Creating and validating a warfarin pharmacogenetic dosing algorithm for Colombian patients.

PURPOSE: Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant associated with adverse reaction to drugs due to wide inter- and intra-individual dosage variability. Warfarin dosage has been related to non-genetic and genetic factors. CYP2C9 and VKORC1 gene polymorphisms affect warfarin metabolism and dosage. Due to the central role of populations' ethnical and genetic origin on warfarin dosage variability, novel algorithms for Latin American subgroups are necessary to establish safe anticoagulation therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We genotyped CYP2C9*2 (c.430C > T), CYP2C9*3 (c.1075A > C), CYP4F2 (c.1297G > A), and VKORC1 (-1639 G > A) polymorphisms in 152 Colombian patients who received warfarin. We evaluated the impact on the variability of patients' warfarin dose requirements. Multiple linear regression analysis, using genetic and non-genetic variables, was used for creating an algorithm for optimal warfarin maintenance dose. RESULTS: Median weekly prescribed warfarin dosage was significantly lower in patients having the VKORC1-1639 AA genotype and poor CYP2C9*2/*2,*2/*3 metabolizers than their wild-type counterparts. We found a 2.3-fold increase in mean dose for normal sensitivity patients (wild-type VKORC1/CYP2C9 genotypes) compared to the other groups (moderate and high sensitivity); 31.5% of the patients in our study group had warfarin sensitivity-related genotypes. The estimated regression equation accounted for 44.4% of overall variability in regard to warfarin maintenance dose. The algorithm was validated, giving 45.9% correlation (R 2=0.459). CONCLUSION: Our results describe and validate the first algorithm for predicting warfarin maintenance in a Colombian mestizo population and have contributed toward the understanding of pharmacogenetics in a Latin American population subgroup.

Análisis de deleciones en 15 exones situados dentro y fuera del hot spot mutacional del gen de la distrofina en pacientes con distrofia muscular de Duchenne / Deletion Analysis of 15 exons located outside and inside a “Hot Spot” in the Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy gene in Duchenne’s Muscular dystrophy patients

Introducción. La distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD), y su forma alélica más leve, la distrofia muscular de Becker (DMB), es una entidad de herencia recesiva ligada al X, que se presenta con debilidad muscular, pérdida progresiva de las habilidades motoras y muerte precoz. Es causada principalmente por deleciones en el gen de la distrofina, el cual contiene 79 exones. Objetivo. Realizar un análisis ampliado para evaluar la presencia de deleciones en 15 exones del gen de la distrofina situados dentro y fuera del hot spot mutacional en 58 pacientes afectados con DMD/DMB sin mutación previamente identificada. Metodología. Amplificación, mediante PCR múltiplex, de 4 exones situados dentro y 11 fuera del hot spot mutacional descrito para el gen de la distrofina en 58 pacientes afectados con DMD y determinar la frecuencia de deleciones en la población analizada. Resultados. Se encontró deleción del exón 16 en uno de los pacientes estudiados, hecho que indica una frecuencia de 1,7%. No se observó ninguna deleción de los exones situados fuera del hot spot mutacional. Conclusiones. La frecuencia de deleciones en los 15 exones del gen de la distrofina analizados es baja; sólo se presentó en el exón 16, el cual se encuentra localizado en el hot spot mutacional proximal del gen. Es importante analizar este exón en los afectados, en la medida en que aumenta la tasa de detección de deleciones en un 1,7%. Se debe analizar otro tipo de mutaciones como puntuales y duplicaciones en los afectados.

Introduction. Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophies (DMD/DMB) are X-linked recessive diseases characterized by progressive muscle weakness and wasting, loss of motor skills and death after the second decade of life. Deletions are the most prevalent mutations that affect the dystrophin gene, which spans 79 exons. Objective: Identify deletions on the dystrophin gene in 58 patients affected with DMD. Methods: Through multiplex PCR identify deletions on the dystrophin gene in 58 patients with DMD and observe the frequency of this mutation in our population. Results: We found deletions in 1.72% of patients (1 of 58 persons). Deletions were not the principal cause of disease in our population. It is possible that duplications and point mutations caused this illness in our patients. Conclusions: The frequency of deletions in the 15 exons analyzed from the dystrophin gene was low. The predominant types of mutation in our patients` samples were not deletions as has been observed in the literature worldwide, therefore, it is important to determine other types of mutations as are duplications and point mutations.

Utilidad de la citogenética en la medicina actual Visión histórica y aplicación / The utility of cytogenetics in modern medicine Historical view and application

La citogenética es el estudio de los cromosomas tanto en número como en estructura, los primeros pasos en la citogenética humana se dieron a finales del siglo XIX con la publicación de Flemming en 1882 de las primeras ilustraciones del cromosoma humano a partir de observaciones al microscopio, y concluyó con Tjio y Levan en 1953 cuando se determina el número real de cromosomas humanos por célula diploide. La citogenética convencional es una herramienta de gran importancia que permite realizar el diagnóstico cromosómico de pacientes con indicación clínica de cromosomopatía, lo cual les va a permitir asesorar a las familias respecto de dicha enfermedad, su pronóstico y riesgo de recurrencia. El propósito de esta revisión es documentar a los médicos, pediatras, ginecólogos y en general al personal de la salud, de la importancia de los estudios citogenéticos en aquellos casos en que se enfrenten a un paciente con una cromosomopatía o síndrome dismórfico.

Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes and their numerical and structural abnormalities. In the late 1800´s Flemming published his first illustrations of human chromosomes based on his observations on a microscope. In 1953 Tijo and Levan determined the number of chromosomes in a human somatic cell. From then on, conventional cytogenetics became an important tool for physicians in the diagnosis of patients with chromosomal anomalies through the use of the karyotype. The karyotype thus becomes a means to diagnose patients and provide them genetic counseling. The purpose of this review is to enlighten family doctors, pediatricians and gynecologists and other health practitioners of the importance of cytogenetics when challenged with patients with an abnormal karyotype or dysmorphic syndrome.