The week after running a marathon: Effects of running vs elliptical training vs resting on neuromuscular performance and muscle damage recovery.

Our aim was to compare the effects of two exercise modalities vs resting on the time course of neuromuscular performance and muscle damage recovery during the week after running a marathon. Sixty-four finishers from a road marathon completed the study (54 men and 10 women; 39 ± 4 years; 3 h 35 min ± 21 min). The day before the race, within 15 min after finishing the marathon and at 24, 48, 96, 144 and 192 h postrace, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase were analysed. Participants also performed a squat jump (SJ) test before and after the marathon and at 48, 96 and 144 h postrace. On their arrival to the finish line, participants were randomized into one of the three intervention groups: running (RUN), elliptical training (ELIP) and resting recovery (REST). RUN and ELIP groups exercised continuously for 40 min at a moderate intensity (95-105% of the HR corresponding to the first ventilatory threshold) at 48, 96 and 144 h after the marathon. Neither 'Intervention' factor nor 'Intervention x Time' interaction effects were revealed for muscle damage blood markers (p > 0.05). On the other hand, RUN group evidenced an enhancement in SJ performance 96 h post-marathon as compared with REST group (108.29 ± 10.64 vs 100.58 ± 9.16%, p = 0.020, d = 0.80). Consequently, return to running at 48 h post-marathon does not seem to have a negative impact on muscle damage recovery up to eight days post-race and it could be recommended in order to speed up neuromuscular recovery.

[Ethical aspects of specific precautions programs in patients infected or colonised by multidrug-resistant microorganisms in a hospital setting]. / Aspectos éticos de los programas de precauciones específicas de contacto en pacientes infectados o colonizados por microorganismos multirresistentes en el ámbito hospitalario.

The approach to public health, patient safety and quality of care has led to analysing health situations or problems from a population perspective, in a wide way and giving priority to factors that can normally be left in the background from a clinical point of view. For years, the problem of the use and abuse of antimicrobials, the increase and diffusion of microorganisms resistant to them, cross-transmission, and healthcare related infections have been prioritised both nationally and internationally. To combat these problems, various strategies are being developed and put into practice, from the policies of rational use and optimization of antimicrobials, surveillance, and control of infections related to health care, to training information and awareness strategies. One of the pillars of surveillance and control is the correct application of standard and specific precautions, which within the framework of these comprehensive programs aim to control the transmission of microorganisms of special microbiological and/or epidemiological interest through a series of measures. In hospitals, the application of these precautions (single room, barrier measures, restrictions on access to rooms, waste management…) in patients infected or colonised by these microorganisms can have different repercussions, both for patients and the professionals that attend them, and it is considered pertinent that the protocols and/or programs of specific precautions explicitly include the analysis of the ethical aspects in their preparation, implementation, and monitoring.

Immediate and 24-h post-marathon cardiac troponin T is associated with relative exercise intensity.

PURPOSE: We aimed at exploring whether cardiopulmonary fitness, echocardiographic measures and relative exercise intensity were associated with high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-TNT) rise and normalization following a marathon. METHODS: Nighty-eight participants (83 men, 15 women; 38.72 ± 3.63 years) were subjected to echocardiographic assessment and a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) before the race. hs-TNT was measured before, immediately after and at 24, 48, 96, 144 and 192 h post-race. Speed and mean heart rate (HR) during the race were relativized to CPET values: peak speed (%VVMAX), peak HR (HR%MAX), speed and HR at the second ventilatory threshold (HR%VT2 and %VVT2). RESULTS: Hs-TNT increased from pre- to post-race (5.74 ± 5.29 vs. 50.4 ± 57.04 ng/L; p < 0.001), seeing values above the Upper Reference Limit (URL) in 95% of the participants. At 24 h post-race, 39% of the runners still exceeded the URL (High hs-TNT group). hs-TNT rise was correlated with marathon speed %VVT2 (r = 0.22; p = 0.042), mean HR%VT2 (r = 0.30; p = 0.007), and mean HR%MAX (r = 0.32; p = 0.004). Moreover, the High hs-TNT group performed the marathon at a higher Speed %VVT2 (88.21 ± 6.53 vs. 83.49 ± 6.54%; p = 0.002) and Speed %VVMAX (72 ± 4.25 vs. 69.40 ± 5.53%; p = 0.009). hs-TNT showed no significant associations with cardiopulmonary fitness and echocardiographic measures, except for a slight correlation with left ventricular end systolic diameter (r = 0.26; p = 0.018). CONCLUSION: Post-race hs-TNT was above the URL in barely all runners. Magnitude of hs-TNT rise was correlated with exercise mean HR; whereas, its normalization kept relationship with marathon relative speed.

Mushroom productivity trends in relation to tree growth and climate across different European forest biomes.

Although it is logical to think that mycorrhizal mushroom production should be somehow related to the growth of the trees from which the fungi obtain carbohydrates, little is known about how mushroom yield patterns are related to tree performance. In this study, we delved into the understanding of the relationships between aboveground fungal productivity, tree radial growth patterns and climatic conditions across three latitudinally different bioclimatic regions encompassing Mediterranean, temperate and boreal forest ecosystems in Europe. For this purpose, we used a large assemblage of long-term data of weekly or biweekly mushroom yield monitoring in Spain, Switzerland and Finland. We analysed the relationships between annual mushroom yield (considering both biomass and number of sporocarps per unit area), tree ring features (tree ring, earlywood and latewood widths), and meteorological conditions (i.e. precipitation and temperature of summer and autumn) from different study sites and forest ecosystems, using both standard and partial correlations. Moreover, we fitted predictive models to estimate mushroom yield from mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal guilds based on climatic and dendrochronological variables. Significant synchronies between mushroom yield and climatic and dendrochronological variables were mostly found in drier Mediterranean sites, while few or no significant correlations were found in the boreal and temperate regions. We observed positive correlations between latewood growth and mycorrhizal mushroom biomass only in some Mediterranean sites, this relationship being mainly mediated by summer and autumn precipitation. Under more water-limited conditions, both the seasonal wood production and the mushroom yield are more sensitive to precipitation events, resulting in higher synchrony between both variables. This comparative study across diverse European forest biomes and types provides new insights into the relationship between mushroom productivity, tree growth and weather conditions.

Survival after biochemical failure in prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy: Spanish Registry of Prostate Cancer (RECAP) database outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: The clinical course in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) after biochemical failure (BF) has received limited attention. This study analyzes survival time from recurrence, patterns of progression, and the efficacy of salvage therapies in patients treated with radical or postoperative radiotherapy (RT). METHODS: This is a multicenter retrospective comparative study of 1135 patients diagnosed with BF and treated with either radical (882) or postoperative (253) RT. Data correspond to the RECAP database. Clinical, tumor, and therapeutic characteristics were collected. Descriptive statistics, survival estimates, and comparisons of survival rates were calculated. RESULTS: Time to BF from initial treatment (RT or surgery) was higher in irradiated patients (51 vs 37 months). At a median follow-up of 102 months (14-254), the 8-year cause-specific survival (CSS) was 80.5%, without significant differences between the radical (80.1%) and postoperative (83.4%) RT groups. The 8-year metastasis-free survival rate was 57%. 173 patients (15%) died of PCa and 29 (2.5%) of a second cancer. No salvage therapy was given in 15% of pts. Only 5.5% of pts who underwent radical RT had local salvage treatment and 71% received androgen deprivation (AD) ± chemotherapy. The worst outcomes were in patients who developed metastases after BF (302 pts; 26.5%) and in cases with a Gleason > 7. CONCLUSIONS: In PCa treated with radiotherapy, median survival after BF is relatively long. In this sample, no differences in survival rates at 8-years have been found, regardless of the time of radiotherapy administered. AD was the most common treatment after BF. Metastases and high Gleason score are adverse variables. To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare outcomes after BF among patients treated with primary RT vs. those treated with postoperative RT and to evaluate recurrence patterns, treatments administered, and causes of death. The results allow avoiding overtreatment, improving quality of life, without negatively affecting survival.

Outcomes and prognostic factors in intermediate-risk prostate cancer: multi-institutional analysis of the Spanish RECAP database.

PURPOSE: To retrospectively assess outcomes and to identify prognostic factors in patients diagnosed with intermediate-risk (IR) prostate cancer (PCa) treated with primary external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were obtained from the multi-institutional Spanish RECAP database, a population-based prostate cancer registry in Spain. All IR patients (NCCN criteria) who underwent primary EBRT were included. The following variables were assessed: age; prostate-specific antigen (PSA); Gleason score; clinical T stage; percentage of positive biopsy cores (PPBC); androgen deprivation therapy (ADT); and radiotherapy dose. The patients were stratified into one of three risk subcategories: (1) favourable IR (FIR; GS 6, ≤ T2b or GS 3 + 4, ≤ T1c), (2) marginal IR (MIR; GS 3 + 4, T2a-b), and (3) unfavourable IR (UIR; GS 4 + 3 or T2c). Biochemical relapse-free survival (BRFS), disease-free survival (DFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS) were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 1754 patients from the RECAP database were included and stratified by risk group: FIR, n = 781 (44.5%); MIR, n = 252 (14.4%); and UIR, n = 721 (41.1%). Mean age was 71 years (range 47-86). Mean PSA was 10.4 ng/ml (range 6-20). The median radiotherapy dose was 74 Gy, with mean doses of 72.5 Gy (FIR), 73.4 Gy (MIR), and 72.8 Gy (UIR). Most patients (88%) received ADT for a median of 7.1 months. By risk group (FIR, MIR, UIR), ADT rates were, respectively, 88.9, 86.5, and 86.9%. Only patients with ≥ 24 months of follow-up post-EBRT were included in the survival analysis (n = 1294). At a median follow-up of 52 months (range 24-173), respective 5- and 10-year outcomes were: OS 93.6% and 79%; BRFS 88.9% and 71.4%; DFS 96.1% and 89%; CSS 98.9% and 94.6%. Complication rates (≥ grade 3) were: acute genitourinary (GU) 2%; late GU 1%; acute gastrointestinal (GI) 2%; late GI 1%. There was no significant association between risk group and BRFS or OS. However, patients with favourable-risk disease had significantly better 5- and 10-year DFS than patients with UIR: 98.7% vs. 92.4% and 92% vs. 85.8% (p = 0.0005). CSS was significantly higher (p = 0.0057) in the FIR group at 5 (99.7% vs. 97.3%) and 10 years (96.1% vs. 93.4%). On the multivariate analyses, the following were significant predictors of survival: ADT (BRFS and DFS); dose ≥ 74 Gy (BRFS); age (OS). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first nationwide study in Spain to report long-term outcomes of patients with intermediate-risk PCa treated with EBRT. Survival outcomes were good, with a low incidence of both acute and late toxicity. Patients with unfavourable risk characteristics had significantly lower 5- and 10-year disease-free survival rates. ADT and radiotherapy dose ≥ 74 Gy were both significant predictors of treatment outcomes.

Effect of self-esteem on social interactions during the Ultimatum Game.

Self-esteem is an attitude formed by self-evaluation based on positive and negative aspects of oneself. Low self-esteem is a risk factor for psychiatric disorders and is especially associated with social difficulties. Recently, behavioral economics has allowed the quantitative study of social interactions. We investigated the association between self-esteem and interpersonal problems and whether self-esteem modulates behavior and emotions during an economic task, the Ultimatum Game (UG). In this task participants accept or reject fair/unfair monetary offers from others. Low (LSE, n=40) and high (HSE, n=45) self-esteem participants were assessed in their interpersonal problems and psychiatric symptoms using self-reported questionnaires, and were compared on their decision making and emotional response during the UG. LSE was associated with depression and anxiety symptoms. In addition, LSE was associated with interpersonal problems, especially in the domains of socially inhibited, nonassertive, overly accommodating, self-sacrificing and cold/distant. During the UG, LSE women reported more anger towards unfair offers than HSE women. Our findings suggest that low self-esteem individuals experience high distress by interpersonal problems in several domains. Importantly, low self-esteem in women seems to be associated with an accentuated emotional response to unfair social exchanges. These results may contribute to treat social difficulties in this population.

A case report of recurrent adult-onset xanthogranuloma: is the radiotherapy a treatment option?

Adult-onset xanthogranuloma (AOX) is one of the four uncommon syndromes called adult xanthogranulomatous disease (AXD), which is diagnosed by characteristic histopathology. AXD is rare and heterogeneous group of entities that can affect multiple organ systems. Orbital involvement is included in the xanthogranulomatous disease although less prevalent. This work focuses on the use of external beam radiotherapy in the control of local symptoms of periocular manifestation of AOX as case report and literature review.

Fiabilidad técnica del bloqueo caudal guiado con ecografía / Technical reliability of caudal block with ultrasound guided

Introducción: el bloqueo-infiltración caudal es una técnica utilizada en las unidades de dolor para tratar el dolor de origen radicular lumbosacro. Esta técnica se ha realizado clásicamente mediante referencias anatómicas o guiado mediante fluoroscopia. Se presenta la realización de la técnica eco-guiada y las complicaciones surgidas tras la realización de la misma. Material y métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo en el que se estudiaron las complicaciones de la técnica. Se realizaron 126 procedimientos en pacientes adultos de ambos sexos. Procedimiento: se localizó el hiato sacro mediante ecografía y se insertó una aguja de Touhy 18 G en el espacio epidural caudal perforando el ligamento sacro-coccígeo. Resultados: no surgieron complicaciones graves en ninguno de los pacientes. No hubo casos de mala ventana ecográfica por lo que se pudo realizar la técnica en todos los enfermos programados. Conclusión: debido a la ausencia de complicaciones la realización de la técnica eco-guiada es una alternativa segura y fiable a la técnica guiada con fluoroscopia. Mediante esta técnica se evita la exposición de radiaciones ionizantes. Además el bloqueo caudal eco-guiado no necesita del uso de contrastes yodados y permite transportar el ecógrafo a la cabecera del enfermo en caso de ser necesario (AU)

Introduction: Caudal block is a procedure used to treat lumbo- sacral root pain. This procedure has traditionally been realized using anatomy references or guided by fluoroscopy. The realization of sonography-guided technique and complications following the embodiment there of is presented Material and methods: Observational and descriptive study in which is studied procedure complications. One hundred and twenty-six caudal blocks were performed in adult patients of both sexes. Procedure: The sacral hiatus was located by ultrasound and 18 G Tuohy needle was inserted into the epidural space flow drilling the sacro-coccygeal ligament. Results: There were no serious complications arose in any of the patients. There were no cases of poor ultrasound window so they could perform the technique on all scheduled patients. Conclusions: The procedure sonography-guided is safe and reliable due to the absence of complications and is an alternative to flouoroscopy-guided technique. This technique of ionizing radiation exposure is avoided. In addition the caudal block does not need ionized contrast substances and let take the sonography machine bedsides if necessary (AU)

Variables psicológicas de riesgo de conducta antisocial adolescente / No disponible

La conducta antisocial se está convirtiendo en unproblema serio entre la infancia y la adolescencia. Losjóvenes con comportamiento antisocial presentan conductasagresivas repetitivas, vandalismos y rupturas conlas normas establecidas que impiden un desarrollosocial y de la personalidad adecuado.Existe un amplio consenso entre los investigadoresacerca de la naturaleza multicausal de la conducta antisocial.Aunque si bien es cierto que cualquier abordajepreventivo y/o de intervención de estas conductas enadolescentes debe centrarse en factores multidimensionales(biopsicosocial), en este artículo nos centraremosen la identificación de cuáles son las variables psicológicasde riesgo influyentes en el inicio y el mantenimiento de las mismas(AU)

The antisocial behavior is transforming into a seriousproblem between the childhood and the adolescence.The youths with antisocial behavior present aggressiverepetitive behaviors, vandalisms and ruptures with theestablished norms that impede a social development andan adapted personality.A wide consent exists among the investigators aboutthe nature multicausal of the antisocial behavior.Although it is certain that any preventive and/or interventionboarding of these behaviors in adolescentsshould be centered in a multidimensional factors (biopsycho-social). In this article we will center in the identificationof the psychological risk variables responsiblefor the beginning and the maintenance of the antisocialbehavior(AU)

Protocolo de intervención en el trastorno de hiperactividad en una unidad de salud mental infanto-juvenil / Protocol of intervention in the attention hiperactivity deficit disorder in an infant-juvenile unit of mental health

El trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad(TDAH) constituye una derivación frecuente en lasUnidades públicas de Salud Mental Infanto-Juvenil. Sinembargo, en muchas ocasiones esta derivación no esadecuada, magnificándose el número de casos incluidosbajo este epígrafe.El diagnóstico de TDAH debe hacerse atendiendo aunos criterios estrictos y siguiendo una metodologíaespecífica. La realización de evaluaciones eficaces seráclave a la hora de implementar tratamientos más efectivosa nivel cognitivo, emocional, comportamental, deaprendizaje social y escolar, generalizándose los resultadosa los dos contextos más habituales del niño: familiay escuela.Desde la Unidad de Salud Mental Infanto-Juvenil delInstituto Psiquiátrico José Germain, hemos detectado lanecesidad de establecer un protocolo de intervenciónmultiprofesional para nuestra zona que optimice la evaluacióne intervención en los casos de TDAH, presentándoseen este trabajo sus principales directrices

The Attention Hiperactivity Deficit Disorder (TDAH) constitutes a frequent derivation in the public Units ofInfant-Juvenile Mental Health. However, in many occasionsthis derivation is not accepted, being magnified thenumber of cases included under this epigraph.The diagnosis of TDAH should be made assisting tosome strict criteria and following a specific methodology.The realization of effective evaluations will be crucialto implement more effective treatments in theselevels: cognitive, emotional, comportamental, socialand school learning; being generalized the results to thetwo more habitual contexts of the children: family andschool.From the Infant-Juvenile Unit of Mental Health ofthe Psychiatric Institute José Germain, we have detectedthe necessity to establish a protocol of intervention withseveral proffesionals for our area that optimizes theevaluation and intervention in the TDAH cases, showingup in this work their main guidelines (AU)

Factores psicológicos de riesgo y protección para la conducta antisocial en adolescentes / Psychological risk and protective factors for antisocial behavior in adolescents

Este estudio tiene por objetivo analizar la influencia y el peso diferencial de determinadas variables psicológicas en la conducta antisocial de los adolescentes. Se utilizó una muestra de 1.851 adolescentes de ambos sexos (49,92 % hombres y 50,08 % mujeres) de la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid. Se realizaron varios análisis de regresión por pasos teniendo en cuenta tres grupos diferentes de edad (14-15, 16 y 17-18 años) con las variables criterio y se confirmó que los principales factores de riesgo psicológicos para explicar la conducta antisocial eran variables vinculadas al constructo búsqueda de sensaciones (desinhibición, impulsividad, búsqueda de excitación, etc.), mientras que los factores de protección estaban representados por variables como la empatía y la práctica religiosa. Se consideraron los grupos de edad teniendo en cuenta su importancia para el diseño de programas de prevención óptimos de carácter psicológico

The aim of this paper is to analyze the influence and differential weight of some specific psychological variables on adolescent antisocial behavior. A sample of 1,851 adolescents (49.92 % men and 50.08 % women) from the Autonomous Community of Madrid was assessed. Several stepwise regression analyses were conducted, considering three different age groups (14-15, 16 and 17-18 years), with the criterion variables and the results showed that the main psychological risk factors associated with antisocial behavior were variables linked to sensation seeking construct (impulsiveness, disinhibition, excitement seeking, etc.), while the protective factors identified were variables such as empathy and religious practices. The age groups were considered, keeping a design of optimum prevention programs with psychological character in mind

Psychological risk and protective factors for antisocial behavior in adolescents.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the influence and differential weight of some specific psychological variables on adolescent antisocial behavior. A sample of 1,851 adolescents (49.92 % men and 50.08 % women) from the Autonomous Community of Madrid was assessed. Several stepwise regression analyses were conducted, considering three different age groups (14-15, 16 and 17-18 years), with the criterion variables and the results showed that the main psychological risk factors associated with antisocial behavior were variables linked to sensation seeking construct (impulsiveness, disinhibition, excitement seeking, etc.), while the protective factors identified were variables such as empathy and religious practices. The age groups were considered, keeping a design of optimum prevention programs with psychological character in mind.

El maltrato físico en niños: consecuencias psicopatológicas e intervención / The physical maltreatment in children: psychological consequences and psychococial intervention

Desde la antigüedad, los niños han sido víctimas de maltrato aunque no era reconocido como tal por la sociedad. En la actualidad es motivo de preocupación por parte de los Servicios Sanitarios y Sociales, debido a que los niños son seres humanos iguales ante la ley y que tienen el derecho de vivir con un mínimo de necesidades cubiertas y cierta calidad de vida, por no hablar de evitar cualquier tipo de daño físico hacia su persona que provocase graves consecuencias conductuales y socioemocionales. Resulta necesario aplicar medidas de protección para los niños en situación de desamparo, tales como la prevención y al mismo tiempo rehabilitar a las familias, siempre que se pueda, para que intenten convivir de nuevo con su hijo (AU)

Células madre: un reto de la ciencia contra la diabetes / Stem cells: science’s challenge in the fight against diabetes

No disponible

Importancia del contexto educativo en el diagnóstico y tratamiento del trastorno de hiperactividad / Importance of the educational context in the diagnosis and treatment of hyperactivity disorder

La hiperactividad ha sido y sigue siendo uno de los trastornos más visibles en la consulta de un psicólogo clínico. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de las ocasiones, no acude a consulta un verdadero trastorno hipercinético. El diagnóstico de la hiperactividad ha de realizarse atendiendo a unos criterios estrictos. Una correcta evaluación determinará una intervención más eficaz. El objetivo de la intervención será producir mejoras en aspectos cognitivos, emocionales, comportamentales, de aprendizaje social y escolar en los niños hiperactivos realizando el proceso de forma contextualizada, es decir, en escuela y hogar familiar. Una adecuada orientación/intervención educativa ha de ser la base para que no se incurra en una generalización excesiva de la etiqueta "hiperactividad" (AU)

[Disexecutive syndrome in psychopathy]. / El sindrome disejecutivo en la psicopatia.

INTRODUCTION: The executive function is a collection of cognitive abilities that allow the anticipation and establishment of goals, the formation of plans and programs, the beginning of activities and mental operations, the auto regulation of tasks, and the ability to carry on them efficiently. Both psychopathy and disexecutive syndrome have been considered as prototypes of frontal lobe damage, although they have been related very recently. DEVELOPMENT: Psychopathy construct is not clear defined in the international classifications of mental disorders. They have focused only in the antisocial disorder of personality. A clear conceptual delimitation of psychopathy is necessary. The typical behaviours of psychopaths could be related with structural and functional brain alterations showed by the neuroimaging techniques and neuropsychological tests. These deficits are the neurological support of the inability of psychopaths to the integration of reasoning process with emotions, and specifically, of the presence of symptoms as impulsivity, inattention, context dependency, pathological perseverations and metacognitive alteration. CONCLUSION: The relevant conclusion of this study is the close relationship between reasoning and emotion. Executive function could be the explaining nexus of this connection.

Conducta antisocial en adolescentes: teorías explicativas psicosociales / Antisocial behaviour in adolescents: psychosocial explanatory theories

La conducta antisocial mostrada por los jóvenes ha sido ampliamente investigada, concluyéndose una naturaleza multicausal del fenómeno. Por esto, es imprescindible conocer aquellas teorías explicativas relevantes para la comprensión de la génesis y/o mantenimiento de las conductas antisociales desde un punto de vista psicosocial. Los factores que las integran constituyen los aspectos más relevantes a tener en cuenta como base de cualquier investigación psicológica encaminada a la prevención de las conductas antisociales. Dentro de las teorías explicativas cabe citar las aproximaciones basadas en el aprendizaje, los modelos del desarrollo socio-cognitivo, los modelos sociológicos y los modelos integradores de los planteamientos anteriores. Mediante la integración de estas teorías, se discuten las implicaciones preventivas de la revisión realizada para la población adolescente en riesgo (AU)

El síndrome disejecutivo en la psicopatía / Disexecutive syndrome in psychopathy

Introducción. La función ejecutiva es un conjunto de habilidades cognitivas que permiten la anticipación y el establecimiento de metas, la formación de planes y programas, el inicio de actividades y operaciones mentales, la autorregulación y monitorización de las tareas y las aptitudes para llevar éstas a cabo de forma eficaz. Tanto la psicopatía como el síndrome disejecutivo se han considerado prototipos de daño en el lóbulo frontal, aunque, hasta hace relativamente pocos años, no se habían relacionado. Desarrollo. El constructo psicopatía no está definido claramente en las clasificaciones internacionales; se centra única y exclusivamente, en el trastorno antisocial de la personalidad. Es necesaria una clara delimitación conceptual de la psicopatía. Las conductas típicas del psicópata pueden relacionarse con determinados déficit cerebrales estructurales y funcionales apreciables en las técnicas de neuroimagen y en test neuropsicológicos. Estos déficit constituyen el soporte neurológico de la incapacidad de los psicópatas para la integración de los procesos de razonamiento con las emociones y, más concretamente, para la aparición de síntomas como la impulsividad, inatención, dependencia ambiental, perseverancia patológica y déficit en la autorregulación, que son característicos del síndrome disejecutivo. Conclusión. La conclusión más relevante es la estrecha relación que existe entre el razonamiento y la emoción; es imposible la comprensión de uno sin la otra o viceversa. La función ejecutiva es el nexo explicativo de la relación entre ambos (AU)