. Analytical recovery was higher than 91 per cent. For microplate assays, recoveries were higher than 84 per cent and the detection limit was 20 mumoles/L. Determinations performed with GDH, LDH A4 and LDH C4 allow differentiation of E3 deficiency from other clinical phenotypes of maple syrup urine disease. The method is simple and fast, and adaptation to microplates would allow screening of newborns.

Enzymatic method for branched chain alpha-ketoacid determination: application to rapid analysis of urine and plasma samples from maple syrup urine disease patients

A new method for the determination of branched-chain alpha-ketoacid concentration using lactate dehydrogenase (E C 1.1.1.27) isozyme C4 (LDH) C4) from mouse testes is proposed. The assay is performed on urine and plasma without previous treatment. Alpha-ketoglutarate and pyruvate are determined on the same sample using glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH,EC 1.4.1.2) and lactate dehydrogenase isozyme A4 (LDH5) respectively and subtracted from the total alpha-ketoacid concentration obtained with LDH C4. This value corresponds to the branched chain alpha-ketoacid. Results were linear within the concentration range 8 to 170 mumoles/L. Detection limit was 8 mumoles/L. Analytical recovery was higher than 91 per cent. For microplate assays, recoveries were higher than 84 per cent and the detection limit was 20 mumoles/L. Determinations performed with GDH, LDH A4 and LDH C4 allow differentiation of E3 deficiency from other clinical phenotypes of maple syrup urine disease. The method is simple and fast, and adaptation to microplates would allow screening of newborns. (AU)

Deficiencia de la 2-metilacetoacetil-CoA tiolasa mitocondrial en Argentina / Mitochondrial 2-methylacetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency in Argentina

A partir de la descripción de dos pares de hermanos, pertenecientes a familias no emparentadas, una argentina con antecedentes de consanguinidad y de ancestros irlandeses y la otra oriunda del Paraguay, en quienes se reconoció la deficiencia de la 2-metilacetoacetil-CoA tiolasa mitocondrial, comúnmente conocida como la deficiencia de la Beta-cetotiolasa (DCT; McKusick 203750; EC 2.3.1.9), intentamos delinear las consecuencias clínicas y bioquímicas de este defecto genético en el sexto paso del catabolismo de la isoleucina. La expresión fenotípica que presentaron los pacientes, correspondió a la forma clásica de DCT; el cuadro clínico uniforme se inició entre los 7 y 15 meses de edad y comprendió esencialmente, una asociación de uno o varios severos ataques cetoacidóticos e hiperglucemia constatada en dos de ellos. La demonstración por cromatografía en capa delgada de la tiglilglicina, dinitrofenilhidrazona de la butanona, aminoacidemia y aminoaciduria normales y un perfil único de ácidos orgánicos obtenido por cromatografía en fase gaseosa y espectrometría de masa (CG/EM) con excreción de grandes cantidades de los metabolitos característicos de la enfermedad, 2-metil-3-hidroxibutirato, 2-metil-acetato, tiglilglicina y 2-etilhidracrilato permitieron establecer el diagnóstico bioquímico de la DCT. El ensayo de la Beta-cetotiolasa en linfocitos y polimorfos nucleares de la única sobreviviente (VT), demostró una falta de activación por el ión K+ cuando se utilizó el acetoacetil-CoA como sustrato. Esta primera comunicación argentina sobre la DCT, permite inscribir tres aspectos ampliatorios respecto a las referencias previas: incorpora otros distintos orígenes étnicos de los pacientes, señala un análisis morfológico de material de autopsia sin cambios estructurales en cerebro, hígado y riñon y marca en la paciente VT, una disociación entre una clínica asintomática a partir de los 7 años y la persistente anormalidad bioquímica hasta la edad actual de 16 años. El conocimiento de la existencia de estas patologías en nuestro medio, aunado a la disponibilidad y acceso a la CG/EM de alta precisión y rapidez, permitirán reconocimientos precoces y mejores resultados terapéuticos.

Deficiencia de la 2-metilacetoacetil-CoA tiolasa mitocondrial en Argentina / Mitochondrial 2-methylacetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency in Argentina

A partir de la descripción de dos pares de hermanos, pertenecientes a familias no emparentadas, una argentina con antecedentes de consanguinidad y de ancestros irlandeses y la otra oriunda del Paraguay, en quienes se reconoció la deficiencia de la 2-metilacetoacetil-CoA tiolasa mitocondrial, comúnmente conocida como la deficiencia de la Beta-cetotiolasa (DCT; McKusick 203750; EC 2.3.1.9), intentamos delinear las consecuencias clínicas y bioquímicas de este defecto genético en el sexto paso del catabolismo de la isoleucina. La expresión fenotípica que presentaron los pacientes, correspondió a la forma clásica de DCT; el cuadro clínico uniforme se inició entre los 7 y 15 meses de edad y comprendió esencialmente, una asociación de uno o varios severos ataques cetoacidóticos e hiperglucemia constatada en dos de ellos. La demonstración por cromatografía en capa delgada de la tiglilglicina, dinitrofenilhidrazona de la butanona, aminoacidemia y aminoaciduria normales y un perfil único de ácidos orgánicos obtenido por cromatografía en fase gaseosa y espectrometría de masa (CG/EM) con excreción de grandes cantidades de los metabolitos característicos de la enfermedad, 2-metil-3-hidroxibutirato, 2-metil-acetato, tiglilglicina y 2-etilhidracrilato permitieron establecer el diagnóstico bioquímico de la DCT. El ensayo de la Beta-cetotiolasa en linfocitos y polimorfos nucleares de la única sobreviviente (VT), demostró una falta de activación por el ión K+ cuando se utilizó el acetoacetil-CoA como sustrato. Esta primera comunicación argentina sobre la DCT, permite inscribir tres aspectos ampliatorios respecto a las referencias previas: incorpora otros distintos orígenes étnicos de los pacientes, señala un análisis morfológico de material de autopsia sin cambios estructurales en cerebro, hígado y riñon y marca en la paciente VT, una disociación entre una clínica asintomática a partir de los 7 años y la persistente anormalidad bioquímica hasta la edad actual de 16 años. El conocimiento de la existencia de estas patologías en nuestro medio, aunado a la disponibilidad y acceso a la CG/EM de alta precisión y rapidez, permitirán reconocimientos precoces y mejores resultados terapéuticos. (AU)