Ganglion of the hip joint--we present a logical approach to the exploration of a mass in the femoral triangle.

Hip joint ganglion is a rare cause of a mass in the femoral triangle. Our patient presented with a swelling in the groin and a history of femoral hernia repair 5 years previously. Pre-operative assessment with ultrasound suggested a possible femoral artery aneurysm. We propose that safe exploration of a mass closely related to the femoral vessels must include vascular control.

Brugia malayi in Kresek, West Java, Indonesia: the effect of environmental changes of filarial endemicity.

A survey was conducted in Kresek, West Java, Indonesia and 813 persons from six villages examined for filariasis. Only eight had microfilaremia and one male person had elephantiasis. Comparing results obtained approximately ten years earlier and the present survey, there was a marked decrease in the microfilarial rate in Kresek, especially in Penameng, during the interim. There was no drug treatment, insecticide application or any dramatic population movement. The development of a well-organized irrigation system and the conversion of the swamps into rice-fields resulted in a decrease of breeding sites for Mansonia mosquitoes and subsequently a decrease in filariasis.

Malayan filariasis in Central Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia.

Seven villages in Central Sulawesi were surveyed in September 1971 and finger blood samples from 3,658 persons examined for microfilariae. Periodic, nocturnal Brugia malayi was endemic in all seven villages with microfilarial rates (Mf-rate) of 10-42% (av. 25%). The median microfilarial density (MfD50) averaged 5.4 and varied from 0.8 to 9.4 microfilariae per 20 microliter of blood. Males had higher Mf-rate and MfD50 value than females and in males Mf-rates and MfD50 values increased with age. In the female population, however, neither Mf-rates or MfD50 values varied significantly with age. Clinical manifestations of filariasis were found in 12% of 2,412 persons examined and only 2% had elephantiasis. Clinical signs of disease with the exception of elephantiasis, showed good correlations with Mf-rates but not with MfD50 values. Transmigrants experienced clinical manifestations of filariasis earlier and more often than the indigenous population.

Filariasis in West Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia.

A survey was carried out among persons residing in 8 villages in the Province of West Kalimantan, Indonesia to determine the prevalence of filariasis. Finger tip blood smears were obtained at night from over 3,000 people and microfilariae of Brugia malayi were found in 108 (3.5%) and Wuchereria bancrofti in 10 (0.3%). Most B. malayi (96 carriers) was found in Kakap, a village near the coast, 20 km from the provincial capital of Pontianak. Nine of 10 cases of W. bancrofti were located in Pahauman, a village 130 km northeast of the provincial capital. Periodicity studies indicate the strain of B. malayi to be subperiodic. In Kakap 18% of 226 persons examined had a clinical history of filariasis and elephantiasis was seen in 13%. This is the first report of rural bancroftian filariasis in the area. A few Mansonia species of mosquitoes were examined but none were infected with filarial larvae.

Brugia malayi in seven villages in South Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Seven villages in South Kalimantan were visited in 1971 and night peripheral blood smears from 2,764 people examined for microfilariae. Brugia malayi was found endemic in all villages with microfilarial rates of 12--46% (average 25%) and the median microfilarial density (MfD50) of 6 to 15 microfilariae per 20 microliter of blood. The microfilariae showed a typical subperiodic pattern. The disease was more common in males than females and the prevalence increased with age. Clinical manifestations of filariasis were found in 20% of 1,099 persons examined. Mansonia species are considered important vectors and cats important reservoir hosts. In addition to B. malayi, Dirofilaria repens and an unknown microfilaria were found in cats in the area and strains of the B. malayi and D. repens have been established in the laboratory.

Parasitic infections in humans in West Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia.

A survey was carried out among inhabitants of eight villages in West Kalimantan Province (Borneo), whereby blood smears were examined for malaria, stools examined for intestinal parasites and sera tested by the indirect hemagglutination test for antibodies to Entamoeba histolytica and toxoplasma gondii. The prevalence of malaria among 3017 people examined was 5.6% (Plasmodium vivax 2.8%, Plasmodium falciparum 2.8%). Brugia malayi microfilariae were found in 3.6% and Wuchereria bancrofti in 0.3%. Ninety-seven percent of 2101 stool specimens examined contained evidence of intestinal parasites. Trichuris trichiura (90%) was most common followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (76%), hookworm, (60%), Etamoeba coli (23%), Entamoeba histolytica (6%), Endolimax nana (6%), Iodamoeba butschlii (4%), Giardia lamblia (3%), Chilomastix mesnili (1%) and Strongyloides stercoralis (1%). Other parasites found were Entamoeba hartmanni, Trichomonas hominis, Balantidium coli, Enterobius vermicularis, Hymenolepis nana, Echinostoma sp. and Physalopterid, Dicrocoeliid, and Heterophyid type-eggs. The amoeba prevalence rate was 30%. Indirect hemagglutination antibody titers equal to or greater than 1:128 for Entamoeba histolytica and 1:256 for Toxoplasma gondii were detected in 7% and 3%, respectively, of 1511 sera tested.

Parasitology survey in northern Sumatra, Indonesia.

A parasitology survey was conducted in five villages in North Sumatra, Indonesia. A total of 3,207 blood smears, 2,066 stool specimens and 969 sera were examined. Sixty (1.9%) inhabitants had malaria (Plasmodium vivax 41, P. falciparum 19), and 20 had Brugia malayi microfilaraemia. The most common intestinal helminths were Trichuris trichiura (87%), Ascaris lumbricoides (75%) and hookworm (58%). Other helminths found in low numbers were Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Taenia sp., Fasciolid, Dicrocoeliid and Echinostoma sp. eggs. Entamoeba coli (25%) was the most common intestinal protozoa followed by Endolimax nana (8%), Entamoeba histolytica (7%), Giardia lamblia (6%), Iodamoeba bütschlii (5%), Entamoeba hartmanni (1%) and Chilomastix mesnili (1%). The amoeba prevalence rate was 31 per cent. Testing of sera for Entamoeba histolytica and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies by the indirect haemagglutination test demonstrated positive reactors in 13 per cent and nine per cent of the population respectively. The greatest number of seropositives for Toxoplasma gondii was at elevations of sea level to five meters and the lowest number at elevations of 5OO-1,000 meters.

Parasitology survey in the Palu Valley, central Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia.

A survey was undertaken in the Palu Valley, Central Sulasesi to determine whether schisto somiasis japonica was endemic in the area and to determine the prevalences rates of intestinal and blood parasites. Seven villages along the Palu River drainage system with an estimated popualtion of 18,700 were surveyed and 2,433 stools, 3,651 blood smears and 1,167 sera were collected and examined.

Serological study of amebiasis and toxoplasmosis in the Lindu Valley, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Results of a serology survey in April 1972 for Entamoeba histolytica and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among 484 inhabitants of the isolated Lake Lindu Valley of Central Sulawesi (Celebes) are presented. Indirect hemagglutination antibody titers for amebiasis were found in over 10% of the population, although only 3.7% demonstrated significant titers of 1:128 or greater. There appeared to be no relationship between antibody titers and the age and sex of individuals tested, and the frequency distribution of antibody titers indicates a low prevalence of invasive amebiasis in the population. Indirect hemagglutination antibody titers for Toxoplasma gondii equal to or greater than 1:32 were found in 27.1% of the total population, and it appeared that the prevalence of titers increased with age in both sexes. More families with cats had Toxoplasma gondii antibody titers than families without cats.

Parasitology survey and seroepidemiology of amoebiasis in South Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia.

A parasitology surevy was conducted among inhabitants of 7 villages in 3 regencies in South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. A total of 2,169 stool specimens, 2,756 blood smears and 1,027 serum specimens were obtained, representing samples from approximately 10%, 12% and 5% of the population, respectively. One to 8 different intestinal parasitic infections were detected in 97% of the people. Those parasites most frequently found were Trichuris trichiura (83%), Ascaris lumbricoides (79%), and hookworm (65%), followed by Entamoeba coli (37%), Endolimaxnana (12%), Entamoeba histolytica (12%), Iodamoeba bütschlii (11%), Giardia lamblia (5%), Entamoeba hartmanni (2%), Chilomastix mesnili (2%). Other parasites found were Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Capillaria sp., Echinostoma sp., Hymenolepis diminuta, and Trichomonas hominis. Giardia lamblia was found more often in younger people and Entamoeba coli, Iodamoeba bütschlii and hookworm in the older age group. Ascaris lumbricoides occurred more frequently in females, and hookworm in males. Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum were found in the blood smears of 4.4% of the people, mostly in the younger age groups. Seroepidemiological studies on amoebiasis were done by use of the indirect hemagglutination test with antigens prepared from the HK9 strain of Entamoeba histolytica maintained in axenic cultures. The frequency distribution of the reciprocal antibody titers showed a bimodal distribution with 34% of the population demonstrating positive reactions at titers of 1:128 or greater.