[Medical nutrition therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Do we act or react? A case report and multidisciplinary review]. / Tratamiento médico nutricional en la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica: ¿Actuamos o reaccionamos? Un caso clínico y revisión multidisciplinar.

BACKGROUND: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease with a progressive course. The current prevalence is between 3 and 6 cases/100,000. Malnutrition is closely related to patient prognosis in ALS. The implications of this conditions have been that we should recommend patient care in a multidisciplinary unit. CASE REPORT: the case presented shows the evolution of a patient with ALS. The patient was referred to different clinical departments after neurological evaluation and her nutritional, functional and respiratory status were assessed. There was no nutritional deterioration at diagnosis; however, intake was below energy-protein requirements. The clinical evolution of the patient showed a decrease in muscle mass with preservation of weight and fat mass. "Aggressive" measures to control nutritional status such as gastrostomy were rejected in the initial stages of the disease, but had to be carried out after development of dysphagia and associated malnutrition. This situation of progressive morphofunctional deterioration and the development of disease-related complications made essential the participation of different health services and professionals in its control. DICUSSION: the management of ALS in a multidisciplinary manner allows to improve the course of the disease and the quality of life of both the patients and their families. Patient follow-up is based on the adjustment and management of complications. The basis of the relationship with these patients includes maintaining an adequate communication with them and their families, and ensuring joint decision-making about their condition.

SEA 2024 Standards for Global Control of Vascular Risk. / Estándares de la Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis 2024 para el control global del riesgo vascular.

One of the objectives of the Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis is to contribute to the knowledge, prevention and treatment of vascular diseases, which are the leading cause of death in Spain and entail a high degree of disability and health expenditure. Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease and its prevention requires a global approach that takes into account the associated risk factors. This document summarises the current evidence and includes recommendations for patients with established vascular disease or at high vascular risk: it reviews the symptoms and signs to evaluate, the laboratory and imaging procedures to request routinely or in special situations, and includes the estimation of vascular risk, diagnostic criteria for entities that are vascular risk factors, and general and specific recommendations for their treatment. Finally, it presents aspects that are not usually referenced in the literature, such as the organisation of a vascular risk consultation.

Digestive toxicity in cancer treatments. Bibliographic review. Influence on nutritional status.

INTRODUCTION: The cause of death can be attributed to malnutrition in 10-20% of cancer patients. Patients with sarcopenia present more chemotherapy toxicity, less progression-free time, less functional capacity and more surgical complications. Antineoplastic treatments have a high prevalence of adverse effects that compromise nutritional status. The new chemotherapy agents present direct toxicity on the digestive tract (nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and/or mucositis). We present the frequency of adverse effects with nutritional impact of the most frequent chemotherapy agents used in the treatment of solid tumours, as well as strategies for early diagnosis and nutritional treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of commonly used cancer treatments (cytotoxic agents, immunotherapy, targeted therapies) in colorectal, liver, pancreatic; lung, melanoma, bladder, ovary, prostate and kidney cancer. The frequency (%) of gastrointestinal effects, and those of grade ≥3 are recorded. A systematic bibliographic search was carried out in PubMed, Embase, UpToDate, international guides and technical data sheets. RESULTS: They are shown in the form of tables in which the drugs appear together with the probability that they present any digestive adverse effect and the percentage of serious adverse effects (Grade ≥ 3). DISCUSSION: Antineoplastic drugs are associated with a high frequency of digestive complications with nutritional repercussions, which can reduce QoL and cause death as a result of malnutrition or due to the limiting effect of suboptimal treatments, closing the malnutrition-toxicity loop. It is necessary to inform the patient about the risks and establish local protocols regarding the use of antidiarrheal drugs, antiemetics and adjuvants in the management of mucositis. We propose action algorithms and dietary advice that can be used directly in clinical practice, to prevent the negative consequences of malnutrition.

Recomendaciones sobre el uso de la telemedicina aplicada a la patología nutricional / Recommendations on the use of telemedicine as applied to nutritional pathology

Introducción: la telemedicina puede mejorar la calidad asistencial y el uso de recursos. La pandemia de COVID-19 ha hecho necesaria su implementación en la práctica habitual. Por ello, un grupo de endocrinólogos de la Comunidad Valenciana, Murcia y Baleares creó un comité para su desarrollo. Objetivos: establecer unas recomendaciones para mejorar la calidad de la consulta de patología nutricional y diseñar unos indicadores para su gestión. Metodología: se siguió la metodología Delphi con participación de 13 profesionales con el fin de alcanzar el mayor consenso. Para ello se circuló un cuestionario de 16 puntos en 3 rondas: en la primera se estableció el grado de consenso; en la segunda, los participantes tuvieron acceso a los resultados de la primera y respondieron a las cuestiones planteadas. Se consideró que había acuerdo si el consenso era ≥ 75 % de los participantes, y que existía acuerdo fuerte si este era ≥ 90 %. Además, se estableció la temática de los indicadores de calidad. En la tercera se desarrollaron dichos indicadores. Resultados: tras 3 rondas y una reunión de revisión se establecieron los sobre aspectos organizativos 5 recomendaciones con acuerdo fuerte; sobre los aspectos administrativos, 6 recomendaciones con acuerdo fuerte y 4 con acuerdo. Se seleccionaron 8 indicadores de calidad que se desarrollaron en formato de fichas. Conclusiones: este documento recopila una serie de recomendaciones sobre cuestiones, necesidades y requisitos a tener en cuenta para una consulta telemática de calidad al paciente con patología nutricional. Así mismo, se han desarrollado unos indicadores para mejorar la calidad asistencial (AU)

Introduction: telemedicine can improve the standards of clinical care and use of resources. The COVID-19 pandemic has required its implementation in routine practice. For this reason, a group of endocrinologists from Valencia, Murcia and the Balearic Islands created a committee for its development. Objectives: to establish recommendations in order to improve the quality of consultation in nutritional disorders, and to create indicators for its management. Methodology: the Delphi methodology was followed with the participation of 13 professionals in order to reach the widest consensus. A 16-item questionnaire was distributed within 3 rounds: in the first round, the degree of consensus was established; in the second round, the participants responded to the posed questions after having access to the first-round results. Agreement was considered if ≥ 75 % participants reached consensus, while strong agreement was considered if consensus was reached by ≥ 90 %. In addition, quality indicators were established. In a third round, these indicators were developed. Results: after 3 rounds and a revision 5 recommendations with strong agreement were established based on organizational aspects. Regarding administrative aspects, 6 recommendations with strong agreement were established while 4 recommendations reached the level of agreement. Eight quality indicators were selected and developed. Conclusions this document compiles a list of recommendations about needs and requirements to be taken into account for a quality telematic consultation in patients with nutritional disorders. In addition, health care quality indicators have been created and developed (AU)

[Recommendations on the use of telemedicine as applied to nutritional pathology]. / Recomendaciones sobre el uso de la telemedicina aplicada a la patología nutricional.

Introduction: Introduction: telemedicine can improve the standards of clinical care and use of resources. The COVID-19 pandemic has required its implementation in routine practice. For this reason, a group of endocrinologists from Valencia, Murcia and the Balearic Islands created a committee for its development. Objectives: to establish recommendations in order to improve the quality of consultation in nutritional disorders, and to create indicators for its management. Methodology: the Delphi methodology was followed with the participation of 13 professionals in order to reach the widest consensus. A 16-item questionnaire was distributed within 3 rounds: in the first round, the degree of consensus was established; in the second round, the participants responded to the posed questions after having access to the first-round results. Agreement was considered if ≥ 75 % participants reached consensus, while strong agreement was considered if consensus was reached by ≥ 90 %. In addition, quality indicators were established. In a third round, these indicators were developed. Results: after 3 rounds and a revision 5 recommendations with strong agreement were established based on organizational aspects. Regarding administrative aspects, 6 recommendations with strong agreement were established while 4 recommendations reached the level of agreement. Eight quality indicators were selected and developed. Conclusions: this document compiles a list of recommendations about needs and requirements to be taken into account for a quality telematic consultation in patients with nutritional disorders. In addition, health care quality indicators have been created and developed.

Introducción: Introducción: la telemedicina puede mejorar la calidad asistencial y el uso de recursos. La pandemia de COVID-19 ha hecho necesaria su implementación en la práctica habitual. Por ello, un grupo de endocrinólogos de la Comunidad Valenciana, Murcia y Baleares creó un comité para su desarrollo. Objetivos: establecer unas recomendaciones para mejorar la calidad de la consulta de patología nutricional y diseñar unos indicadores para su gestión. Metodología: se siguió la metodología Delphi con participación de 13 profesionales con el fin de alcanzar el mayor consenso. Para ello se circuló un cuestionario de 16 puntos en 3 rondas: en la primera se estableció el grado de consenso; en la segunda, los participantes tuvieron acceso a los resultados de la primera y respondieron a las cuestiones planteadas. Se consideró que había acuerdo si el consenso era ≥ 75 % de los participantes, y que existía acuerdo fuerte si este era ≥ 90 %. Además, se estableció la temática de los indicadores de calidad. En la tercera se desarrollaron dichos indicadores. Resultados: tras 3 rondas y una reunión de revisión se establecieron los sobre aspectos organizativos 5 recomendaciones con acuerdo fuerte; sobre los aspectos administrativos, 6 recomendaciones con acuerdo fuerte y 4 con acuerdo. Se seleccionaron 8 indicadores de calidad que se desarrollaron en formato de fichas. Conclusiones: este documento recopila una serie de recomendaciones sobre cuestiones, necesidades y requisitos a tener en cuenta para una consulta telemática de calidad al paciente con patología nutricional. Así mismo, se han desarrollado unos indicadores para mejorar la calidad asistencial.

Hiperglucemia secundaria a consumo de cocaína y antipsicóticos atípicos / Hyperglycemia secondary to consumption of cocaine and atypical antipsychotic drugs

Tóxicos como la cocaína y fármacos como los antipsicóticos atípicos, entre los que se encuentra la olanzapina, se relacionan en ocasiones con la aparición de hiperglucemia. Mientras que la cocaína eleva la glucemia por la liberación de catecolaminas, los antipsicóticos atípicos actúan principalmente aumentando el apetito y el peso y desarrollando síndrome metabólico. Este último grupo de fármacos también tiene una actuación independiente de la ganancia ponderal o la adiposidad por la inhibición de la célula beta pancreática y la disminución de la acción periférica de la insulina. El caso expuesto describe la aparición de una hiperglucemia aguda grave, tras intento suicida con olanzapina y cocaína, en una mujer de 29 años que presentó, tras retirada del fármaco y ausencia de consumo de cocaína, normalización inmediata de la glucemia, sin diagnóstico posterior de diabetes mellitus (AU)

Drugs such as cocaine and atypical antipsychotic agents, such as olanzapine, are sometimes related to hyperglycemia. Where as cocaine raises plasma glucose through catecholamine release, atypical antipsychotic agents mainly increase appetite and induce weight gain and the development of metabolic syndrome. Moreover, the latter group of drugs also act independently from weight gain oradiposity, due to inhibition of beta pancreatic cells and reduction of peripheral insulin action. We present the case of a 29-year-old non-diabetic woman with severe acute hyperglycemia in the context of a suicide attempt through intake of olanzapine and cocaine. After discontinuation of olanzapine and cocaine consumption, glycemia was immediately normalized without subsequent diagnosis of diabetes (AU)

Hyperglycemia secondary to consumption of cocaine and atypical antipsychotic drugs.

Drugs such as cocaine and atypical antipsychotic agents, such as olanzapine, are sometimes related to hyperglycemia. Whereas cocaine raises plasma glucose through catecholamine release, atypical antipsychotic agents mainly increase appetite and induce weight gain and the development of metabolic syndrome. Moreover, the latter group of drugs also act independently from weight gain or adiposity, due to inhibition of beta pancreatic cells and reduction of peripheral insulin action. We present the case of a 29-year-old non-diabetic woman with severe acute hyperglycemia in the context of a suicide attempt through intake of olanzapine and cocaine. After discontinuation of olanzapine and cocaine consumption, glycemia was immediately normalized without subsequent diagnosis of diabetes.

[Effects of levothyroxine replacement on lipid profile in patients with mild subclinical hypothyroidism]. / Efectos del tratamiento sustitutivo con levotiroxina en el perfil lipídico de pacientes con hipotiroidismo subclínico leve.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of levothyroxine (L-T4) replacement on lipoprotein profile in patients with mild subclinical hypothyroidism, defined as a serum TSH level between 5 to 10 mU/l with a normal serum free thyroxine level. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We have prospectively studied 89 patients with mild subclinical hypothyroidism -10 male, 79 female; mean (standard deviation) TSH: 7.9 (1.3) mU/l-. The thyroperoxidasa antibodies were positive in 46 subjects and were treated with L-T4. The 43 patients with thyroperoxidasa antibodies negative were used as controls. In both groups fasting lipid profiles were measured at baseline and 40 weeks. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the age, serum concentrations of TSH, free thyroxine and lipid profile between 2 groups at baseline. After therapy, serum TSH levels had returned within the normal range in the L-T4 group and were now significantly lower than in the control group (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the changes from baseline to 40 weeks between patients in the L-T4 group and the control group for any of the lipid variables measured, expressed as the mean change in the L-T4 group minus the mean change in the control group and the 95% confidence interval (CI): total cholesterol, -0.27 mmol/l (95% CI, -0.69 to 0.16 mmol/l); LDLc, -0.27 mmol/l (95% CI -0.61 to 0.05 mmol/l). CONCLUSIONS: Forty weeks L-T4 treatment does not significantly improve the lipid profile in patients with mild subclinical hypothyroidism.

Efectos del tratamiento sustitutivo con levotiroxina en el perfil lipídico de pacientes con hipotiroidismo subclínico leve / Effects of levothyroxine replacement on lipid profile in patients with mild subclinical hypothyroidism

Fundamento y objetivo: Estudiar los efectos del tratamiento sustitutivo con levotiroxina (L-T4) en el perfil lipídico plasmático en pacientes con hipotiroidismo subclínico leve, definido como concentraciones séricas de tirotropina (TSH) entre 5 y 10 mU/l y normales de tiroxina libre. Pacientes y métodos: Se estudió de forma prospectiva a 89 pacientes con hipotiroidismo subclínico leve ­10 varones, 79 mujeres; TSH media (desviación estándar) de 7,9 (1,3) mU/l­. En 46 sujetos los anticuerpos antiperoxidasa tiroidea fueron positivos y se les prescribió tratamiento con L-T4. Los 43 sujetos con anticuerpos negativos no fueron tratados y formaron el grupo control. En ambos grupos valoramos el perfil lipídico en situación basal y a las 40 semanas. Resultados: No hubo diferencias significativas en la edad, los valores de TSH, de tiroxina libre y de lípidos plasmáticos entre ambos grupos en situación basal. En todos los pacientes tratados la TSH se normalizó a las 40 semanas. No hallamos diferencias significativas en los cambios entre la situación basal y a las 40 semanas entre los grupo de tratamiento y control, expresadas como la media del cambio en el grupo tratado menos la media del cambio en el grupo control y el intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95%, en el colesterol total (­0,27 mmol/l; IC del 95%, ­0,69 a 0,16 mmol/l) ni en el colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de baja densidad (­0,28 mmol/l; IC del 95%, ­0,61 a 0,05 mmol/l). Conclusiones: El tratamiento sustitutivo con L-T4 no induce cambios de relevancia clínica sobre el perfil lipídico en pacientes con hipotiroidismo subclínico leve

Background and objective: To evaluate the effects of levothyroxine (L-T4) replacement on lipoprotein profile in patients with mild subclinical hypothyroidism, defined as a serum TSH level between 5 to 10 mU/l with a normal serum free thyroxine level. Patients and method: We have prospectively studied 89 patients with mild subclinical hypothyroidism ­10 male, 79 female; mean (standard deviation) TSH: 7.9 (1.3) mU/l­. The thyroperoxidasa antibodies were positive in 46 subjects and were treated with L-T4. The 43 patients with thyroperoxidasa antibodies negative were used as controls. In both groups fasting lipid profiles were measured at baseline and 40 weeks. Results: There were no significant differences in the age, serum concentrations of TSH, free thyroxine and lipid profile between 2 groups at baseline. After therapy, serum TSH levels had returned within the normal range in the L-T4 group and were now significantly lower than in the control group (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the changes from baseline to 40 weeks between patients in the L-T4 group and the control group for any of the lipid variables measured, expressed as the mean change in the L-T4 group minus the mean change in the control group and the 95% confidence interval (CI): total cholesterol, ­ 0.27 mmol/l (95% CI, ­0.69 to 0.16 mmol/l); LDLc, ­0.27 mmol/l (95% CI ­0.61 to 0.05 mmol/l). Conclusions: Forty weeks L-T4 treatment does not significantly improve the lipid profile in patients with mild subclinical hypothyroidism