Immediate and Delayed Effects of Punctal Plug Insertion on Tear Meniscus Height in Severe Aqueous-Deficient Dry Eye.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the immediate and delayed effects of tear punctal occlusion with punctal plugs on tear meniscus height (TMH) in severe aqueous-deficient dry eye (ADDE) disease. METHODS: Consecutive patients with severe ADDE related to Sjögren syndrome or ocular graft-versus-host disease underwent inferior and superior occlusion with punctal plugs. TMH was measured using the LacryDiag ocular surface analyzer platform before, 10 minutes, and at least 1 month after punctal occlusion. The corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) score was graded with the Oxford scale (from 0 to 5). Ocular symptoms were graded with a visual analog scale (from 1 to 10). RESULTS: We included 24 eyes of 24 patients (mean age 61 ± 9 years; mean follow-up 7 ± 5 months). The mean TMH was 0.19 ± 0.06 mm at baseline and increased significantly to 0.41 ± 0.13 mm (P < 0.001) and 0.46 ± 0.17 mm (P < 0.001) at 10 minutes after punctal plug insertion and at the end of follow-up, respectively. The median CFS score decreased from 3 ± 1 before plug insertion to 1 ± 2 at the end of follow-up (P < 0.001). Many patients (67%; n = 16) reported subjective improvement of symptoms. TMH was negatively correlated with the CFS score and visual analog scale score assessing symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Upper and lower punctal occlusion increased TMH in patients with severe ADDE as soon as 10 minutes after plug insertion. TMH remained stable over time, which led to the relief of symptoms and reduced corneal staining.

Double-Docking Technique for Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty: A Retrospective Consecutive Case Series Study of Advanced Keratoconus.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to report the clinical outcomes and prognosis of femtosecond laser (FSL)-assisted double-docking deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DD-DALK) for advanced keratoconus (AK). METHODS: Records of consecutive patients with keratoconus who underwent FSL-assisted DALK (DD-DALK) were reviewed. RESULTS: We analyzed 37 eyes from 37 patients who underwent DD-DALK. Sixty-eight percent of eyes had a successful big-bubble formation and 27% had a manual dissection to achieve the DALK deep dissection. Stromal scarring was associated with not achieving a big bubble. Intraoperative conversion to penetrating keratoplasty was conducted in 2 cases (5%). The best-corrected visual acuity improved from a median (± interquartile range) of 1.55 ±0.25 logMAR preoperatively to 0.2 ±0.2 logMAR ( P < 0.0001). The median postoperative spherical equivalent was -5.75 ±2.75 D with a median astigmatism of -3.5 ±1.3 D. BCVA, SE, and astigmatism were not statistically different between patients who underwent DD-DALK and patients who underwent manual DALK. Stromal scarring was associated with big-bubble (BB) formation failure ( P = 0.003). All patients with failed BB requiring manual dissection had anterior stromal scarring. CONCLUSIONS: DD-DALK is safe and reproducible. The success rate of BB formation is hampered by stromal scarring.

Effectiveness and safety of cataract surgery in laminar air flow device versus traditional scrubs: A 1-year non-inferiority pilot study.

Purpose: The study aimed to assess the safety and the non-inferiority of cataract surgery outside an operating room using the Surgicube®, a mobile laminar airflow (LAF) device. Settings: This single-center study was conducted at the Rothschild Foundation, Paris, France. Design: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods: All patients operated on for cataracts using the Surgicube® between February 2020 and February 2021 were included and controlled by a cohort of patients operated on for cataracts in the traditional theater during the same period. Patients with a postoperative follow-up of less than 1 month were excluded. Data collection was carried out using the patient's medical record. The primary endpoint was the evaluation of the number of endophthalmitis in the two groups. The secondary judgment criteria were the analysis of the various complications and the Logmar visual acuity at 1 month in the two groups. All the patients underwent an OCT retinal examination. Results: A total of 923 randomized patients who underwent cataract surgery between 2020 and 2021 have been included in the study. Among them, 448 patients were operated on using the Surgicube, and 475 patients underwent surgery in the traditional operating room using the same lens phacoemulsification technique. There are no significant differences between the two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Cataract surgery using the Surgicube® outside a conventional operating room seems non-inferior to conventional scrub.

Severe Corneal Involvement Associated With Mpox Infection.

This article discusses 2 cases of severe corneal involvement during mpox.

Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination.

PURPOSE: To report two cases of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) following COVID-19 vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. METHODS: Two case reports. Case-1: A 40-yo Caucasian male, complained of blurred and decrease of vision in his left eye (OS) one week after the first dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Funduscopic examination OS showed multiple granular white dots with an aspect of foveal granularity. Case-2: A 23-yo woman also presented with defective and decrease of vision OS. She received her first dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine ten days before. Dilated fundus examination OS showed altered macular reflex with an aspect of foveal granularity. RESULTS: Multimodal imaging showed features of MEWDS in both cases. The anomalies found resolved spontaneously after 6 weeks. CONCLUSION: Inflammation and immune dysregulation induced by COVID-19 mRNA vaccine or its adjuvants could be involved in ocular adverse effects.

Role of anti-TNF in Pediatric Inflammatory Choroidal Neovascularization: A Case Series.

OBJECTIVE: To highlight the safety and efficacy of Tumor Necrosis Factor inhibitors (anti-TNF) in inflammatory choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in the pediatric population. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. PARTICIPANTS: Three patients, < 16 years old with uveitic inflammatory CNV. METHODS: Patients received systemic steroids, methotrexate (MTX), intravitreal (IVT) injections of bevacizumab, and anti-TNF (infliximab or adalimumab) in case of refractory leakage. RESULTS: Five eyes of three pediatric patients (mean age 6 years old) presenting with CNV and put on anti-TNF were followed up for a minimum of 32 months. Four out of five eyes had improved vision, reduced fluid on clinical exam and macular spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and cessation of leakage on fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) after introduction of anti-TNF agents. Two patients developed minor psoriasis treated topically. CONCLUSION: Anti-TNF agents showed efficacy and safety in a sustainable leakage control of inflammatory pediatric CNV along with improvement in vision.

Predictive factors of graft detachment and rebubbling after descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty.

PURPOSE: To identify risk and predictive factors associated with the need of rebubbling in the eye of patients who underwent a descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK). METHODS: The records of patients who underwent DMEK were retrospectively analyzed. Data regarding comorbidities, intraoperative characteristics, and postoperative treatments or complications were collected. The central corneal thickness (CCT) was measured by optical coherence tomography before and the day after DMEK. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: Of the 333 DMEK, rebubbling was performed in 119 cases (36%). Preoperative subepithelial fibrosis and a history of penetrating keratoplasty (PK) were associated with significantly more graft detachment [OR of 3.55 (2.02-6.32; P < 0.001) and 5.89 (2.00-21.86; P = 0.003), respectively]. A decreased CCT the day after surgery reduced by 5.7-fold the risk of rebubbling (sensitivity/specificity of 0.42/0.93). Conversely, a 20% increase in the CCT the day after surgery increased by 4.5-fold the risk of rebubbling (sensitivity/specificity of 0.42/0.91). CONCLUSION: Variation of the CCT could be used as a predictive factor of rebubbling after DMEK. Patients with a 20% increase of CCT the day after surgery are at higher risk of graft detachment. Conversely, a reduced CCT the day after the surgery is associated with a reduced risk of rebubbling. Subepithelial fibrosis and history of PK were also identified as risk factors for rebubbling. Those predictive factors may help develop a customized approach for patients undergoing DMEK surgery.

Detecting Subclinical Corneal Edema Using Corneal Thickness Mapping in Patients Presenting Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy.

PURPOSE: To determine whether local corneal thickness changes observed with optical coherence tomography (OCT) can detect subclinical corneal edema in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). SETTING: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: A series of patients presenting FECD who underwent cataract surgery alone (45 eyes) or with concomitant Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (triple procedure; 117 eyes). The study reviewed medical records, collected the preoperative corneal thickness map and calculated the differences and ratio of corneal thickness measured at 5, 7, and 9 mm from the central corneal thickness. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) were calculated and thresholds were selected to obtain a specificity of 90%. RESULTS: The median difference between 5- and 2-mm corneal thickness in the supra-nasal quadrant (∆5-2mmSN) was 38 µm (interquartile range 34-46) in the cataract group and 17 µm (2-38) in the triple procedure group (P < .001). The corneal thickness ratios of supra-nasal 5- to 2-mm (R5/2mmSN) and 7- to 2-mm (R7/2mmSN) were 1.07 (1.06-1.08) and 1.15 (1.13-1.17)] in the cataract group and 1.03 (1.00-1.06) and 1.09 (1.06-1.14) in the triple procedure group (P < .001). The probability of corneal edema was increased 7-fold with ∆5-2mm SN < 27 µm (AUC = 0.76) and 9.4- and 7.4-fold with R5/2mmSN and R7/2mmSN < 1.045 (AUC = 0.77) and 1.118 (AUC = 0.76), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Local changes in corneal thickness may be useful in detecting preclinical corneal edema, especially in patients with FECD undergoing cataract surgery.

Cystoid macular oedema after descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty.

AIMS: To determine the incidence and risk factors of cystoid macular oedema (CMO) following descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) with or without combined cataract surgery (triple-DMEK). METHODS: We reviewed the records of patients who underwent DMEK surgery alone or triple-DMEK performed at the Rothschild Foundation Hospital (Paris, France) between January 2019 and March 2020. Patients with pre-existing CMO observed on the preoperative macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) were excluded. Spectral-domain OCT was performed in patients with postoperative visual impairment. Data regarding comorbidities, intraoperative characteristics and postoperative treatments or complications were collected and analysed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: Twenty three of 246 eyes (9.36%) developed clinically significant (cs)-CMO after DMEK. Triple-DMEK was not associated with a higher risk to develop CMO (12.2% in DMEK alone and 6.1% in triple-DMEK). Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK ; 39.1% vs 9%; OR=3.5 (1.0 to 11.8), p=0.045) and epiretinal membrane (ERM; 39.1% vs 7.7%; OR=10.5 (3.4 to 32.3), p<0.001) were more frequently observed in patients who developed CMO. The occurrence of hyphaema during surgery was statistically associated with postoperative CMO (13% vs 1.3%; OR=7.1 (1.0 to 48.8) p=0.045). Peroperative epithelial debridement was statistically associated with postoperative CMO (65.2% vs 33.2%, p=0.005), but only in univariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a clinically significant CMO incidence of 9.35% after DMEK. Patients with a history of ERM, PBK and intraoperative hyphaema may be at risk of developing CMO after DMEK surgery and should be monitored.

Severe Vaso-Occlusive and Ocular Decompression Retinopathy Revealing a Sickle Cell Trait in a Patient with Herpetic Uveitis.

PURPOSE: To describe a patient with hypertensive herpetic uveitis complicated by arterial retinal occlusions and a decompression retinopathy revealing a sickle cell trait. STUDY DESIGN: Case report. RESULTS: A 24-year-old African man presented with a hypertensive herpetic keratouveitis. A brutal lowering of the intraocular pressure (IOP) by systemic acetazolamide resulted in a ocular decompression retinopathy and multiple arterial occlusions involving the macular and the mid-periphery retina. A hemoglobin electrophoresis revealed a sickle cell trait. CONCLUSION: Under rare circumstances, vaso occlusive events can occur in patients with a sickle cell trait. We identified high IOP and acetazolamide to be responsible of an increased blood viscosity and a reduction of the vessels' caliber, resulting in sickling and arterial retinal occlusions. We recommend a thorough anamnesis and a sickle cell screening for patients of African or Mediterranean descent with acute elevated IOP, especially if they have to be treated with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.Abbreviations: HbA: Hemoglobin A; HbS: Hemoglobin S; HSV1: Herpes Simplex Virus - 1; IOP: IntraOcular Pressure; OCT-A: OCT-Angiography; SD-OCT: Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography.

Clinical course and treatment of archipelago keratitis: a Herpesviridae keratitis subtype.

PURPOSE: Archipelago keratitis (ApK) is a subtype of Herpesviridae stromal keratitis that consists of subepithelial nummular inflammatory infiltrates arranged in a radial centripetal pattern. This rare and poorly described form is not often recognised early. We report the first large series of ApK, with an analysis of clinical settings at presentation, evolution of the disease with time and a description of factors associated with recurrence. METHODS: The clinical records of 82 patients (83 eyes) with a diagnosis of ApK between 2011 and 2021 in two centres were reviewed. RESULTS: The median age of the 82 patients at referral was 37±28 years. ApK was unilateral in all but one case. A total of 76% of patients had at least one second diagnostic criteria suggesting a herpetic aetiology. Overall, 44 (53%) eyes exhibited least one recurrence after a median of 12 months. Recurrence was frequently associated with neovascularisation (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.9; p=0.02) and tapering corticosteroids (HR 3.5, 95% CI 1.8 to 7.1; p<0.01) or valaciclovir use (HR=2.3, 95% CI 1.2 to 4.6; p=0.01). Antiviral treatment was used in all patients, whereas local anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids and/or ciclosporin were used in 73 (88%) cases. CONCLUSION: ApK is a Herpesviridae stromal keratitis that is typically unilateral in presentation and features a high risk of recurrence. Combined treatment with antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs are usually required over the long term. Topical ciclosporin can be useful as a corticosteroid-sparing treatment.

Clinical, Meibographic, and Interferometric Evaluation in Children With Ocular Rosacea.

PURPOSE: To describe clinical, meibographic, and interferometric signs in children with ocular rosacea. DESIGN: Prospective case-control study. METHODS: This single-center study at the Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild (Paris, France) included 42 children with ocular rosacea and 44 healthy volunteers (median ages of 10 and 11 years old, respectively) who had infrared meibography images of their lower lids and tear lipid layer thickness measurements taken with the LipiView II device (Tearscience). Clinical severity was graded on a 0 to 4 scale and compared with meiboscores (range 0-4) and tear film lipid layer thickness (range 0-100 nm). RESULTS: Seven patients presented with unilateral disease and 29 had an asymmetrical form. Twenty-four patients had associated cutaneous rosacea. Ten of 84 eyes presented with a loss of vision <20/25. The mean clinical severity grade was 2.5 ± 1.4. Meibographic abnormalities were significantly more important in children with ocular rosacea (mean meiboscore 2.1 ± 1.36) than in healthy volunteers (0.61 ± 0.78, P < .001). Clinical severity (r = 0.44, P < .001), duration of disease (r = 0.28, P = .011), and a history of chalazia (r = 0.30, P = .006) were correlated to meibographic severity. Mean lipid layer thickness was not significantly different between cases and controls (74.4 ± 18.7 nm and 76.6 ± 18 nm, respectively, P = .47). CONCLUSION: Meibomian structural alterations in children can be severe and are correlated to ocular rosacea severity. Meibography is an essential tool for diagnosis and follow-up, whereas the contribution of tear film interferometry is uncertain.

Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy Diagnosis and Neovascular Activity Evaluation Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.

PURPOSE: To examine choroidal neovascularization (CNV) characteristics in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA), and investigate agreement with OCT B-scan, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) by two different examiners. METHODS: This is a retrospective multicentric study that involved patients with a history of AMD and PCV. Examiner A, who had access to OCTA, B-scan OCT, FFA, and ICGA imaging, had to differentiate between AMD and PCV, study the activity of AMD using Coscas' criteria (active vs. quiescent), and categorize PCV subtypes, while examiner B had only access to OCTA. Then, the diagnostic concordance was assessed between both examiners. RESULTS: A total of 27 patients (11 females (40.7%) and 16 males (59.3%), P = 0.231) were included in the analysis. Among those, 13 patients presented with neovascular AMD and 14 patients with PCV. There were 92.3% of correct answers regarding appropriate diagnosis and lesion characterization among AMD patients, against 61.5% of correct answers among PCV patients. The overall interrater reliability agreement between examiners, using Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ) was 0.70 (0.5082-0.8916). Disagreement was found with one active AMD misdiagnosed as inactive AMD, three inactive PCV misdiagnosed as inactive AMD, and one inactive PCV misdiagnosed as active AMD. CONCLUSION: SS-OCTA alone remains limited in some specific phenotypes of PCV, which suggests the ongoing role of B-scan OCT associated with FFA and ICGA in the diagnosis of these conditions.

Sustained Remission with Tocilizumab in Refractory Relapsing Polychondritis with Ocular Involvement: A Case Series.

Objective: Describe our experience with tocilizumab in the treatment of refractory relapsing polychondritis with ocular involvement.Methods: Retrospective consecutive interventional case series that included all patients that received tocilizumab for the treatment of relapsing polychondritis with ocular manifestations.Results: Three cases were selected and the duration of tocilizumab treatment ranged from 1 to 2 years. One of our patients received tocilizumab as a first-line immunosuppressive treatment directly after prednisone. All achieved complete response to tocilizumab 1 month after treatment initiation. No advert events were reported during the follow-up period except for transient neutropenia without any associated infection.Conclusion: Our three cases suggest that tocilizumab may be an effective and safe treatment for ocular manifestation associated with relapsing polychondritis.

Correction: Absence of peripapillary retinal nerve-fiber-layer thinning in combined antiretroviral therapy-treated, well-sustained aviremic persons living with HIV.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229977.].

Absence of peripapillary retinal nerve-fiber-layer thinning in combined antiretroviral therapy-treated, well-sustained aviremic persons living with HIV.

PURPOSE: To compare peripapillary retinal nerve-fiber-layer (pRNFL) thickness, total retina macular volume, and ganglion-cell-layer (GCL) macular volume and thickness between persons living with HIV (PLHIVs) with well-controlled infections and good immune recovery, and sex- and age-matched HIV-uninfected controls (HUCs). METHODS: This prospective cross-sectional study (www.clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02003989) included 56 PLHIVs, infected for ≥10 [median 20.2] years and with sustained plasma HIV-load suppression on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) for ≥5 years, and 56 matched HUCs. Participants underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) with thorough ophthalmological examinations and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Their overall and quadrant pRNFL thicknesses, total macular volumes, and GCL macular volumes and thicknesses were compared. Cerebral small-vessel diseases (CSVD) complied with STRIVE criteria. RESULTS: Median [interquartile range, IQR] ages of PLHIVs and HUCs, respectively, were 52 [46-60] and 52 [44-60] years. Median [IQR] PLHIVs' nadir CD4+ T-cell count and current CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio were 249/µL [158-350] and 0.95 [0.67-1.10], respectively; HIV-seropositivity duration was 20.2 [15.9-24.5] years; cART duration was 16.8 [12.6-18.6] years; and aviremia duration was 11.4 [7.8-13.6] years. No significant between-group pRNFL thickness, total macular volume, macular GCL-volume and -thickness differences were found. MRI-detected CSVD in 21 (38%) PLHIVs and 14 (25%) HUCs was associated with overall thinner pRNFLs, and smaller total retina and GCL macular volumes, independently of HIV status. CONCLUSIONS: SD-OCT could not detect pRNFL thinning or macular GCL-volume reduction in well-sustained, aviremic, cART-treated PLHIVs who achieved good immune recovery. However, CSVD was associated with thinner pRNFLs and GCLs, independently of HIV status.

Stromal Keratitis After Varicella in Children.

PURPOSE: We describe here a case series of patients with stromal keratitis of chronic course, a potential manifestation after chickenpox in children. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of 8 eyes (7 children) with stromal keratitis after varicella seen in our referral cornea center. All patients received a systemic antiviral treatment with oral acyclovir and topical steroid eye drops. Topical cyclosporine eye drops were associated with steroids in case of steroid dependence or steroid-related side effects. Both antiinflammatory treatments were slowly tapered over time. RESULTS: Median age at diagnosis was 3 years and 4 months. Stromal keratitis was unilateral in 6 children (85.7%) and consisted of superficial nummular keratitis in 4 cases and deep stromal diffuse keratitis in 3 cases. During the median follow-up of 31 months (range, 13-59 months), 6 children had 1 to 6 episodes of relapse. The median duration of topical steroid eye drop was 26 months (range, 2-59 months). Topical cyclosporine eye drops were used with steroids in 3 patients (42.9%). Three patients stopped topical steroids after 2, 5, and 8 months, without recurrence. Four patients were still undergoing treatment after a median of 43 months (range, 26-59 months). All patients regained a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/20 at the end of the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Stromal keratitis after varicella is an entity with a potential chronic course lasting 3 months or more. Steroid dependence and relapses during tapering are 2 major challenges for the management.

Bilateral dendriform ulcer leading to an early diagnosis of tyrosinemia type 2.

A 2-year-old girl with a 1-year history of photophobia presented with bilateral eye redness and was found to have dendriform corneal ulcers, which were initially managed with acyclovir ointment, without improvement. Clinical inspection revealed small cutaneous lesions on the fingers and toes. The association of pseudodendritic keratitis with palmo-plantar hyperkeratotic lesions was suspicious for tyrosinemia type 2, which was confirmed by high levels of plasmatic tyrosine (2134 µmol/L). A protein-restricted diet led to the complete resolution of the corneal and cutaneous lesions and avoided the potential toxicity of tyrosine on central nervous system.

Ocular involvement in epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with long-term follow-up.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To describe the ocular manifestations associated with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA). METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary bullous disease clinic. Consecutive patients were enrolled with biopsy proven diagnosis of EBA, with ocular involvement and a follow-up of at least 36 months. A multidisciplinary team of dermatologists, ENT specialists and ophthalmologists evaluated all patients. Immunological workup included direct (including immune-electron microscopy) and indirect immunofluorescence. Ophthalmological examination included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and slit-lamp examination with grading of conjunctival fibrosis using the Tauber classification. RESULTS: Nine patients (five females, four males) were included. The mean age at diagnosis was 32 years (range 1-52 years). Follow-up ranged from 3 to 18 years (mean 10.7 years). Conjunctival fibrosis was present in all affected eyes and was stage III or greater in 60% of patients. Eight patients (14 eyes) had corneal involvement most frequently associated with trichiasis-associated mechanical irritation or extensive cicatrising conjunctivitis. Corneal lesions developed on three eyes of three patients without eyelid disease or severe fibrosis or any identifiable triggering factor. Eyelids were affected in six patients, with trichiasis being the most common feature (affecting three patients, four eyes). Corneal-related blindness occurred in at least one eye in 44% of the patients. CONCLUSION: EBA may be associated with devastating ocular manifestations. Most patients develop severe cicatrising conjunctivitis. A subset of patients may present with isolated corneal lesions. Further studies are warranted to assess the effects of systemic treatments on the evolution of ocular manifestations.