Recomendaciones sobre reanimación cardiopulmonar en pacientes con sospecha o infección confirmada por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Resumen ejecutivo / Recommendations on cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19). Executive summary

La pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 ha generado nuevos escenarios que requieren modificaciones de los protocolos habituales de reanimación cardiopulmonar. Las guías clínicas vigentes sobre el manejo de la parada cardiorrespiratoria no incluyen recomendaciones para situaciones aplicables a este contexto. Por ello, el Plan Nacional de Reanimación Cardiopulmonar de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crítica y Unidades Coronarias, en colaboración con el Grupo Español de RCP Pediátrica y Neonatal y con el programa de Enseñanza de Soporte Vital en Atención Primaria de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, ha redactado las siguientes recomendaciones, que están divididas en 5 partes que tratan los principales aspectos para cada entorno asistencial. En este artículo se presenta un resumen ejecutivo de las mismas

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has created new scenarios that require modifications to the usual cardiopulmonary resuscitation protocols. The current clinical guidelines on the management of cardiorespiratory arrest do not include recommendations for situations that apply to this context. Therefore, the National Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Plan of the Spanish Society of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC), in collaboration with the Spanish Group of Pediatric and Neonatal CPR and with the Teaching Life Support in Primary Care program of the Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine (SEMFyC), have written these recommendations, which are divided into 5 parts that address the main aspects for each healthcare setting. This article consists of an executive summary of them

[Recommendations on cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19). Executive summary]. / Recomendaciones sobre reanimación cardiopulmonar en pacientes con sospecha o infección confirmada por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Resumen ejecutivo.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has created new scenarios that require modifications to the usual cardiopulmonary resuscitation protocols. The current clinical guidelines on the management of cardiorespiratory arrest do not include recommendations for situations that apply to this context. Therefore, the National Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Plan of the Spanish Society of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC), in collaboration with the Spanish Group of Pediatric and Neonatal CPR and with the Teaching Life Support in Primary Care program of the Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine (SEMFyC), have written these recommendations, which are divided into 5 parts that address the main aspects for each healthcare setting. This article consists of an executive summary of them.

Evaluación sistemática de la actuación de los pediatras ante un caso simulado de taquicardia supraventricular / Systematic assessment of the paediatrician’s performance during simulated supraventricular tachycardia

Objetivo: El presente estudio persigue dos objetivos: a) analizar mediante una lista estructurada de tareas la calidad del manejo clínico en un escenario simulado de la taquicardia supraventricular (TSV) aguda y b) identificar posibles errores y áreas de mejora sobre las que incidir en el entrenamiento. Material y métodos: Se han revisado y valorado de forma sistemática los escenarios simulados de TSV realizados en los cursos de simulación avanzada pediátrica llevados a cabo entre junio2008 y abril 2010. Se programaron en el sistema SimBaby(R) tres escenarios de dificultad creciente: TSV estable (TSV-E), TSV inicialmente estable que progresa a inestable (TSV-EI) y TSV inestable (TSV-I). La evaluación del escenario se basó en una lista de 18 tareas derivadas de las recomendaciones del ILCOR. Resultados: Se analizaron 45 escenarios (15 escenarios de TSV-E, 25 de TSV e-I y 5 de TSVI),en los que participaron 167 pediatras. Se completaron correctamente 328 de 551 (59,5%) tareas posibles. El porcentaje medio (desviación estándar) de tareas correctas por escenario varió en función del caso: 63,4 (16,7) en la TSV-E, 47,8 (20,3) en la TSV-EI y 38,6 (31) en la TSV-I (p = 0,028). No se observaron diferencias significativas entre los pediatras de atención primaria y los de atención hospitalaria. La mayoría de los participantes diagnosticaron correctamente la TSV; sin embargo, se cometieron errores importantes como no identificar la inestabilidad hemodinámica en 20 de 43 (48%) escenarios, dosis incorrectas de adenosina en 18 de 39 (48%) escenarios, la administración inadecuada de adenosina en 23 de 39 (59%) escenarios y no reconocer la indicación de cardioversión inmediata en 15 de 31 (48%) escenarios. Conclusiones: Los pediatras saben identificar una TSV pero precisan mejorar su capacitación para tratarla de forma adecuada. El análisis sistemático de la actuación de los profesionales ante un caso simulado permite detectar tanto sus puntos fuertes como las áreas en las que es preciso reforzar la enseñanza (AU)

Introduction: The aims of this study are to: a) assess the quality in clinical management during a simulated scenario of acute supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) by means of a structured task-based checklist and to b) detect pitfalls and grey areas where reinforcement in training maybe needed. Material and methods: We systematically reviewed SVT simulated scenarios during simulation courses between June 2008 and April 2010. Three scenarios were programmed using SimBaby(R) simulation system, and included stable SVT (S-SVT), stable progressing to unstable SVT (SU-SVT) and unstable SVT (U-SVT). Scenarios were evaluated by means of an 18-task checklist based on ILCOR international recommendations. Results: A total of 45 scenarios were assessed with the participation of 167 paediatricians, including 15 S-SVT, 25 SU-SVT and 5 U-SVT scenarios. Out of a total of 551 possible tasks, 328 (59.5%) were completed correctly. The mean percentage of correct tasks per scenario was 63.4 (16.7) for S-SVT, 47.8 (20.3) for SU-ST and 38.6 (31) for U-SVT (p = 0.028). There were no significant differences between primary care paediatricians and hospital paediatricians. Most of the participants correctly identified non-sinus rhythm as SVT. However, important pitfalls wereobserved, including failure to identify haemodynamic instability in 20 out of 43 (48%) cases, an incorrect dose of adenosine in 18 out of 39 (48%), incorrect adenosine administration in 23 out of 39 (59%), and non-recognition of indication to emergent cardio version in 15 out of 31 (48%).Conclusions: Paediatricians are able to diagnose SVT correctly, but need to improve their skills in treatment. Systematic analysis of clinical performance in a simulated scenario allows the identification of strengths, as well as weak points, where reinforcement is needed(AU)

Evaluación de la actuación de los pediatras de atención primaria en un escenario simulado de trauma pediátrico / Assessment of primary care paediatricians performance in a paediatric trauma simulation

Introducción: La enseñanza mediante simulación avanzada puede mejorar la capacitación de los pediatras, disminuir los errores e incrementar la seguridad del paciente. La atención inicial es un factor pronóstico esencial en el niño traumatizado. Material y método: Dentro de un programa nacional de formación continuada con simulación avanzada dirigido a pediatras de atención primaria, se ha incluido el escenario de un niño politraumatizado. Se han analizado de forma retrospectiva y sistemática las actuaciones de156 pediatras, agrupados en 39 equipos, en los cursos realizados entre mayo de 2008 y febrero de 2010. La evaluación del escenario se basó tanto en la evaluación primaria sugerida por el Grupo de Trabajo de Politrauma de la SECIP, como en la lista de 8 tareas validadas en el programa de entrenamiento de politrauma del hospital pediátrico de Cincinnati. Resultados: En el 100% de las actuaciones se colocó un pulsioxímetro, se indicó la canalización de una vía intravenosa/intraósea, se tomó la presión arterial y se administró oxígeno. En el 87,1%de las actuaciones se indicó una carga de volumen, la escala de Glasgow se realizó en el 5,1% y la protección frente a la hipotermia en 25,6% de las mismas. La inmovilización cervical bilateral fue inadecuada en 35 sesiones (89,7%). Solo un 2,5% de los grupos realizaron correctamente toda la secuencia de atención al trauma. La puntuación según la escala de Cincinnati fue de5,3±1,8 sobre un máximo de 16. Conclusiones: Los pediatras de atención primaria tienen dificultades para aplicar la secuencia ABCDE de atención al trauma y las maniobras de control cervical en un caso simulado de niño traumatizado. En los programas de formación pediátrica se deberían reforzar los aspectos prácticos de la atención inicial al trauma(AU)

Introduction: Training by means of advanced simulation can improve the paediatrician’s abilities in the management of paediatric trauma patients, as well as decreasing errors and increasing patient safety. The initial management is an essential factor in the outcome of an injured child. Material and methods: A trauma patient scenario was included in a national simulation training program. The performances of 156 paediatric primary care providers, divided into 39 teams, who participated in the courses carried out from May 2008 until February 2010 were retrospectively analysed. The evaluation of the scenario was based both on the primary survey suggested by the Working Group on Trauma of the SECIP, and in the 8 main targets of a simulation evaluation tool from the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital trauma care program. Results: A pulse oximeter was placed, the intravenous/intraosseous access was indicated, the blood pressure was checked, and the oxygen was applied In 100% of the scenarios. An intravenous fluid bolus was indicated in 87% of the scenarios. The Glasgow scale was performed in 5.1%, and the appropriate warming measures in 25.6%. The bilateral cervical immobilisation was incorrect in 35% of the scenarios (89.7%). The primary survey (ABCDE) was checked correctly in only one scenario. With a top score of 16, based on Cincinnati Hospital, the teams mean score was 5.3±1.8.Conclusions: Primary care paediatricians have problems applying the primary ABCDE trauma care sequence and the cervical spine precautions in a trauma simulation scenario. Educational programs for paediatricians must improve the practical check points of the initial approach to trauma management(AU)

[Assessment of primary care paediatricians performance in a paediatric trauma simulation]. / Evaluación de la actuación de los pediatras de atención primaria en un escenario simulado de trauma pediátrico.

INTRODUCTION: Training by means of advanced simulation can improve the paediatrician's abilities in the management of paediatric trauma patients, as well as decreasing errors and increasing patient safety. The initial management is an essential factor in the outcome of an injured child. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A trauma patient scenario was included in a national simulation training program. The performances of 156 paediatric primary care providers, divided into 39 teams, who participated in the courses carried out from May 2008 until February 2010 were retrospectively analysed. The evaluation of the scenario was based both on the primary survey suggested by the Working Group on Trauma of the SECIP, and in the 8 main targets of a simulation evaluation tool from the Cincinnati Children's Hospital trauma care program. RESULTS: A pulse oximeter was placed, the intravenous/intraosseous access was indicated, the blood pressure was checked, and the oxygen was applied In 100% of the scenarios. An intravenous fluid bolus was indicated in 87% of the scenarios. The Glasgow scale was performed in 5.1%, and the appropriate warming measures in 25.6%. The bilateral cervical immobilisation was incorrect in 35% of the scenarios (89.7%). The primary survey (ABCDE) was checked correctly in only one scenario. With a top score of 16, based on Cincinnati Hospital, the teams mean score was 5.3 ±1.8. CONCLUSIONS: Primary care paediatricians have problems applying the primary ABCDE trauma care sequence and the cervical spine precautions in a trauma simulation scenario. Educational programs for paediatricians must improve the practical check points of the initial approach to trauma management.

[Systematic assessment of the paediatrician's performance during simulated supraventricular tachycardia]. / Evaluación sistemática de la actuación de los pediatras ante un caso simulado de taquicardia supraventricular.

INTRODUCTION: The aims of this study are to: a) assess the quality in clinical management during a simulated scenario of acute supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) by means of a structured task-based checklist and to b) detect pitfalls and grey areas where reinforcement in training may be needed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We systematically reviewed SVT simulated scenarios during simulation courses between June 2008 and April 2010. Three scenarios were programmed using SimBaby® simulation system, and included stable SVT (S-SVT), stable progressing to unstable SVT (SU-SVT) and unstable SVT (U-SVT). Scenarios were evaluated by means of an 18-task checklist based on ILCOR international recommendations. RESULTS: A total of 45 scenarios were assessed with the participation of 167 paediatricians, including 15 S-SVT, 25 SU-SVT and 5 U-SVT scenarios. Out of a total of 551 possible tasks, 328 (59.5%) were completed correctly. The mean percentage of correct tasks per scenario was 63.4 (16.7) for S-SVT, 47.8 (20.3) for SU-ST and 38.6 (31) for U-SVT (p=0.028). There were no significant differences between primary care paediatricians and hospital paediatricians. Most of the participants correctly identified non-sinus rhythm as SVT. However, important pitfalls were observed, including failure to identify haemodynamic instability in 20 out of 43 (48%) cases, an incorrect dose of adenosine in 18 out of 39 (48%), incorrect adenosine administration in 23 out of 39 (59%), and non-recognition of indication to emergent cardioversion in 15 out of 31 (48%). CONCLUSIONS: Paediatricians are able to diagnose SVT correctly, but need to improve their skills in treatment. Systematic analysis of clinical performance in a simulated scenario allows the identification of strengths, as well as weak points, where reinforcement is needed.

Simulación avanzada para pediatras de atención primaria. Desarrollo de un programa itinerante y opinión de los participantes / Advanced simulation for primary care paediatricians. Development of an itinerant program and opinions of participants

Introducción y objetivos: La simulación avanzada (SA) es una metodología docente útil para la capacitación de profesionales en el ámbito hospitalario, con aplicación limitada en atención primaria (AP). Nuestro objetivo ha sido desarrollar un proyecto de SA orientado a los pediatras de AP y conocer las opiniones de los alumnos como uno de los elementos para valorar su idoneidad. Material y métodos: Fase 1: Se organizó un grupo de trabajo multidisciplinario, auspiciado por la Sociedad Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria, para diseñar y poner en práctica el curso. Fase 2: Se pusieron en marcha cursos itinerantes por distintas ciudades españolas. Al finalizar cada curso se realizó una encuesta anónima de opinión, centrada en los aspectos motivacionales y la adecuación del programa y la metodología. Cada ítem se puntuó de 0 (muy mal) a 10 (muy bien). Período de estudio: mayo de 2008 a mayo de 2009. Resultados: Tras analizar las necesidades formativas de la población diana, el tiempo disponible, el material docente existente y la metodología de simulación y análisis de casos, se diseñó un modelo de curso y se programaron los casos. Se realizaron 12 cursos en 12 ciudades. Asistieron 186 profesionales y 177 (95,2%) contestaron la encuesta. La puntuación media de los ítems principales fue la siguiente: organización general (9,23±0,50), objetivos en relación con las expectativas (9,29±0,43), curso útil para la situación laboral (9,42±0,43), casos cercanos a la realidad laboral (9,18±0,42) y buena relación docentes-alumnos (9,68±0,20). Conclusiones: El curso de SA para pediatría de AP, con el formato propuesto, es factible y se adapta a las necesidades de la población diana. Los pediatras de AP consideran a esta enseñanza una herramienta útil para su formación continuada y la mejora de su capacitación (AU)

Introduction and objectives: Advanced simulation (AS) is a teaching methodology that has shown to be useful for training health staff at hospital level; however, its application in primary care paediatrics is very limited. Our objective was the development of an AS project focused on the learning needs of the primary care paediatricians, as well as to know the participants’ opinions as one of the elements to assess its appropriateness. Material and methods: Phase 1: A multidisciplinary working group was organized and sponsored by the SEPEAP to design and put the course into practice. Phase 2: Itinerant courses were carried out in several cities in Spain. At the end of each course, a survey was carried out that was focused on motivation aspects, pertinence of contents and methodology. Each item was scored on a numerical scale from 0 (very bad) to 10 (very good). Study period: May 2008 to May 2009. Results: After analysing the potential learning needs of target population, available time, teaching material available and methodology of simulation and debriefing, a course model was designed and the cases were programmed. Twelve courses were carried out in 12 cities. The total number of participants was 186; of them, 177 (95.2%) answered the survey. Mean±SD scores for main items were: organization (9.23±0.50), objectives related to prior expectation (9.29±0.43), usefulness of course program to work activity (9.42±0.43), cases that resemble reality (9.18±0.42) and good instructors-participants relationship (9.68±0.20). Conclusions: The AS course for primary care paediatrics, with the proposed format, is feasible and well adapted to the needs of the target population. Primary care paediatricians consider this type of teaching and learning activity as a useful tool for their continuing education and for improving their professional abilities (AU)

[Advanced simulation for primary care paediatricians. Development of an itinerant program and opinions of participants]. / Simulación avanzada para pediatras de atención primaria. Desarrollo de un programa itinerante y opinión de los participantes.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Advanced simulation (AS) is a teaching methodology that has shown to be useful for training health staff at hospital level; however, its application in primary care paediatrics is very limited. Our objective was the development of an AS project focused on the learning needs of the primary care paediatricians, as well as to know the participants' opinions as one of the elements to assess its appropriateness. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Phase 1: A multidisciplinary working group was organized and sponsored by the SEPEAP to design and put the course into practice. Phase 2: Itinerant courses were carried out in several cities in Spain. At the end of each course, a survey was carried out that was focused on motivation aspects, pertinence of contents and methodology. Each item was scored on a numerical scale from 0 (very bad) to 10 (very good). STUDY PERIOD: May 2008 to May 2009. RESULTS: After analysing the potential learning needs of target population, available time, teaching material available and methodology of simulation and debriefing, a course model was designed and the cases were programmed. Twelve courses were carried out in 12 cities. The total number of participants was 186; of them, 177 (95.2%) answered the survey. Mean+/-SD scores for main items were: organization (9.23+/-0.50), objectives related to prior expectation (9.29+/-0.43), usefulness of course program to work activity (9.42+/-0.43), cases that resemble reality (9.18+/-0.42) and good instructors-participants relationship (9.68+/-0.20). CONCLUSIONS: The AS course for primary care paediatrics, with the proposed format, is feasible and well adapted to the needs of the target population. Primary care paediatricians consider this type of teaching and learning activity as a useful tool for their continuing education and for improving their professional abilities.