Economic Cost of Rehabilitation with Robotic and Virtual Reality Systems in People with Neurological Disorders: A Systematic Review.

Background: The prevalence of neurological disorders is increasing worldwide. In recent decades, the conventional rehabilitation for people with neurological disorders has been often reinforced with the use of technological devices (robots and virtual reality). The aim of this systematic review was to identify the evidence on the economic cost of rehabilitation with robotic and virtual reality devices for people with neurological disorders through a review of the scientific publications over the last 15 years. Methods: A systematic review was conducted on partial economic evaluations (cost description, cost analysis, description of costs and results) and complete (cost minimization, cost-effectiveness, cost utility and cost benefit) studies. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. The main data sources used were PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science (WOS). Studies published in English over the last 15 years were considered for inclusion in this review, regardless of the type of neurological disorder. The critical appraisal instrument from the Joanna Briggs Institute for economic evaluation and the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) were used to analyse the methodological quality of all the included papers. Results: A total of 15 studies were included in this review. Ten papers were focused on robotics and five on virtual reality. Most of the studies were focused on people who experienced a stroke. The robotic device most frequently used in the papers included was InMotion® (Bionik Co., Watertown, MA, USA), and for those focused on virtual reality, all papers included used semi-immersive virtual reality systems, with commercial video game consoles (Nintendo Wii® (Nintendo Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan) and Kinect® (Microsoft Inc., Redmond, WA, USA)) being used the most. The included studies mainly presented cost minimization outcomes and a general description of costs per intervention, and there were disparities in terms of population, setting, device, protocol and the economic cost outcomes evaluated. Overall, the methodological quality of the included studies was of a moderate level. Conclusions: There is controversy about using robotics in people with neurological disorders in a rehabilitation context in terms of cost minimization, cost-effectiveness, cost utility and cost benefits. Semi-immersive virtual reality devices could involve savings (mainly derived from the low prices of the systems analysed and transportation services if they are applied through telerehabilitation programmes) compared to in-clinic interventions.

Natural Semantic Networks of the Neurorehabilitation Concept by Spanish Physiotherapists-A Qualitative Phenomenological Representational Study.

The Natural Semantic Networks (NSN) model is highly useful in analyzing the words that define a concept in terms of the value, strength, weight, or density that a specific population assigns to the construction of a learned concept. The main objective of this study was to describe the conceptualization of the concept of neurorehabilitation by Spanish physiotherapists specializing in this field using NSN. A phenomenological study is presented. The participants were physiotherapy professionals who graduated from three Spanish universities and were working in the field of neurorehabilitation. A questionnaire was administered via Google Forms, which was constructed using the NSN technique. A total of 191 physiotherapists participated in this study. The Spanish physiotherapists interviewed used a total of 1247 defining words for the concept of neurorehabilitation. The semantic core of the concept was mainly formed by the words 'treatment', 'recovery', 'functionality', 'neuroplasticity', and 'learning', which carried significant weight. Results were also presented taking into account the academic level and years of professional experience of the sample. The semantic network observed in this study allows us to elucidate the polysemy of the concept of neurorehabilitation, which is composed not only of certain associated words but also the meanings they imply.

Effects of Video-Game Based Therapy on Balance, Postural Control, Functionality, and Quality of Life of Patients with Subacute Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Purpose: To determine the effects of a structured protocol using commercial video games on balance, postural control, functionality, quality of life, and level of motivation in patients with subacute stroke. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted. A control group (n = 25) received eight weeks of conventional rehabilitation consisting of five weekly sessions based on an approach for task-oriented motor training. The experimental group (n = 25) received eight weeks of conventional rehabilitation consisting of five weekly sessions based on an approach for task-oriented motor training. The experimental group (. Results: In the between-group comparison, statistically significant differences were observed in the Modified Rankin scores (p < 0.01), the Barthel Index (p < 0.01), the Barthel Index (p < 0.01), the Barthel Index (p < 0.01), the Barthel Index (p < 0.01), the Barthel Index (p < 0.01), the Barthel Index (p < 0.01), the Barthel Index (p < 0.01), the Barthel Index (p < 0.01), the Barthel Index (p < 0.01), the Barthel Index (p < 0.01), the Barthel Index (. Conclusion: A protocol of semi-immersive video-game based therapy, combined with conventional therapy, may be effective for improving balance, functionality, quality of life, and motivation in patients with subacute stroke. This trial is registered with NCT03528395.

Vojta Therapy versus transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for lumbosciatica syndrome: A quasi-experimental pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Lumbosciatica is a common condition that affects patients' quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of Vojta Therapy and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in the treatment of lumbosciatica. METHODS: A "pre-post" quasi-experimental pilot study was carried out on 12 patients between 31 and 74 years of age who had been diagnosed with lumbosciatica and referred to the Physiotherapy Unit of the Quintanar de la Orden Health Center. Subjects were prescribed either TENS or Vojta, assigned alternately (6:6). All patients received one session of 30 min per day for 15 days. Tests to evaluate pain, disability, functionality, and radiculopathy were performed. RESULTS: The differences between pre-post measures and improvement after both treatments were analyzed with nonparametric tests. Significant improvements were noted after both treatments in indices for pain, disability, and flexibility, with the exception of disability after TENS, according to the Roland-Morris test (p = 0.066). Improvements in radiculopathy (Làsegue sign) were only observed with Vojta (p = 0.031). An overall decrease in scores obtained after Vojta was observed with respect to those obtained after TENS (difference V-T): pain according to the Visual Analog Scale (V-T = 2.84; p = 0.033) or Oswestry back pain (V-T = 2.67; p = 0.030) and leg pain tests (V-T = 3.25; p = 0.063); disability according to Oswestry (V-T = 28.33; p = 0.005) and Roland-Morris (V-T = 5.67; p = 0.044); flexibility according to Schöber (average gain V-T = 0.43; p = 0.292) and the fingertips to floor distance test (V-T = 7.5; p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Vojta Therapy led to significantly greater improvements in pain, disability, flexibility, and radiculopathy than TENS. Future studies will require larger samples to confirm these findings.

Leap motion controlled video game-based therapy for upper limb rehabilitation in patients with Parkinson's disease: a feasibility study.

BACKGROUND: Non-immersive video games are currently being used as technological rehabilitation tools for individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this feasibility study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Leap Motion Controller® (LMC) system used with serious games designed for the upper limb (UL), as well as the levels of satisfaction and compliance among patients in mild-to-moderate stages of the disease. METHODS: A non-probabilistic sampling of non-consecutive cases was performed. 23 PD patients, in stages II-IV of the Hoehn & Yahr scale, were randomized into two groups: an experimental group (n = 12) who received treatment based on serious games designed by the research team using the LMC system for the UL, and a control group (n = 11) who received a specific intervention for the UL. Grip muscle strength, coordination, speed of movements, fine and gross UL dexterity, as well as satisfaction and compliance, were assessed in both groups pre-treatment and post-treatment. RESULTS: Within the experimental group, significant improvements were observed in all post-treatment assessments, except for Box and Blocks test for the less affected side. Clinical improvements were observed for all assessments in the control group. Statistical intergroup analysis showed significant improvements in coordination, speed of movements and fine motor dexterity scores on the more affected side of patients in the experimental group. CONCLUSIONS: The LMC system and the serious games designed may be a feasible rehabilitation tool for the improvement of coordination, speed of movements and fine UL dexterity in PD patients. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings.

La parálisis cerebral en la literatura, el cine y la televisión / Cerebral palsy in literature, cinema and televisión

Introducción. La parálisis cerebral se define como un grupo de trastornos del desarrollo del movimiento y la postura que limitan la actividad de la persona, que se deben a alteraciones no progresivas que se produjeron en el cerebro fetal o infantil en desarrollo en los primeros años de vida y que se acompaña con frecuencia de epilepsia, alteraciones cognitivas, sensoriales, de la comunicación o el comportamiento. La parálisis cerebral se ha mostrado en la literatura, el cine y la televisión, y este estudio tiene por objetivo conocer cómo se ha representado en estos medios. Desarrollo. La parálisis cerebral se ha representado en la literatura, el cine y la televisión de manera exhaustiva y con mayor o menor acierto. Se ha mostrado la sintomatología, las vivencias de pacientes, familiares y cuidadores, los tratamientos, los productos de apoyo, las barreras arquitectónicas o las relaciones sociales y laborales. En ocasiones, la representación se ha realizado de forma muy ajustada a la realidad, mientras que en otros casos se han amplificado los aspectos más dramáticos para dar consistencia a la trama. Conclusiones. La parálisis cerebral se ha representado ampliamente en obras de ficción y testimonio, cómics, películas, cortometrajes, documentales y series de televisión, en ocasiones de manera muy realista, mientras que en otras se ha podido contribuir a incrementar el estigma ofreciendo una visión distorsionada de la realidad, pero que en cualquier caso han contribuido a dar visibilidad a este cuadro patológico

Introduction. Cerebral palsy is defined as a group of developmental disorders affecting movement and posture that limit a person's activity. They due to non-progressive alterations that occurred in the developing foetal or infant brain in the early years of life and are often accompanied by epilepsy and cognitive, sensory, communication or behavioural disorders. Cerebral palsy has been portrayed in literature, cinema and television, and this study aims to explore how it has been represented in these media. Development. Cerebral palsy has frequently been represented in literature, cinema and television and with varying degrees of realism. The symptoms, the experiences of patients, relatives and caregivers, treatments, supporting products, architectural barriers or social and labour relations have all been portrayed. Sometimes they have been represented in a way that is very close to reality, while in other cases the most dramatic aspects have been amplified to add to the plot. Conclusions. Cerebral palsy has been widely represented in works of fiction and testimonies, comics, films, short films, documentaries and television series, sometimes in a very realistic way, while in others it has been done in a way that may increase the stigma surrounding this condition by offering a distorted vision of reality. Nevertheless, in any event they have helped to make this condition more visible

Las distrofias musculares en la literatura, el cine y la televisión / Muscular dystrophies in literature, cinema and television

Introducción. Las distrofias musculares son enfermedades hereditarias, producidas por una mutación genética, lentas o rápidamente progresivas, que afectan fundamentalmente a la musculatura estriada. Existen diversas formas clínicas, y las más frecuentes son la distrofia muscular de Duchenne y la distrofia muscular de Becker. Objetivo. Analizar cómo se han representado las distrofias musculares en la literatura, el cine y la televisión. Desarrollo. La distrofia muscular ha sido reflejada en la literatura, el cine y la televisión. En algunos casos sólo se menciona, en otros tiene un papel secundario en la trama y en otros es un personaje principal el que sufre la enfermedad. Generalmente se hace referencia a la enfermedad de Duchenne, y con menos frecuencia a la de Becker, aunque en algunos casos sólo se menciona que el paciente presenta distrofia muscular, sin especificar a qué variedad clínica pertenece. Podemos encontrar obras de testimonio, novelas, cómics, largometrajes de ficción, documentales, cortos y programas televisivos que pretenden dar a conocer la enfermedad y sus implicaciones, y concienciar a la población sobre la necesidad de invertir recursos en la investigación. Conclusiones. La distrofia muscular ha sido representada con realismo en la literatura, el cine y la televisión, y la distrofia muscular de Duchenne es la variedad clínica que se ha mostrado más habitualmente. Se han reflejado los síntomas, la evolución, el pronóstico, el papel de la familia y los cuidadores, la sexualidad, los tratamientos paliativos, el espíritu de superación, y la necesidad de concienciar a la sociedad y de invertir más recursos en investigación

Introduction. Muscular dystrophies are inherited disorders, produced by a genetic mutation, with a slow or rapid progression, that basically affect striated muscle tissue. There are several clinical forms, the most frequent being Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and Becker muscular dystrophy. Aim. To analyse how muscular dystrophies have been portrayed in literature, cinema and television. Development. Muscular dystrophy is a disorder that has been reflected in literature, cinema and television. In some cases it is only mentioned, sometimes it plays a secondary role in the plot, and in others it is the lead character who suffers from the disease. In general, reference is made to Duchenne's disease and, albeit less frequently, to Becker muscular dystrophy, although in some cases the patient is just said to be suffering from muscular dystrophy, without specifying what clinical variety it belongs to. Testimonials, novels, comics, fiction films, documentaries, short films and television programmes have all been produced with the aim of making the disease and its implications more widely known, as well as making the public aware of the need to invest resources in research. Conclusions. Muscular dystrophy has been portrayed quite realistically in literature, cinema and television, and Duchenne's muscular dystrophy is the clinical variety that has been shown most often. Aspects that have been reflected include its symptoms, progression, prognosis, the role of the family and caregivers, sexuality, palliative care, patients' will to overcome difficulties and the need to raise society's awareness of the condition and to invest more resources in research

Effectiveness of Serious Games for Leap Motion on the Functionality of the Upper Limb in Parkinson's Disease: A Feasibility Study.

The design and application of Serious Games (SG) based on the Leap Motion sensor are presented as a tool to support the rehabilitation therapies for upper limbs. Initially, the design principles and their implementation are described, focusing on improving both unilateral and bilateral manual dexterity and coordination. The design of the games has been supervised by specialized therapists. To assess the therapeutic effectiveness of the proposed system, a protocol of trials with Parkinson's patients has been defined. Evaluations of the physical condition of the participants in the study, at the beginning and at the end of the treatment, are carried out using standard tests. The specific measurements of each game give the therapist more detailed information about the patients' evolution after finishing the planned protocol. The obtained results support the fact that the set of developed video games can be combined to define different therapy protocols and that the information obtained is richer than the one obtained through current clinical metrics, serving as method of motor function assessment.

Videojuegos comerciales en la rehabilitación de pacientes con ictus subagudo: estudio piloto / Commercial video games in the rehabilitation of patients with sub-acute stroke: a pilot study

Introducción. El ictus genera dependencia por los numerosos déficits asociados. El uso de tecnologías de bajo coste para la rehabilitación neurológica podría ser beneficioso para el tratamiento de estos pacientes. Objetivo. Determinar si el tratamiento combinado mediante un protocolo con realidad virtual semiinmersiva, junto con un abordaje rehabilitador interdisciplinar, mejora el equilibrio y el control postural, la independencia funcional, la calidad de vida, la motivación, la autoestima y la adhesión a la intervención en pacientes que han sufrido un ictus en fase subaguda. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio piloto prospectivo longitudinal con valoración pre y postintervención. Se seleccionaron 14 participantes ingresados en el Hospital La Fuenfría. La intervención experimental se realizó durante ocho semanas en combinación con el tratamiento convencional de fisioterapia y terapia ocupacional. Cada sesión fue incrementándose en tiempo-intensidad y requerimientos motores mediante videojuegos comerciales vinculados a la videoconsola Xbox 360° y el dispositivo Kinect. Resultados. Se obtuvieron mejorías estadísticamente significativas en la escala de Rankin modificada (p = 0,04), baropodometría (distribución de carga, p = 0,03; superficie de apoyo, p = 0,01), índice de Barthel (p = 0,01), cuestionario EuroQoL 5D (p = 0,01), motivación (p = 0,02), autoestima (p = 0,01) y adhesión a la intervención (p = 0,02). Conclusiones. El abordaje rehabilitador complementado con realidad virtual semiinmersiva parece ser útil para mejorar el equilibrio y el control postural, la independencia funcional en las actividades básicas de la vida diaria, la calidad de vida, así como la motivación y la autoestima, con excelente adhesión a las intervenciones, por lo que podría constituir una herramienta terapéutica coadyuvante en la rehabilitación neurológica del ictus en fase subaguda (AU)

Introduction. Stroke generates dependence on the patients due to the various impairments associated. The use of lowcost technologies for neurological rehabilitation may be beneficial for the treatment of these patients. Aim. To determine whether combined treatment using a semi-immersive virtual reality protocol to an interdisciplinary rehabilitation approach, improve balance and postural control, functional independence, quality of life, motivation, selfesteem and adherence to intervention in stroke patients in subacute stage. Patients and methods. A longitudinal prospective study with pre and post-intervention evaluation was carried out. Fourteen were recruited at La Fuenfría Hospital (Spain) and completed the intervention. Experimental intervention was performed during eight weeks in combination with conventional treatment of physiotherapy and occupational therapy. Each session was increased in time and intensity, using commercial video games linked to Xbox 360° videoconsole and Kinect sensor. Results. There were statistical significant improvements in modified Rankin scale (p = 0.04), baropodometry (load distribution, p = 0.03; support surface, p = 0.01), Barthel Index (p = 0.01), EQ-5D Questionnaire (p = 0.01), motivation (p = 0.02), selfesteem (p = 0.01) and adherence to the intervention (p = 0.02). Conclusions. An interdisciplinary rehabilitation approach supplemented with semi-immersive virtual reality seems to be useful for improving balance and postural control, functional independence in basic activities of daily living, quality of life, as well as motivation and self-esteem, with excellent adherence. This intervention modality could be adopted as a therapeutic tool in neurological rehabilitation of stroke patients in subacute stage (AU)

La esclerosis múltiple en la literatura, el cine y la televisión / Multiple sclerosis in literature, cinema and television

Introducción. En la actualidad, la atención del paciente con esclerosis múltiple y su entorno supone un reto clínico y terapéutico para los profesionales de la salud. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar la aparición de la esclerosis múltiple en la literatura, el cine y la televisión, y reflexionar sobre su imagen en dichos medios. Desarrollo. Se han revisado algunas obras representativas que han abordado la esclerosis múltiple, y se ha observado que en muchas de ellas se ofrece una visión muy fidedigna de la enfermedad. Del mismo modo, se han revisado las principales películas y series de televisión que, en ocasiones, son un reflejo cercano al público general de la visión e impacto de la enfermedad sobre los pacientes o familiares, no exentas de excesos dramáticos y distorsiones de la realidad. Conclusiones. La literatura refleja, en gran medida, la epidemiología real, los síntomas y la progresión de la enfermedad, mientras que las opciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas parecen estar en un segundo plano. El cine y la televisión han ofrecido una imagen correcta, pero en ocasiones atendiendo más a efectos dramáticos. Es importante que la literatura, el cine y la televisión ofrezcan una visión ajustada a la realidad de esta enfermedad para dar a conocer esta afección neurológica y contribuir a disminuir su estigma (AU)

Introduction. Today, the care of patients with multiple sclerosis and those around them represents a clinical and therapeutic challenge for healthcare professionals. The aim of this study is to analyse the appearance of multiple sclerosis in literature, cinema and television, and to reflect upon the image it has in these media. Development. Several representative works that have addressed multiple sclerosis were reviewed, and many of them were seen to offer a very true-to-life vision of the disease. Likewise, a review was also conducted of the most relevant films and TV series that, on occasions, offer the general public a close look at the impact of the disease on patients or relatives, although they are sometimes somewhat exaggerated for the sake of increased dramatic effect and offer a slightly distorted view of reality. Conclusions. Literature largely reflects the real epidemiology, the symptoms and development of the disease, while less attention seems to be given to the diagnostic and therapeutic options open to patients. Cinema and television have offered a correct image but sometimes with the addition of more dramatic effects. It is important for literature, cinema and television to offer a realistic view of this neurological disease so as to make it better known among the public and to help lessen the stigma attached to it (AU)

Santiago Ramón y Cajal en la literatura, el cine y la televisión / Santiago Ramón y Cajal in literature, cinema and television

Introducción. La vida y obra de Santiago Ramón y Cajal ha sido recogida en artículos científicos, obras biográficas y autobiográficas, cómics, películas, series televisivas o documentales que han intentado reflexionar sobre su vida o sus aportaciones a la ciencia y acercarlo a la población general. Objetivo. Analizar cómo ha sido representada la figura de Santiago Ramón y Cajal en la literatura, el cine y la televisión, y conocer al científico a través de su obra de ficción. Desarrollo. Son múltiples las obras biográficas escritas sobre Santiago Ramón y Cajal, artículos científicos, cómics, libros para niños y jóvenes, sin olvidar las obras autobiográficas, ensayos, e incluso literatura de ciencia ficción, que permiten una buena aproximación a la vida del científico y a su obra. Su figura ha sido también llevada al cine (Salto a la gloria) o a la televisión (Ramón y Cajal, historia de una voluntad; Las mariposas del alma), que han acercado a Cajal, con mayor o menor acierto y exactitud, a la población general. Conclusiones. A través de los numerosos escritos biográficos, apuntes históricos, artículos, la propia obra científica, de ensayo y de ficción de Cajal, así como de las representaciones que el cine y la televisión han hecho del Nobel español, podemos realizar una interesante aproximación al científico, al profesor, al divulgador, al médico humanista y, en suma, al hombre que realizó tan importantes aportaciones a la neurociencia (AU)

Introduction. The life and work of Santiago Ramón y Cajal has been portrayed in scientific papers, biographical and autobiographical works, comics, films, television series or documentaries that have attempted to reflect upon his life or his contributions to science and to bring him closer to the general public. Aims. To analyse the different ways Santiago Ramón y Cajal has been represented in literature, cinema and television, and to become more closely acquainted with this scientist through his fictional writings. Development. A number of biographical works have been written about Santiago Ramón y Cajal, including scientific papers, comics, books for children and youngsters, as well as the autobiographical writings, essays and even science fiction stories, which provide a good introduction to the life of the scientist and his work. His life has also been adapted to film (Leap to fame) or television (Ramón y Cajal, historia de una voluntad; The butterflies of the soul), which have, with varying degrees of success and accuracy, made him better known to the general population. Conclusions. The numerous biographical writings, historical notes, articles, the scientific work itself, the essays and fictional works by Cajal, as well as the portrayals of the Spanish Nobel Prize winner produced for films and television, can be used to obtain some interesting insights into the scientist, teacher, science populariser, humanist physician and, in short, the man who made such important contributions to neuroscience (AU)

Deficiencia, discapacidad, neurología y series de televisión / Deficiency, disability, neurology and television series

Introducción. El enfoque de la deficiencia y la discapacidad neurológica en la televisión no ha sido algo unívoco, sino que ha reflejado la postura de la sociedad ante estas cuestiones y cómo se tratan éstas, desde la óptica de las concepciones y valores dominantes en cada momento. Objetivos. Abordar la aparición de la patología neurológica en las series de televisión y reflexionar sobre su imagen en dicho contexto. Desarrollo. La deficiencia y la discapacidad de origen neurológico se han reflejado ampliamente en el medio televisivo en series, telefilmes y documentales, con un tratamiento desigual. Se aborda el enfoque que ha tenido en diferentes series televisivas la patología neurológica, su diagnóstico, su tratamiento, así como la figura de los profesionales sanitarios y la adaptación socio-familiar, y se citan, a modo de ejemplo, series como House, Glee, American Horror Story, Homeland o Juego de tronos. Conclusiones. Las series de televisión son una herramienta útil para dar a conocer algunas patologías neurológicas y para desmitificar otras, siempre que dichas patologías se aborden de manera realista, hecho que no siempre ocurre. Habría que cuidar el tratamiento que reciben los profesionales de la salud en las series de televisión, pues no siempre es correcto, y eso puede llevar a errores entre los telespectadores, que aceptan lo que ven en la pequeña pantalla como real (AU)

Introduction. The portrayal of neurological disability and defi ciency on television has not always been approached in the same way, but has instead tended to refl ect the standpoint taken by society with regard to these issues and how they are dealt with according to the prevailing conceptions and values at each particular time. Aims. To address the appearance of neurological pathologies in television series and to ponder on the image they have in such contexts. Development. Defi ciency and disability of neurological origin have often been depicted on television in series, telefilms and documentaries, and in a wide variety of ways. Here we examine diff erent television series and how they have dealt with neurological pathology, its diagnosis and its treatment, as well as the figure of the healthcare professional and social-familial adaptation. Examples cited include series such as House MD, Glee, American Horror Story, Homeland or Game of Thrones. Conclusions. Television series are a useful tool for making some neurological pathologies better known to the public and for dispelling the myths surrounding others, provided that the pathologies are dealt with in a realistic manner, which is not always the case. More care should be taken with regard to the way in which health professionals are portrayed in television series, as it is not always done correctly and may mislead viewers, who take what they see on the TV as being real (AU)

[Deficiency, disability, neurology and television series]. / Deficiencia, discapacidad, neurología y series de television.

INTRODUCTION: The portrayal of neurological disability and deficiency on television has not always been approached in the same way, but has instead tended to reflect the standpoint taken by society with regard to these issues and how they are dealt with according to the prevailing conceptions and values at each particular time. AIMS: To address the appearance of neurological pathologies in television series and to ponder on the image they have in such contexts. DEVELOPMENT: Deficiency and disability of neurological origin have often been depicted on television in series, telefilms and documentaries, and in a wide variety of ways. Here we examine different television series and how they have dealt with neurological pathology, its diagnosis and its treatment, as well as the figure of the healthcare professional and social-familial adaptation. Examples cited include series such as House MD, Glee, American Horror Story, Homeland or Game of Thrones. CONCLUSIONS: Television series are a useful tool for making some neurological pathologies better known to the public and for dispelling the myths surrounding others, provided that the pathologies are dealt with in a realistic manner, which is not always the case. More care should be taken with regard to the way in which health professionals are portrayed in television series, as it is not always done correctly and may mislead viewers, who take what they see on the TV as being real.

TITLE: Deficiencia, discapacidad, neurologia y series de television.Introduccion. El enfoque de la deficiencia y la discapacidad neurologica en la television no ha sido algo univoco, sino que ha reflejado la postura de la sociedad ante estas cuestiones y como se tratan estas, desde la optica de las concepciones y valores dominantes en cada momento. Objetivos. Abordar la aparicion de la patologia neurologica en las series de television y reflexionar sobre su imagen en dicho contexto. Desarrollo. La deficiencia y la discapacidad de origen neurologico se han reflejado ampliamente en el medio televisivo en series, telefilmes y documentales, con un tratamiento desigual. Se aborda el enfoque que ha tenido en diferentes series televisivas la patologia neurologica, su diagnostico, su tratamiento, asi como la figura de los profesionales sanitarios y la adaptacion sociofamiliar, y se citan, a modo de ejemplo, series como House, Glee, American Horror Story, Homeland o Juego de tronos. Conclusiones. Las series de television son una herramienta util para dar a conocer algunas patologias neurologicas y para desmitificar otras, siempre que dichas patologias se aborden de manera realista, hecho que no siempre ocurre. Habria que cuidar el tratamiento que reciben los profesionales de la salud en las series de television, pues no siempre es correcto, y eso puede llevar a errores entre los telespectadores, que aceptan lo que ven en la pequeña pantalla como real.

Cine y neurología: primeras aplicaciones docentes / Cinema and neurology: early educational applications

Introducción. El cine se utiliza, desde sus inicios, en la docencia de la neurología para ilustrar las explicaciones del profesor y facilitar el aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Objetivo. Analizar algunas de las primeras aplicaciones del cine en la docencia de la neurología. Desarrollo. Poco después del nacimiento del cinematógrafo, se observó que éste podía ser de utilidad en la docencia de la medicina, especialmente de la neurología. En primer lugar, se utilizaron las propias filmaciones de los médicos y, posteriormente, documentales, cortometrajes y películas de cine comercial, para mostrar métodos diagnósticos y terapéuticos y diversos signos patológicos, como trastornos del movimiento. No se pretendía sustituir otras metodologías, sino complementarlas y facilitar la adquisición de conocimientos. Conclusiones. La aplicación del cine en la docencia es de utilidad para ilustrar los contenidos de diversas materias, en especial en el ámbito de la neurología, y para favorecer la adquisición de competencias específicas y transversales, obteniéndose resultados muy favorables entre los alumnos (AU)

Introduction. Since its earliest days, cinema has been used in the teaching of neurology both to illustrate the professor’s explanations and to make learning easier for students. Aim. To analyse some of the first applications of cinema to the teaching and learning of neurology. Development. Shortly after the birth of the film projector it became apparent that it could be a valuable aid in teaching medicine, and especially neurology. Initially, actual recordings made by doctors themselves were used, and later documentaries, short films and feature films were employed as means of showing diagnostic and therapeutic methods, as well as different pathological signs, such as movement disorders. The intention was not to replace other methodologies but instead to complement them and to make the process of acquiring knowledge easier. Conclusions. Applying cinema in teaching is a useful way to portray the contents of different subjects, especially in thefield of neurology, and to favour the acquisition of both specific and cross-disciplinary competences, with very positive results being obtained among students (AU)

[Cinema and neurology: early educational applications]. / Cine y neurología: primeras aplicaciones docentes.

INTRODUCTION: Since its earliest days, cinema has been used in the teaching of neurology both to illustrate the professor's explanations and to make learning easier for students. AIM: To analyse some of the first applications of cinema to the teaching and learning of neurology. DEVELOPMENT: Shortly after the birth of the film projector it became apparent that it could be a valuable aid in teaching medicine, and especially neurology. Initially, actual recordings made by doctors themselves were used, and later documentaries, short films and feature films were employed as means of showing diagnostic and therapeutic methods, as well as different pathological signs, such as movement disorders. The intention was not to replace other methodologies but instead to complement them and to make the process of acquiring knowledge easier. CONCLUSIONS: Applying cinema in teaching is a useful way to portray the contents of different subjects, especially in the field of neurology, and to favour the acquisition of both specific and cross-disciplinary competences, with very positive results being obtained among students.

TITLE: Cine y neurologia: primeras aplicaciones docentes.Introduccion. El cine se utiliza, desde sus inicios, en la docencia de la neurologia para ilustrar las explicaciones del profesor y facilitar el aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Objetivo. Analizar algunas de las primeras aplicaciones del cine en la docencia de la neurologia. Desarrollo. Poco despues del nacimiento del cinematografo, se observo que este podia ser de utilidad en la docencia de la medicina, especialmente de la neurologia. En primer lugar, se utilizaron las propias filmaciones de los medicos y, posteriormente, documentales, cortometrajes y peliculas de cine comercial, para mostrar metodos diagnosticos y terapeuticos y diversos signos patologicos, como trastornos del movimiento. No se pretendia sustituir otras metodologias, sino complementarlas y facilitar la adquisicion de conocimientos. Conclusiones. La aplicacion del cine en la docencia es de utilidad para ilustrar los contenidos de diversas materias, en especial en el ambito de la neurologia, y para favorecer la adquisicion de competencias especificas y transversales, obteniendose resultados muy favorables entre los alumnos.

La poliomielitis en la literatura, el cine y la televisión / Poliomyelitis in literature, cinema and television

Introducción. La poliomielitis es una enfermedad infecciosa cuyos síntomas iniciales son fiebre, cansancio, cefalea, vómitos, rigidez de cuello y dolores en los miembros. En muchos casos, las secuelas son parálisis irreversibles, y puede producirse la muerte si hay afectación bulbar o respiratoria. Se describe también un conjunto de síntomas, llamado síndrome pospolio, que aparece años después de la infección aguda. Objetivo. Analizar el abordaje que la literatura, el cine y la televisión han hecho de la poliomielitis. Desarrollo. Los escritores y los directores de cine y televisión han mostrado interés por la poliomielitis y la han reflejado de manera correcta y realista, tanto en las obras de ficción como en las biográficas o de tipo documental. Némesis, Secreto de hermanas, Que el cielo la juzgue u Oscura son algunos ejemplos de obras literarias. El cine ha mostrado la poliomielitis desde su época silente con títulos como The woman in his house, The Silver Streak, Amor sublime o Las sesiones. También la televisión ha reflejado esta enfermedad y sus secuelas en series como Hospital Central, Anatomía de Grey, House o Amar en tiempos revueltos, y en telefilmes como El asunto, Eleanor y Roosevelt o Warm Springs. Conclusiones. La poliomielitis se ha mostrado en la literatura, el cine y la televisión de forma realista, presentando la sintomatología, las secuelas, y el impacto personal, familiar y social de esta enfermedad (AU)

Introduction. Poliomyelitis is an infectious disease whose initial symptoms are fever, fatigue, headaches, vomiting, a stiff neck and pains in the limbs. In many cases, the sequelae are irreversible paralysis and may result in death if there is bulbar or respiratory compromise. A set of symptoms, called post-polio syndrome, which appears years after the acute infection, are also described. Aim. To analyse the way poliomyelitis has been dealt with in literature, cinema and television. Development. Film and television writers and directors have shown an interest in poliomyelitis and have portrayed it in a correct and realistic manner, both in fiction and in biographies or documentary-type works. Nemesis, Silver wattle, Leave her to heaven or The fall are some examples of literary works on the subject. Cinema has also portrayed polio all the way back to silent movies, with titles such as The woman in his house, The Silver Streak, Sister Kenny or The sessions. This disease and its sequelae have also been portrayed on television in series such as Hospital Central, Grey’s anatomy, House M.D. or Amar en tiempos revueltos, and in TV films like El asunto, Eleanor and Franklin or Warm Springs. Conclusions. Poliomyelitis has been portrayed in literature, cinema and television in a realistic manner, showing its symptoms, sequelae, and the personal, familial and social impact of this disease (AU)

[Poliomyelitis in literature, cinema and television]. / La poliomielitis en la literatura, el cine y la television.

INTRODUCTION: Poliomyelitis is an infectious disease whose initial symptoms are fever, fatigue, headaches, vomiting, a stiff neck and pains in the limbs. In many cases, the sequelae are irreversible paralysis and may result in death if there is bulbar or respiratory compromise. A set of symptoms, called post-polio syndrome, which appears years after the acute infection, are also described. AIM: To analyse the way poliomyelitis has been dealt with in literature, cinema and television. DEVELOPMENT: Film and television writers and directors have shown an interest in poliomyelitis and have portrayed it in a correct and realistic manner, both in fiction and in biographies or documentary-type works. Nemesis, Silver wattle, Leave her to heaven or The fall are some examples of literary works on the subject. Cinema has also portrayed polio all the way back to silent movies, with titles such as The woman in his house, The Silver Streak, Sister Kenny or The sessions. This disease and its sequelae have also been portrayed on television in series such as Hospital Central, Grey's anatomy, House M.D. or Amar en tiempos revueltos, and in TV films like El asunto, Eleanor and Franklin or Warm Springs. CONCLUSIONS: Poliomyelitis has been portrayed in literature, cinema and television in a realistic manner, showing its symptoms, sequelae, and the personal, familial and social impact of this disease.

TITLE: La poliomielitis en la literatura, el cine y la television.Introduccion. La poliomielitis es una enfermedad infecciosa cuyos sintomas iniciales son fiebre, cansancio, cefalea, vomitos, rigidez de cuello y dolores en los miembros. En muchos casos, las secuelas son paralisis irreversibles, y puede producirse la muerte si hay afectacion bulbar o respiratoria. Se describe tambien un conjunto de sintomas, llamado sindrome pospolio, que aparece años despues de la infeccion aguda. Objetivo. Analizar el abordaje que la literatura, el cine y la television han hecho de la poliomielitis. Desarrollo. Los escritores y los directores de cine y television han mostrado interes por la poliomielitis y la han reflejado de manera correcta y realista, tanto en las obras de ficcion como en las biograficas o de tipo documental. Nemesis, Secreto de hermanas, Que el cielo la juzgue u Oscura son algunos ejemplos de obras literarias. El cine ha mostrado la poliomielitis desde su epoca silente con titulos como The woman in his house, The Silver Streak, Amor sublime o Las sesiones. Tambien la television ha reflejado esta enfermedad y sus secuelas en series como Hospital Central, Anatomia de Grey, House o Amar en tiempos revueltos, y en telefilmes como El asunto, Eleanor y Roosevelt o Warm Springs. Conclusiones. La poliomielitis se ha mostrado en la literatura, el cine y la television de forma realista, presentando la sintomatologia, las secuelas, y el impacto personal, familiar y social de esta enfermedad.

Oliver Sacks y la neurología literaria / Oliver Sacks and literary neurology

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La esclerosis lateral amiotrófica en la literatura, el cine y la televisión / Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in literature, cinema and television

Introducción. La esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa de curso progresivo que afecta a las motoneuronas corticoespinales y medulares, y que se manifiesta principalmente con debilidad muscular, amiotrofia e hiperreflexia. Su incidencia es de 0,4-2,4 casos/100.000 habitantes/año, y su prevalencia, de 4-6 casos/100.000 habitantes. Es más frecuente en varones adultos mayores de 50 años. Se han mostrado diversas enfermedades neurológicas en la literatura, el cine y la televisión, entre ellas la ELA, que se ha presentado de forma correcta y realista. Objetivo. Analizar el abordaje que la literatura, el cine y la televisión han hecho de la ELA. Desarrollo. Existen diversas obras literarias que abordan la ELA, como El desencuentro, Lou Gehrig: the luckiest man o Martes con mi viejo profesor; el cine también ha reflejado esta enfermedad en títulos como El orgullo de los Yankees, My love beside me (closer to Heaven) o Derecho a morir; y en la televisión se ha mostrado esta enfermedad en series, documentales y telefilmes, como Martes con mi viejo profesor, Jenifer o Mi vida con Lou Gehrig. La mayor parte de las obras es de tipo biográfico y de testimonio, y muestra la enfermedad con realismo, con la intención de dar a conocer la ELA y de concienciar a la población. Conclusión. La literatura, el cine y la televisión han mostrado la ELA de forma realista y creíble, a diferencia de otras enfermedades de origen neurológico (AU)

Introduction. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease with a progressive course that affects the corticospinal and spinal cord motor neurons, the main manifestations of which are muscular weakness, amyotrophy and hyperreflexia. It has an incidence of 0.4-2.4 cases/100,000 inhabitants/year, and a prevalence of 4-6 cases/100,000 inhabitants. It is more frequent in adult males over 50 years of age. A number of different neurological diseases have been portrayed in literature, cinema and television, including ALS, which has been presented correctly and realistically. Aim. To analysis how literature, cinema and television have addressed ALS. Development. Several different literary works have dealt with ALS, such as El desencuentro, Lou Gehrig: the luckiest man or Tuesdays with Morrie; the cinema has also depicted this disease in films such as The pride of the Yankees, My love beside me (closer to Heaven) or Right to die; and on television this disease has been shown in series, documentaries and television films, such as: Tuesdays with Morrie, Jenifer or A love affair: the Eleanor and Lou Gehrig Story. Most of the works are of a biographical and testimonial nature, and portray the disease realistically, with the intention of making ALS more widely known and raising the population’s awareness about the condition. Conclusions. Literature, cinema and television have portrayed ALS in a realistic and believable manner, unlike some other diseases of a neurological origin (AU)