RESUMO
Trying to remember something now typically improves your ability to remember it later. However, after watching a video of a simulated bank robbery, participants who verbally described the robber were 25% worse at identifying the robber in a lineup than were participants who instead listed U.S. states and capitals-this has been termed the "verbal overshadowing" effect (Schooler & Engstler-Schooler, 1990). More recent studies suggested that this effect might be substantially smaller than first reported. Given uncertainty about the effect size, the influence of this finding in the memory literature, and its practical importance for police procedures, we conducted two collections of preregistered direct replications (RRR1 and RRR2) that differed only in the order of the description task and a filler task. In RRR1, when the description task immediately followed the robbery, participants who provided a description were 4% less likely to select the robber than were those in the control condition. In RRR2, when the description was delayed by 20 min, they were 16% less likely to select the robber. These findings reveal a robust verbal overshadowing effect that is strongly influenced by the relative timing of the tasks. The discussion considers further implications of these replications for our understanding of verbal overshadowing.
Assuntos
Crime , Reconhecimento Facial , Rememoração Mental , Fala , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicolinguística , Testes Psicológicos , Tamanho da Amostra , Adulto JovemRESUMO
A method for determining norflurazon residues in mixed crop matrices is described. The method included methanol Soxhlet extraction, hexane wash, addition of 10% saline, methylene chloride extraction, concentration, preparative thin layer chromatography of 10% sample aliquot, and resuspension of sample zone for gas-liquid chromatographic analysis. The lower level of electron capture detection is 0.01 ppm. Recoveries for 0.08 ppm spiked samples of cottonseed; soybean seed and foliage; peanut seed plus hulls and foliage; orange and tangerine; lemon; apple and peach; and soil are generally greater than 80%.
