Assessment of the shaping ability of R-Motion 30 .04 and 25 .06 in mesial canals of mandibular molars based on automated computational measurement.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in geometry following root canal preparation using R-Motion instruments with different apical sizes and tapers. METHODS: 54 mesial canals of mandibular molars with single curvature of angles ranging between 20° and 30° were stratified into 3 groups according to their internal anatomy (R-Motion 25/.06, 30/.04, Reciproc Blue) (n=18 per group). Micro-computed tomography was used to standardize the samples before instrumentation and, after instrumentation, to assess canal transportation, changes in canal volume and centering ability. Canals were irrigated with 17% EDTA and sodium hypochlorite, and the final rinse included subsonic agitation of these solutions. Measurements were analyzed automatically using the Dragonfly software (Come, Montreal, Canada) and were confirmed by a technician and an endodontist, based on a previously validated methodology. The results were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis's and Mann-Whitney´s tests. The level of statistical significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in the coronal third for canal transportation, with Reciproc Blue R25 having greater values compared with both R-Motion instruments (p<0.05) and greater changes in volume when compared with R-Motion 30/.04 (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: R-Motion of apical size and taper 25/.06 and 30/.04 were associated with similar changes in geometry following root canal preparation in curved mesial canals of mandibular molars, whereas Reciproc Blue was associated with greater canal transportation in the coronal root third.

Cone-beam Computed Tomography Analysis of the Root Canal Morphology of Mandibular Incisors Using Two Classification Systems in a Spanish Subpopulation: A Cross-Sectional Study.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the root and canal morphology in permanent mandibular incisors teeth using cone-beam computer tomography imaging in a Spanish subpopulation, and compared these findings with ipsilateral (similarity) and contralateral (symmetry) incisors. In addition, the position of canal splitting was measured. METHODS: A total of 229 datasets comprising four mandibular teeth each (n=916 incisors) were analysed using Vertucci and Ahmed et al. classifications, and, the similarity and symmetry were calculated. The distance from the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ), and the most coronal canal divergence was measured (if present). The role of sex was also assessed. The Cochran Q Test, LOGIS PROC in SUDAAN, Chi-square, and Kappa were used for the different comparisons. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: All incisors were single-rooted and no significant differences regarding root canal morphology were found according to the sex of the subjects included in the database. The most common morphology was Vertucci type I/Ahmed et al. 1MI1(65.3% for central and 66.8% for lateral incisors respectively), followed by type III/1MI1-2-1 (31% for central and 30.6% for lateral incisors). 1.8% of the samples were considered as non-classifiable with Vertucci but were classified with codes using the Ahmed et al. system. Similarity values were 74.7% for the left side, and 74.2% for the right side, whereas symmetry values were 90% for central and 84.3% for lateral incisors. In the presence of divergences, the main (SD) distances from the CEJ were for type II/1MI1-2-1 3.8+-0.8 (centrals) 4.0+-0.7 mm (laterals); for type V/1MI1-2 this value ranged between 6.0+-1.8 and 5.5+-1.5 mm, whereas values for 1MI1-2-3-2-1 were 1.8 and 2.1 mm. No significant differences were found when the position of the most coronal divergence was compared between lateral and central incisors for the different morphologies. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of Vertucci I/Ahmed et al. 1MI1 configuration was present in mandibular incisors from Spanish individuals. Similarity and symmetry were common, particularly for central incisors. The position of the coronal splitting of the canals varied according to the root canal morphology.

The effect of a preparation containing glycocholic acid on the biocidal efficacy of sodium hypochlorite in a biofilm laboratory model.

This study assessed the antimicrobial effect of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) mixtures combined with Keratobacter (KB) using an engineered biofilm root canal model. Clinical and reagent grade NaOCl were mixed with KB (9:1-vol/vol) to assess pH values over 1 min to select the ideal solution with a pH just below the pKa of hypochlorous acid. The samples were randomly divided into five groups: 1% and 4% NaOCl reagents, a mixture of NaOCl:KB using 1% and 4% NaOCl reagents and distilled water. Outcome measures were colony-forming units (CFUs/mL) and positive/negative cultures. No significant differences were observed in the pairwise comparisons between 1%, 4% NaOCl and 4% NaOCl+KB for the outcome CFUs/mL. Only 4% NaOCl presented with negative cultures in all samples, whereas 1% NaOCl and 4% NaOCl+KB had similar results (54% vs. 40%). The addition of KB has a limited effect on the antimicrobial efficacy of 4% NaOCl in this laboratory model.

The supplementary use of XP-endo Finisher R after Reciproc enhances the removal of a bioceramic sealer in oval root canals.

This study compared the performance of Reciproc and Reciproc Blue endodontic files in retreatment time and re-establishment of apical patency, plus removal of a bioceramic sealer from the canal surface with the supplementary use of the XP-endo Finisher R. Following preparation, slightly curved oval root canals in mandibular incisors were filled using a corresponding gutta-percha point and a bioceramic sealer. Apical patency achievement was assessed and the time required to reach the original working length was recorded. The samples were split longitudinally and were photographed to assess the material remaining on the canal walls. No significant differences were observed regarding patency achievement or retreatment times when comparing Reciproc and Reciproc Blue. Significant less material remained on the canal walls when Reciproc was followed by XP-endo compared with Reciproc alone, and when the data for Reciproc and Reciproc Blue were pooled.

Regenerative Endodontic Procedure in an Immature Permanent Incisor with Internal Root Resorption: a Case Report.

This report describes a regenerative endodontic procedure of an immature permanent incisor with internal root resorption (IRR) and 4-years follow-up. A healthy 8-year-old man was referred for treatment of tooth #9 after a traumatic intrusion. The periapical radiograph showed an IRR and an open apex with periradicular lesion. A diagnosis of pulp necrosis and chronic apical abscess was achieved. In the first appointment, under local anesthesia and rubber dam isolation, an access cavity was designed and the root canal was chemically cleaned under irrigation with 10 mL 1.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The root canal was then dried and calcium hydroxide paste was placed. During the second appointment, the root canal was irrigated with 5 mL of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 5 minutes and dried. The blood clot was established in a time of 3 minutes after the bleeding from the periapical tissue was trigged. White mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was placed up to the amelocemental junction and the final restoration of the access cavity was carried out. During periodic clinical and radiographic follow-up, the patient remained symptom free, the periapical region was completely healed, inhibition of the root resorption process achieved, and formation of the new periodontal ligament as well as tooth widening development observed, meeting functional expectations after 48 months. The regenerative endodontic procedures are an available option to treat IRR in severely immature teeth. The available literature on the regenerative endodontic procedures applied to IRR treatment is limited, and more research is needed in this field.

The effect of a preparation containing glycocholic acid and/or agitation on the tissue dissolution ability of sodium hypochlorite.

This study assessed the porcine palatal mucosa dissolution, from artificial grooves, by a final rinse of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solely or mixed with Keratobacter ((KB); or agitation) passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) or sonic activation (SA). Soft-tissue samples (n = 123) were weighed and placed inside root canal grooves in central maxillary incisors. The specimens were randomly divided into six test groups (n = 20): NaOCl 3% with or without KB and the irrigation dynamics: positive pressure (PP), SA or PUI. An EDTA intermediate rinse was included. Soft-tissue weights were measured subsequently. The NaOCl + KB_PUI group showed the highest mean weight reduction, whilst the NaOCl_PP group recorded the lowest. NaOCl + KB subgroups were associated with hastened reduction compared with NaOCl subgroups. NaOCl_PP presented with significantly lower weight reduction when compared with the remaining experimental groups. The addition of KB to NaOCl or its agitation enhances tissue dissolution ex vivo. The agitation of KB-containing mixtures offers no further benefits.

Immune mechanisms mediating abscopal effects in radioimmunotherapy.

Radiotherapy of cancer has been traditionally considered as a local therapy without noticeable effects outside the irradiated fields. However, ionizing radiation exerts multiple biological effects on both malignant and stromal cells that account for a complex spectrum of mechanisms beyond simple termination of cancer cells. In the era of immunotherapy, interest in radiation-induced inflammation and cell death has considerably risen, since these mechanisms lead to profound changes in the systemic immune response against cancer antigens. Immunotherapies such as immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies (anti-PD-1, anti-CTLA-4, anti-CD137, anti-OX40, anti-CD40, anti-TGFß), TLR-agonists, and adoptive T-cell therapy have been synergistically combined with radiotherapy in mouse models. Importantly, radiation and immunotherapy combinations do not only act against the irradiated tumor but also against distant non-irradiated metastases (abscopal effects). A series of clinical trials are exploring the beneficial effects of radioimmunotherapy combinations. The concepts of crosspriming of tumor neoantigens and immunogenic cell death are key elements underlying this combination efficacy. Proinflamatory changes in the vasculature of the irradiated lesions and in the cellular composition of the leukocyte infiltrates in the tumor microenvironment contribute to raise or dampen cancer immunogenicity. It should be stressed that not all effects of radiotherapy favor antitumor immunity as there are counterbalancing mechanisms such as TGFß, and VEGFs that inhibit the efficacy of the antitumor immune response, hence offering additional therapeutic targets to suppress. All in all, radiotherapy and immunotherapy are compatible and often synergistic approaches against cancer that jointly target irradiated and non-irradiated malignant lesions in the same patient.

Successful Second-Line Metronomic Temozolomide in Metastatic Paraganglioma: Case Reports and Review of the Literature.

Metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (mPHEO/PGL) are frequently associated with succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB) mutations. Cyclophosphamide-dacarbazine-vincristine (CVD) regimen is recommended as standard chemotherapy for advanced mPHEO/PGL. There is limited evidence to support the role of metronomic schemes (MS) of chemotherapy in mPHEO/PGL treatment. We report 2 patients with SDHB-related mPGL who received a regimen consisting of MS temozolomide (TMZ) and high-dose lanreotide after progression on both CVD chemotherapy and high-dose lanreotide. Molecular profiling of the tumor tissue from both patients revealed hypermethylation of the O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter. In one patient, progression-free survival was 13 months and the second patient remained under treatment after 27 months of stabilization of metabolic response of his disease. Treatment was well tolerated, and adverse effects were virtually absent. A modification in the scheme of TMZ from standard schemes to MS is safe and feasible and can be considered in patients with progressive mPHEO/PGL refractory to dacarbazine in standard doses.

Sodium Hypochlorite and a Preparation Containing Glycocholic Acid and Surfactants Have a Synergistic Action on Organic Tissue Dissolution In Vitro.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate porcine palatal mucosa dissolution by sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with or without an auxiliary dissolving agent containing glycocholic acid and a mixture of surfactants (Keratobacter [KB]; Saint Joseph DID, Valencia, Spain). METHODS: One hundred forty samples were obtained from porcine palatal mucosa and weighed using a high-precision balance. The samples were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups (n = 35) based on the test solution used: distilled water (the negative control), CanalPro NaOCl 6% (Coltene Whaledent, Altstätten, Switzerland), KB, and a 9:1 vol/vol mixture of NaOCl with KB (NaOCl + KB). After 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes of immersion in the solutions at 27°C ± 1°C, the samples were weighted by a blinded assessor. The intergroup weight at the different time points was statistically analyzed using the analysis of variance test with the Bonferroni posttest. RESULTS: All test groups presented with tissue dissolution although complete dissolution did not occur in any sample. The largest percent in weight reduction occurred between time points (t) = 0 minutes and t = 5 minutes for the NaOCl + KB group (22.5%) followed by KB (18.5%) for the same time period. NaOCl presented with similar tissue dissolution activity during the different time points, ranging from 7.8% (t = 10 minutes-t = 15 minutes) to 6.8% (t = 15 minutes-t = 20 minutes). Significant weight differences were found among the different experimental groups after 5, 10, and 15 minutes of incubation, with the only exception being KB versus NaOCl + KB. No significant differences were found when comparing the test groups at t = 20 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of KB to NaOCl increased porcine palatal mucosa dissolution in vitro.

Comparison of the Volume of Root Canal Irrigant Collected by 2 Negative Pressure Needles at Different Flow Rates of Delivery.

INTRODUCTION: A greater irrigant volume improves the effectiveness of root canal irrigation. The purpose of this study was to compare 2 negative pressure systems regarding the volume of irrigant collected from the apical area in moderately curved canals at 3 different flow rates of delivery in vitro. METHODS: The mesiobuccal canals of 30 molars with a curvature between 20° and 40° were prepared to size #40.04 taper. A closed system was created. The canals were irrigated at 3, 6, and 12 mL/min for 30 seconds using EndoVac (SybronEndo, Orange, CA) and the INP needle (Mixnus Fine Engineering Co Ltd, Nagano, Japan) (both independent variables). A recovery trap was used to collect the irrigant aspirated by the negative pressure needles. Irrigant volume (dependent variable) was measured in milliliters. Data were analyzed using mixed analysis of variance. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant interaction between the negative pressure system and the irrigant volume collected (P < .0005). The mean irrigant volume collected by the different negative pressure systems was greater for INP at 3 (P < .001), 6 (P < .001), and 12 mL/min (P < .001) flow rate. Both negative pressure needles showed statistically significant differences (P < .001) between mean irrigant volume collected at different flow rates. CONCLUSIONS: A greater volume was collected by increasing the flow rate of irrigant delivery for both EndoVac and INP. The INP needle could collect a greater volume of irrigant from the apical third compared with EndoVac at all 3 different flow rates.

Effect of Passive Ultrasonic Activation on Organic Tissue Dissolution from Simulated Grooves in Root Canals Using Sodium Hypochlorite with or without Surfactants and EDTA.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the porcine palatal mucosa dissolution from artificial grooves using a final rinse with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with or without a surfactant or ultrasonic activation (PUI). METHODS: The root canals of 130 human maxillary central incisors were chemomechanically prepared and the teeth split. A standardized longitudinal intracanal groove was created in 1 of the root halves. One hundred thirty porcine palatal mucosa samples were collected, adapted in order to fit into the grooves, and weighed. The reassembled specimens were randomly divided in 3 experimental groups (n = 40) based on their irrigation protocol (ie, positive pressure [PP] and PUI during 15 [PUI-15] or 30 seconds [PUI-30]) and divided in subgroups according to the NaOCl preparation used: Vista 6% plain (Vista Dental Products, Racine, WI) or Chlor-XTRA (Vista Dental Products) (containing surfactant). An EDTA intermediate rinse was included. Palatal mucosa weights were measured after the assays. The intergroup weight changes were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Complete dissolution did not occur in any sample. Chlor-XTRA subgroups were associated with increased weight reduction compared with Vista 6% plain subgroups; however, the differences were significant (P < .05) only for PP and PUI-15. PUI-30 increased weight reduction compared with PP for both hypochlorites and PUI-15 using Vista 6% plain (P < .05). PUI-30 with Vista 6% plain performed significantly better than PP with Chlor-XTRA (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of a surfactant to NaOCl and/or PUI activation increased palatal mucosa dissolution within artificial grooves in the root canal of incisor teeth. PUI agitation was often able to compensate for the absence of surfactants.

A new instrument for estimation of survival in elderly patients irradiated for metastatic spinal cord compression from breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Elderly patients become more important in oncology. In this group, personalized treatment approaches taking into account survival prognoses and comorbidities play a major role. Predictive instruments are necessary to estimate the survival of elderly cancer patients. The importance of separate instruments for different tumor entities has been recognized. In this study, an instrument was generated to estimate the survival of elderly patients developing metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) from breast cancer. METHODS: In 218 elderly patients (age ≥65 years) irradiated for MSCC from breast cancer, nine factors were evaluated for survival: fractionation regimen, age, time from breast cancer diagnosis to RT of MSCC, visceral metastases, other bone metastases, time developing motor deficits, pre-radiotherapy ambulatory status, number of involved vertebrae, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance score. Factors significantly associated with survival in the Cox regression analysis were included in the prognostic instrument. Scores for each factor were calculated by dividing the 6-months survival rates by 10. The sums of these scores represented the patients' scores. RESULTS: On multivariate analyses, visceral metastases (p < 0.001), time developing motor deficits (p < 0.001), ambulatory status (p < 0.001), number of involved vertebrae (p = 0.032), and ECOG performance score (p < 0.001) were significant and included in the prognostic instrument. Based on the patients' scores, three groups were designed: 18-27 points, 28-39 points and 40-42 points. Six-months survival rates were 4, 62 and 100%, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This new instrument contributes to personalized treatment in elderly patients with MSCC from breast cancer by predicting an individual patient's survival prognosis.

Single-Fraction Versus 5-Fraction Radiation Therapy for Metastatic Epidural Spinal Cord Compression in Patients With Limited Survival Prognoses: Results of a Matched-Pair Analysis.

PURPOSE: This study compared single-fraction to multi-fraction short-course radiation therapy (RT) for symptomatic metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC) in patients with limited survival prognosis. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 121 patients who received 8 Gy × 1 fraction were matched (1:1) to 121 patients treated with 4 Gy × 5 fractions for 10 factors including age, sex, performance status, primary tumor type, number of involved vertebrae, other bone metastases, visceral metastases, interval between tumor diagnosis and MESCC, pre-RT ambulatory status, and time developing motor deficits prior to RT. Endpoints included in-field repeated RT (reRT) for MESCC, overall survival (OS), and impact of RT on motor function. Univariate analyses were performed with the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test for in-field reRT for MESCC and OS and with the ordered-logit model for effect of RT on motor function. RESULTS: Doses of 8 Gy × 1 fraction and 4 Gy × 5 fractions were not significantly different with respect to the need for in-field reRT for MESCC (P=.11) at 6 months (18% vs 9%, respectively) and 12 months (30% vs 22%, respectively). The RT regimen also had no significant impact on OS (P=.65) and post-RT motor function (P=.21). OS rates at 6 and 12 months were 24% and 9%, respectively, after 8 Gy × 1 fraction versus 25% and 13%, respectively, after 4 Gy × 5 fractions. Improvement of motor function was observed in 17% of patients after 8 Gy × 1 fraction and 23% after 4 Gy × 5 fractions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant differences with respect to need for in-field reRT for MESCC, OS, and motor function by dose fractionation regimen. Thus, 8 Gy × 1 fraction may be a reasonable option for patients with survival prognosis of a few months.

Influencia pronóstica de la edad y el tiempo de evolución de los síntomas en la mielopatía cervical espondilótica / Influência prognóstica da idade e do tempo de evolução dos sintomas na mielopatia cervical espondilótica / Prognostic influence of age and evolution time of symptoms in spondylotic cervical myelopathy

OBJETIVO: Presentamos un estudio, que trata de dilucidar la influencia de la edad y el tiempo de evolución de los síntomas, en el pronóstico tras la cirugía. MÉTODO: Estudio prospectivo de 66 pacientes, intervenidos debido a MCE, valorados (escala mJOA) pre y postoperatoriamente. Seguimiento de tres años. Se analizan las variables edad y tiempo de evolución clínica (TE), esta última se subdivide en dos grupos: larga evolución (>1 año), con 35 casos y corta evolución (≤ 1 año), con 31 casos, así como la variable de reciente agravación (RA). Esta última, si la enfermedad ha ido progresando de forma paulatina, sin grandes altibajos, se valora como NO (15 casos); si hubiese una aceleración en la progresión de la enfermedad antes de la intervención, se valora como SI (20 casos). RESULTADOS: La edad tuvo una correlación (r=-0,38) con significación P<0,01 con la situación clínica preoperatoria (r=-0,38) y posoperatoria (r=-0,30) p<0,05. No se encontró correlación entre la edad y la tasa de recuperación. El TE no presentó correlación con el estado clínico preoperatorio. Se encontró una correlación negativa entre el tiempo de evolución, estado clínico postoperatorio (r=-0,46) y el TR (r=-0,42) con una significación p<0,001. TR fue un 20% mayor en los pacientes con corta evolución clínica. Cuanto a la variable RA, se apreció una mayor afectación clínica preoperatoria, 1,45 puntos de media (mJOA) con significación p<0,05, así como peores tasas de recuperación (10%) que aquellos pacientes. En RA, aunque esta última sin significación estadística. CONCLUSIONES: La edad influye negativamente en la situación clínica preoperatoria y postoperatoria, no siendo predictiva cuanto a la capacidad de mejorar. El tiempo de evolución es un valor de pronóstico para la capacidad de mejorar, siendo su influencia negativa.

OBJETIVO: Apresentamos um estudo que visa esclarecer a influência da idade e do tempo de evolução dos sintomas no prognóstico depois da cirurgia. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo de 66 pacientes que sofreram intervenção devido a MCE, avaliados (escore mJOA) no pré e pós-operatório. Acompanhamento de três anos. Foram analisadas as variáveis idade e tempo de evolução clínica (TE). Esta última é subdividida em dois grupos: evolução longa (> 1 ano), com 35 casos e evolução curta (≤ 1 ano), com 31 casos, assim como a variável de agravamento recente (AR). O agravamento recente, quando a doença vem progredindo de forma paulatina, sem intercorrências importantes, é avaliado como NÃO (15 casos); nos casos de progressão da doença antes da intervenção, é avaliado como SIM (20 casos). RESULTADOS: A idade teve correlação significante com P < 0,01 no quadro clínico pré-operatório (r = -0,38) e pós-operatório, com P < 0,05 (r = -0,30). Não se encontrou correlação entre a idade e a taxa de recuperação. O TE não apresentou correlação com o estado clínico pré-operatório. Verificou-se correlação negativa entre tempo de evolução, estado clínico pós-operatório (r = -0,46) e o TR significante com P < 0,001 (r = -0,42). O TR foi 20% maior nos pacientes com evolução clínica curta. A variável AR foi maior no pré-operatório, 1,45 pontos de média (mJOA) com significância estatística de p < 0,05, além de taxas de recuperação piores (10%) do que os outros pacientes. No AR, embora sem significância estatística. CONCLUSÕES: A idade influi negativamente no quadro clínico pré e pós-operatório, não sendo preditiva da capacidade de melhora. O tempo de evolução é um valor prognóstico da capacidade de melhora, sendo que sua influência é negativa.

OBJECTIVE: We present a study that aims to clarify the influence of age and time of clinical evolution of symptoms on prognosis after surgery. METHOD: Prospective study of 66 patients who underwent intervention due to SCM, evaluated (mJOA score) before and after surgery. Three-year follow-up. The variables of age and time of clinical evolution (TE) were analyzed. The latter was subdivided into two groups: long-term evolution (> 1 year), with 35 cases and short-term evolution (≤ 1 year), with 31 cases, as well as the variable of recent worsening (RW). Recent worsening, when the disease has progressed gradually, without significant complications, is evaluated as NO (15 cases); in cases of disease progression before the intervention, it is evaluated as YES (20 cases). RESULTS: Age showed a significant correlation with P < 0.01 in preoperative clinical symptoms (r = -0.38) and postoperative symptoms, with P < 0.05 (r = -0.30). No correlation was found between age and recovery rate. TE did not show any correlation with preoperative state. A significant negative correlation was found between time of evolution, postoperative clinical state (r = -0.46) and TR , with P < 0.001 (r = -0.42). TR was 20% longer in patients with short clinical evolution. The variable RW was greater in the preoperative period, 1.45 points on average (mJOA), with statistical significance of p<0.05, and worse recovery rates (10%) than those of the other patients. In RW, though without statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Age has a negative influence on pre- and postoperative clinical symptoms, and is not predictive of improvement capacity. Time of evolution is a prognostic value of improvement capacity, and its influence is negative.

Inside-out medial meniscus suture: an analysis of the risk of injury to the popliteal neurovascular bundle.

PURPOSE: To assess the risk of damage to the popliteal neurovascular structures when inserting the needle through the posterior aspect of the knee during inside-out suture of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus. METHODS: The first stage of our study consisted of simulating a virtual meniscal suture during magnetic resonance imaging by tracing a line from 3 different points (located medially [MP], centrally [CP], and laterally [LP] to the patellar tendon) to the posterior horn of the medial meniscus. This procedure was undertaken both at rest and with valgus stress. The next phase involved the suture of the posterior horns of medial menisci taken from cadaveric specimens, the needle being inserted through 3 separate locations (again located medially [MP], centrally [CP], and laterally [LP] to the patellar tendon). Finally, the distance from each suture thread to the aforementioned neurovascular bundle was measured. RESULTS: During the magnetic resonance imaging study, the measured distances at rest were 26.4 mm for MP, 28.8 mm for CP, and 31 mm for LP, whereas those recorded with valgus stress were 21.7 mm for MP, 23.6 mm for CP, and 26 mm for LP. In the second phase of the study (cadaveric specimen suture), the distances obtained were 22.6 mm for MP, 27.6 mm for CP, and 33 mm for LP. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that when the needle is inserted through the 3 points investigated into the posteromedial region of the knee (10 mm from the posterior horn of the internal meniscus) during inside-out suture, it is far enough from the popliteal neurovascular bundle for the maneuver to be performed with a reasonable safety margin. However, this margin can be increased further still if the needle is inserted into the joint through a point located laterally to the patellar tendon. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Inside-out suture performed 10 mm from the posterior horn of the internal meniscus through the portals studied offers a sufficient margin of safety to avoid damage to the popliteal neurovascular bundle.

Reproducibility in the diagnosis of needle core biopsies of non-palpable breast lesions: an international study using virtual slides published on the world-wide web.

AIMS: To conduct an internet-based study using virtual slides (VS) of sterotactic core biopsy specimens of non-palpable breast lesions in order to evaluate interobserver reproducibility between pathologists. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 18 breast lesions, determined to be histologically complex by two pathologists, were selected. Digitized VSs were then created using QuickTime Virtual Reality technology (Apple, Cupertino, CA, USA) and posted on the world-wide web. In all, 10 pathologists completed the evaluations of 18 VSs using the five diagnostic categories (B1-B5) from the European guidelines for quality assurance in breast cancer screening and diagnosis. Their results were compared with those of every other participating pathologist, and were then individually compared with the results of a highly experienced breast pathologist (referee). Of the 18 cases, 10 (56%) were classified by the referee as borderline (B3 and B4). Comparisons with reference values showed a less than satisfactory level of reproducibility (median kappa(w) = 0.60). As regards interobserver reproducibility, results showed that, in general, the level of agreement was not satisfactory (median kappa(w) = 0.53). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the findings are comparable to those quality control studies using circulating slides when analysis is done on borderline cases.

Manejo clínico de los sarcomas mamarios / Clinical management of breast sarcomas

Los sarcomas representan el 1% de las neoplasias mamarias. Aunque poco frecuentes, presentamos un caso recientemente diagnosticado y tratado en nuestro centro. Nuestro objetivo es insistir en la aparente benignidad de estos tumores tanto en la exploración clínica como en los estudios por la imagen para que el clínico los tenga presentes en su proceso de diagnóstico diferencial. Actualizamos la información disponible en lo que respecta a la presentación de los sarcomas mamarios, así como a su clínica, diagnóstico y tratamiento

Breast sarcomas represent 1% of breast malignancies. Although these tumors are uncommon, we present a case of breast sarcoma that was recently diagnosed and treated in our institution. The aim is to emphasize the apparently benign appearance of these tumors on physical examination and imaging workup so that clinicians will bear them in mind when making a differential diagnosis. Updated information is provided on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of breast sarcomas