COVID-19 related travel restrictions prevented numerous wildlife deaths on roads: A comparative analysis of results from 11 countries.

Millions of wild animals are killed annually on roads worldwide. During spring 2020, the volume of road traffic was reduced globally as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. We gathered data on wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVC) from Czechia, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Israel, Norway, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and for Scotland and England within the United Kingdom. In all studied countries WVC statistics tend to be dominated by large mammals (various deer species and wild boar), while information on smaller mammals as well as birds are less well recorded. The expected number of WVC for 2020 was predicted on the basis of 2015-2019 WVC time series representing expected WVC numbers under normal traffic conditions. Then, the forecasted and reported WVC data were compared. The results indicate varying levels of WVC decrease between countries during the COVID-19 related traffic flow reduction (CRTR). While no significant change was determined in Sweden, where the state-wide response to COVID-19 was the least intensive, a decrease as marked as 37.4% was identified in Estonia. The greatest WVC decrease, more than 40%, was determined during the first weeks of CRTR for Estonia, Spain, Israel, and Czechia. Measures taken during spring 2020 allowed the survival of large numbers of wild animals which would have been killed under normal traffic conditions. The significant effects of even just a few weeks of reduced traffic, help to highlight the negative impacts of roads on wildlife mortality and the need to boost global efforts of wildlife conservation, including systematic gathering of roadkill data.

Human and ecological determinants of the spatial structure of local breed diversity.

Since domestication, a large number of livestock breeds adapted to local conditions have been created by natural and artificial selection, representing one of the most powerful ways in which human groups have constructed niches to meet their need. Although many authors have described local breeds as the result of culturally and environmentally mediated processes, this study, located in mainland Spain, is the first aimed at identifying and quantifying the environmental and human contributions to the spatial structure of local breed diversity, which we refer to as livestock niche. We found that the more similar two provinces were in terms of human population, ecological characteristics, historical ties, and geographic distance, the more similar the composition of local breeds in their territories. Isolation by human population distance showed the strongest effect, followed by isolation by the environment, thus supporting the view of livestock niche as a socio-cultural product adapted to the local environment, in whose construction humans make good use of their ecological and cultural inheritances. These findings provide a useful framework to understand and to envisage the effects of climate change and globalization on local breeds and their livestock niches.

Adaptación acústica del canto de Turdus leucomelas (Passeriformes: Turdidae) a diferentes niveles de ruido antrópico, en el área metropolitana de Belém, Pará, Brasil / Acoustic adaptation in Turdus leucomelas (Passeriformes: Turdidae) songs to different levels of anthropogenic noise, in the metropolitan area of Belem, Para, Brazil

ResumenEl ruido antropogénico en entornos urbanos supone un importante reto para aquellas especies que dependen de la transmisión de señales acústicas para comunicarse. Para evitar ser enmascaradas por el ruido de fondo, algunas especies de aves son capaces de realizar ajustes vocálicos en sus cantos. Los estudios sobre ajustes vocálicos para aves tropicales son aún escasos y resultan de interés ya que tanto la estructura urbana como la propia vegetación asociadas a los hábitats urbanos difieren de forma notable respecto a las ciudades de climas templados. En este estudio se pretende describir posibles cambios en los parámetros de canto del zorzal sabiá (Turdus leucomelas) en un entorno urbano, el área metropolitana de Belém (Brasil). Para ello, se grabaron los cantos de la especie entre septiembre y noviembre 2008 y se midió el ruido ambiental en tres diferentes ambientes acústicos (urbano, periurbano y rural) a lo largo de un gradiente urbano. Se seleccionaron los cantos de 12 individuos por cada ambiente (un total de 36). Las posibles diferencias entre los parámetros del canto se analizaron mediante ANOVAs. Para evaluar el impacto acústico sobre el canto, sólo se tuvo en cuenta el espectro del ruido ambiental dentro del rango de vocalización de la especie. En general, las aves de hábitats urbanos presentaron cantos con frecuencias máximas más elevadas y con una mayor diversidad de notas que sus congéneres de zonas periurbanas y rurales. Las diferencias fueron más acusadas en relación a las zonas rurales. No se encontraron diferencias en cuanto a las frecuencias mínimas, la concentración de la energía, o la duración media de las notas. Estos resultados difieren de otros estudios y quizás podrían indicar variaciones en la forma en la que las aves intentan desenvolverse en hábitats con un elevado ruido ambiental. Debe profundizarse sobre el papel de estas modificaciones en la mejora efectiva de la comunicación intra-específica para la especie en dichos ambientes.

AbstractAnthropogenic noise in urban environments is a major challenge for those species that depend on the transmission of acoustic signals to communicate. To avoid being masked by background noise, some bird species are able to make adjustments in their songs. Studies on vocal adjustment for tropical birds are still scarce and are of interest since both the urban structure and the vegetation associated with urban habitats differ significantly with respect to the cities of temperate climates. In this research we studied the changes in the song parameters of the pale-breasted thrush (Turdus leucomelas) in an urban environment of the metropolitan area of Belém (Brazil). To this end, bird songs were recorded and ambient noise was measured between September and November 2008, in three different acoustic environments (urban, suburban and rural) along an urban gradient. The songs of 12 individuals per area were selected (a total of 36). Possible differences between song parameters were analyzed by ANOVAs. To assess the noise impact on bird song, we only considered the spectrum of environmental noise within the range of vocalizations of the species. In general, birds of urban habitats presented songs with higher maximum frequencies and with a wider range of notes, than their counterparts in suburban and rural areas. The differences were more pronounced in relation to rural areas. No differences in the minimum frequencies, the concentration of energy, or the average duration of the notes were found. These results differ from other studies and could possibly indicate variations in the way birds try to succeed in habitats with high ambient noise. It is necessary further exploration on the role of these changes in the effective improvement of intra-specific communication for the species in such environments.