Acute response of peripheral CCr5 chemoreceptor and NK cells in individuals submitted to a single session of low-intensity strength exercise with blood flow restriction.

The purpose of this study was to compare the peripheral expression of natural killers and CCR5 in a session of low-intensity strength training with vascular occlusion and in high-intensity training. Young males were randomized into session groups of a high-intensity strength training (HI) and a session group of low-intensity strength training with vascular occlusion (LI-BFR). The exercise session consisted in knee extension and bicep curl in 80% 1RM (HI) and 30% 1RM (LI-BFR) with equalized volumes. Blood collection was made before, immediately after and 24 h after each training session. Immunophenotyping was carried out through CD195+ (CCR5) e CD3-CD16+CD56+ (NK) in peripheral blood and analysed by flow cytometry and presented in frequency (%). Peripheral frequency of NK cells showed no significant difference in LI-BFR group in time effect, while a gradual reduction of NK cells was identified in HI group in before-24 h postexercise and after-24 h postexercise comparison. However, significant differences have been found in relative change of NK cells immediately after exercise between sessions. In addition, HI and LI-BFR groups showed a significant reduction in the cells expressed CCR5 during 24 h postsession compared to the postsession, but CCR5 also differed when comparing before-24 h after session in the HI group. No differences were observed amongst the groups. LIO induced CCR5 response similar to the HI session, while the NK cells remained in similar frequency during the studied moments in LI-BFR, but not in HI group, suggesting that local hypoxia created by the blood flow restriction was able to prevent a change in the frequency of peripheral cells and a possible immunosuppression.

Effects of concurrent training on oxidative stress and insulin resistance in obese individuals.

Obesity is associated with insulin resistance (IR) and increased oxidative stress. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate anthropometric parameters, IR, and oxidative stress in obese individuals subjected to two types of concurrent training at the same intensity but differing in frequency. Accordingly, 25 individuals were divided into two groups: concurrent training 1 (CT1) (5 d/wk) and concurrent training 2 (CT2) (3 d/wk), both with moderate intensity. Anthropometric parameters, IR, and oxidative stress were analyzed before and after 26 sessions of training. Both groups had reduced body weight and body mass index (P < 0.05), but only CT1 showed lower body fat percentage and increased basal metabolic rate (P < 0.05). Moreover, CT1 had increased HOMA-IR and decreased protein damage (carbonyl level), and CT2 had decreased HOMA-IR and increased lipid peroxidation (TBARS level) (P < 0.05). On the other hand, both training protocols reduced the GPx activity. It can be concluded that both types of concurrent training could be an alternative for lowering body weight and BMI. Also, it was observed that concurrent training, depending on the frequency, can contribute to reducing body fat, oxidative damage (protein oxidation), and IR but can induce oxidative damage to lipids. More studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms involved.

Relação entre leptina, obesidade e exercício físico / Relationship between leptin, obesity and physical exercise

A obesidade é uma doença complexa, com etiologia multifatorial, que afeta todas as idades e classes sociais. No Brasil, o crescimento da obesidade e sobrepeso é preocupante, sendo o Rio Grande do Sul (RS) o estado com os maiores índices. O tecido adiposo é responsável pela síntese de leptina, um hormônio participante da inibição da fome via hipotálamo. O excesso de peso na obesidade eleva a síntese hormonal dos adipócitos e, consequentemente, os níveis plasmáticos de leptina. Contudo, a demasiada estimulação da leptina em seus receptores centrais origina uma resistência à sua ação no organismo. Assim, este excesso acarreta um desequilíbrio entre a ingestão de alimentos e o gasto energético, além de efeitos pró-inflamatórios. A perda de peso é capaz de reestabelecer este equilíbrio, melhorando a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos. O treinamento físico vem sendo estudado como uma alternativa não farmacológica para essa modulação, entretanto muitos resultados controversos são encontrados. O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar a relação da leptina com a obesidade e sua modulação pelo exercício, por meio de uma revisão em torno de artigos científicos sobre este tema (AU)

Obesity is a complex disease with multifactorial etiology which affects people of all ages and classes. In Brazil, the growth in overweight and obesity rates is alarming, and Rio Grande do Sul (RS) presents the highest rates among states. The adipose tissue is responsible for the synthesis of leptin, a hormone which acts in the hypothalamus to inhibit appetite. In overweight people, leptin synthesis is increased, leading to high plasma leptin levels. However, excessive stimulus of leptin central receptors results in resistance to the effects of leptin. This leads to an imbalance between food intake and energetic expenditure, in addition to proinflammatory effects. Weight loss is enough to restore balance and improve quality of life. Physical training is one of the most studied nonpharmacological alternatives to this modulation, although many controversial results have been found. This paper aimed to conduct a review of articles on the relationship between leptin and obesity and its modulation through exercise (AU)