What Do Children Think of Their Perceived and Ideal Bodies? Understandings of Body Image at Early Ages: A Mixed Study.

Research into children's body perceptions and ideals is scarce despite evidence of body dissatisfaction in childhood. This study aimed to understand preschoolers' body image by employing a mixed design. Using a novel figural scale (Preschoolers' Body Scale) that comprises four child figures ranging in BMI, 395 children ages 4-6 (54% boys) selected their perceived and ideal body and explained why they picked these bodies. Children tended to underestimate their body size and many of them desired slimmer bodies, especially girls and older participants, although body-size perception improved with age. Most children showed body satisfaction, especially boys and younger children. Ideal body choices were not always explained by beauty ideals but by physical abilities, desire to grow up, mothers' comments, and nutrition. Many responses reflected limited body awareness, suggesting body image may not yet be fully formed in preschoolers due to their incipient cognitive development.

Teaching and Learning Process of Decision-Making Units in Talented Young Players From U-10 to U-14.

There are multiple factors that have been studied for talent identification (TI) with regard to sport performance, such as physical and physiological parameters; psychological, social, and contextual parameters; and technical-tactical parameters. However, despite the importance of these indicators for reaching the elite, new trends seem to assure that one of the key elements in a young player is decision making (DM). Thus, in the last decades, research DM in young players has increased. Nevertheless, very little has been done in relation with DM and talented players. The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the effectiveness, number, and duration of DM units (DMUs) of three groups of talented young players in U-10, U-12, and U-14 levels. Ninety-seven youth players participated in the study. A total of 1,087 actions were analyzed. The Nomination Scale for Identifying Football Talent was utilized to screen the talent pool (N = 18), and the Game Performance Evaluation Tool was used for analyzing the 1,087 actions completed. The results showed that the effectiveness has to be more than 80% for children to be considered talented. Moreover, a greater effectiveness of DMUs was shown in older age groups. The game speed also increased with age. It was revealed that U-12 did not follow the progression in the decisional demands in the formative stages. It is highlighted, therefore, the necessity of reviewing the organizational aspects in the U-12 age group, related mainly to the size of the pitch and the number of players, because it does not follow the same progression in regard to decisional demands. Future studies should follow this study with the U-16, U-18, and U-23 age groups, with the purpose of knowing the effectiveness, duration, and number of DMUs in older age groups. Furthermore, policy makers and teachers/coaches from both educational and soccer context must take these results into account, with the purpose of adjusting the teaching and learning process of talented children in sport.

Body Dissatisfaction in Adolescents: Differences by Sex, BMI and Type and Organisation of Physical Activity.

The aim of this study was to assess the differences in body dissatisfaction (BD) of male and female adolescents by body max index (BMI) and the quantity, type and organisation of physical activity (PA). To do so, 652 adolescents aged 12-17 years participated in a cross-sectional study. The cognitive-affective component of BD was assessed with the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) and the perceptual component with Gardner's scale for the assessment of, body image (BI). PA was measured with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF) and the item 1 from the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A). The results show that sex and BMI are key variables when determining BD. Moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was moderately associated with a greater body satisfaction in males but no association was found between BD and the participation and organisation of PA. Moreover, the results suggest that participants in aesthetic/lean PA are at a higher risk of suffering from BD than participants in other PA types. These findings provide useful information for the design of programmes promoting healthy lifestyles, weight control and BI concern during the school period.

The Way to Increase the Motor and Sport Competence Among Children: The Contextualized Sport Alphabetization Model.

There is a concern to implement games that will be able to increase the students' motor and sport competence during the sport contents in Physical Education. Some games encompassed in Models-Based Practice (MsBP) are more beneficial for physical and physiological development than others. The main purpose of this study is to compare the degree of physical and physiological performance in several futsal games that have been implemented through two MsBP: the Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) and the Contextualized Sport Alphabetization Model (CSAM). The second objective is to analyze the relationship between physical and physiological variables. A quasi-experimental and cross-sectional study with pre- and post-test evaluations had been carried out. The sample was composed of 112 Primary Education students from First to Sixth grade (9.35 ± 1.76 years). Polar Team Pro® technology was implemented to compare and analyze the physical and physiological variables. Data was analyze comparing both models with a two-step cluster model. Afterward, Student's t-test was executed to compare the progression of both models. Besides, two-level multilevel model (MANOVA-ANOVA, followed by MANCOVA- ANCOVA) were also executed by means of applying a 4 versus 4 Small-Sided and Conditioned Game (SSCG). Finally, Pearson correlation between physical and physiological variables was calculated. Results showed that physical and physiological performance was higher in CSAM groups. In this regard, throughout the intervention of both models, results showed significant differences in physical and physiological variables at SSCGs implemented in the CSAM over the games implemented during the TGfU. Additionally, multilevel and MANCOVA post-test analyses shows significant differences in the physical and physiological performance during the post-test 4 vs. 4 SSCG at the CSAM students, in contrast to the TGfU students (p < 0.001). These results demonstrate that both physical (e.g., distance covered) and physiological performance (e.g., Edwards' TRIMP) are significantly higher during CSAM in contrast to TGfU. Moreover, relationship between physical and physiological variables help teachers to adapt sessions to the features of the context.

Muscle dysmorphia: detection of the use-abuse of anabolic adrogenic steroids in a Spanish sample. / Dismorfia Muscular: detección del uso-abuso de esteroides anabolizantes androgénicos en una muestra española.

Due to a distortion in the body image, the people who suffer from muscle dysmorphia have the self-perception of being less muscular than they currently are. With the aim of increasing their muscular development, they resort to the use of AAS. The purpose of the present study is to know the prevalence of the use of AAS in a Spanish sample affected by muscle dysmorphia. 562 male and 172 female bodybuilders and weightlifters were provided with different questionnaires in order to know, firstly, if they suffered from this disorder and, secondly, the percentage of the participants affected who use these substances. Decision trees and regression was applied to create explanatory models for muscle dysmorphia (R = 0.78 and R2 = 0.62). The results show that almost 50% of the participants, male and female, affected by this disorder use this kind of drugs.

Las personas que padecen Dismorfia Muscular (DM) debido a una distorsión en la imagen corporal, se perciben menos musculosas de lo que son en realidad. Para paliar este problema y con el fin de aumentar su musculatura, algunas de estas personas hacen uso de hormonas ilegales, como son los esteroides anabolizantes androgénicos (EAA), cuya función principal es aumentar la musculatura. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la prevalencia del uso de EAA en personas afectadas por Dismorfia Muscular. La muestra de este estudio estaba compuesta de 562 hombres y 172 mujeres fisicoculturistas y levantadores de pesas, a los que se le administraron medidas antropométricas, la ecuación Fat-Free Mass Index, el cuestionario Escala de Satisfacción Muscular y el test informatizado Somatomorphic Matrix. Como resultado se crearon diferentes modelos de regresión de la DM, empleando las técnicas estadísticas de árboles de decisión (R = .78 y R2 = .62) de minería de datos. La principal conclusión es que el 50% de participantes afectados por este trastorno usa EAA.

Dismorfia Muscular: detección del uso-abuso de esteroides anabolizantes androgénicos en una muestra española / Muscle dysmorphia: detection of the use-abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids in a Spanish sample

Las personas que padecen Dismorfia Muscular (DM) debido a una distorsión en la imagen corporal, se perciben menos musculosas de lo que son en realidad. Para paliar este problema y con el fin de aumentar su musculatura, algunas de estas personas hacen uso de hormonas ilegales, como son los esteroides anabolizantes androgénicos (EAA), cuya función principal es aumentar la musculatura. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la prevalencia del uso de EAA en personas afectadas por Dismorfia Muscular. La muestra de este estudio estaba compuesta de 562 hombres y 172 mujeres fisicoculturistas y levantadores de pesas, a los que se le administraron medidas antropométricas, la ecuación Fat-Free Mass Index, el cuestionario Escala de Satisfacción Muscular y el test informatizado Somatomorphic Matrix. Como resultado se crearon diferentes modelos de regresión de la DM, empleando las técnicas estadísticas de árboles de decisión (R = .78 y R2 = .62) de minería de datos. La principal conclusión es que el 50% de participantes afectados por este trastorno usa EAA

People who suffer from muscle dysmorphia due to a distorted body image perceive themselves as less muscular than they actually are. With the aim of increasing their muscular development, they resort to the use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). The purpose of this study is to know the prevalence of the use of AAS in a Spanish sample affected by muscle dysmorphia. The study sample was comprised of 562 male and 172 female bodybuilders and weightlifters who were applied anthropometric measurements, Fat-Free Mass Index equation, Escala de Satisfacción Muscular, and Somatomorphic Matrix software. The results show the creation of decision trees and a regression model was used to create explanatory models for muscle dysmorphia (R = .78 and R2 = .62). The main conclusion is that almost 50% of both male and female participants affected by this disorder use this kind of AAS

Detection of Muscle Dysmorphia symptoms in male weightlifters / Detección de síntomas de dismorfia muscular en halterófilos masculinos

Muscle dysmorphia (MD) is a body dismorphic disorder in which the sufferer is dissatisfied with their body size and shape. MD has yet to be studied in weightlifters, and the objective of this research study is to detect its symptoms in 32 male weightlifters as well as any related characteristics and behaviours. This study involved the distribution of a sociodemographic questionnaire in addition to the Escala de Satisfacción Muscular, the Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire, and the Somatomorphic Matrix, with the anthropometric measurements of the participants also being recorded. The results revealed the existence of body dissatisfaction among athletes and, in some cases, muscle perception that does not equate to reality. The athletes also use substances to build their muscles and enhance their performance, display obsessive muscle checking behaviours, and have low general physical self-concept that stems from their muscle (dis)satisfaction. To conclude, this study confirms the existence of MD in this sport

La Dismorfia Muscular (DM) es un desorden dismórfico corporal en el que la persona que lo padece está insatisfecho con su tamaño corporal, y/o forma. La DM no ha sido estudiada en halterófilos, por lo que el objetivo de esta investigación fue detectar síntomas en 32 halterófilos varones, así como características y comportamientos asociados. Este estudio requirió la cumplimentación de un cuestionario sociodemográfico además de una Escala de Satisfacción Muscular, un Cuestionario de Autoconcepto Físico y el Somatomorpic Matrix, así como el registro de las medidas antropométricas de los participantes. Los resultados revelaron la existencia de insatisfacción muscular entre los deportistas además del uso de sustancias con el objetivo de hacer crecer su musculatura y mejorar su rendimiento, comportamientos obsesivos con el fin de comprobar su musculatura, y bajas puntuaciones en autoconcepto físico como consecuencia de la insatisfacción muscular que sufrían. Se puede concluir que esta investigación confirma la existencia de DM en esta modalidad deportiva

Physical perceptions and self-concept in athletes with muscle dysmorphia symptoms

Individuals affected by Muscle Dysmorphia (MD; body image disorder based on the sub estimation of muscle size), practice weightlifting in order to alleviate their muscular dissatisfaction. Although physical activity is associated with increased physical self-perception, we assume that this was not reproduced in full in people with MD. The study sample consisted of 734 weightlifters and bodybuilders, 562 men and 172 women, who completed the Escala de Satisfacción Muscular, the Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire, and from whom measures of body fat and Fat -Free Mass Index (FFMI) were obtained. The results showed that people suffering from MD symptoms, overall, have poorer physical self-concept perceptions (F = 18.46 - 34.77, p < .01) (AU)

No disponible

Physical perceptions and self-concept in athletes with muscle dysmorphia symptoms.

Individuals affected by Muscle Dysmorphia (MD; body image disorder based on the sub estimation of muscle size), practice weightlifting in order to alleviate their muscular dissatisfaction. Although physical activity is associated with increased physical self-perception, we assume that this was not reproduced in full in people with MD. The study sample consisted of 734 weightlifters and bodybuilders, 562 men and 172 women, who completed the Escala de Satisfacción Muscular, the Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire, and from whom measures of body fat and Fat -Free Mass Index (FFMI) were obtained. The results showed that people suffering from MD symptoms, overall, have poorer physical self-concept perceptions (F = 18.46 - 34.77, p < .01).

Análisis del comportamiento visual y la toma de decisiones en el bloqueo en voleibol / Analises do comportamento visual e a toma de decisões no bloqueio em voleibol / Analises do comportamento visual e a toma de decisões no bloqueio em voleibol

El presente trabajo aborda el estudio del comportamiento visual y la toma de decisiones de jugadores de voleibol en la acción del bloqueo, ante dos situaciones diferentes de colocación: en apoyo y en salto. La muestra está compuesta por 7 jugadores (M=25,14 ± 3,98 años de edad) que competían de forma federada en categoría absoluta. Éstos se han dividido en dos grupos experimentales en función de su éxito en la toma de decisiones. Se utilizó un sistema de seguimiento de la mirada (Mobile Eye de los laboratorios ASL) para analizar el comportamiento visual. Los resultados revelan que los jugadores más exitosos presentan un mayor ratio de búsqueda de visual y que la fijación de la zona Balón-Muñeca es la más repetida para extraer información en base a la cual tomar la decisión, sobre todo cuando la colocación se realiza en salto (AU)

The present paper studies the visual behavior and decision making of volleyball players in a blocking task, across two different types of setting: in backup and in jump. 7 volleyball players (M=25,14 ± 3,98 years) who plays in absolute federate category took part in this study. They are divided into two experimental groups in base of their performance in a decision making test. An eye tracker (Mobile Eye from ASL laboratory) was used for analyzed the gaze behavior of the volleyball players. Results reveal that successful players have a more visual search rate; also the ball-wrist fixation is the most repeated fixation, used in order to extract information for make the right decision, especially in jump setting (AU)

O presente artigo refere-se ao estudo do comportamento visual e a toma de decisões de jogadores de voleibol na ação do bloqueio, diante de duas situações diferentes de colocação: em apoio no salto. A mostra esta composta por 7 jogadores (M=25,14 ± 3,98 anos de idade) que competiam de forma federada na categoria absoluta. Os grupos foram divididos em experimentais em função do êxito na toma de decisões. Foi utilizado um sistema de seguimento do olhar (Mobile Eye do laboratório ASL) para analisar o comportamento visual. Os resultados revelam que os jogadores com mais sucesso apresentam um maior ratio de campo visual e que a fixação da zona bola-munheca é a mais utilizada para extrair informação baseada na toma de decisão, principalmente quando a colocação é realizada no salto (AU)

Niveles de actividad física medido con acelerómetro en alumnos de 3º ciclo de Educació Primaria: actividad física diaria y sesiones de Educación Física / Children's physical activity levels measured by ecceletometer: all day physical activity vs physical education classes

La inactividad física durante los primeros años de vida está reconocida actualmente como un importante factor coadyuvante en el incremento de los niveles de obesidad y de otros trastornos médicos graves que se observan en niños y niñas de Europa y de otros lugares. Los niños pasan una gran parte de su tiempo en el entorno escolar y con el modelo curricular existente, podría convertirse en un entorno propicio para promocionar la actividad física. La meta de este estudio fue medir de forma objetiva la actividad física de la población infantil e identificar cuánta actividad física saludable se realizaba dentro y fuera de las clases de Educación Física escolar en el periodo de tiempo de una semana. La muestra estaba compuesta por 36 niños de 11 a 12 años de una escuela de la provincia de Toledo en España. El instrumento utilizado fue el acelerómetro. La mayoría de los niños y niñas no cumplían las recomendaciones de actividad física saludable. En relación a la cantidad de actividad física saludable realizada durante la semana las clases de Educación Física presentaron un peso importante (AU)

Physical inactivity during the early years of life is currently indicated as a major contributor to increased levels of obesity and other serious medical conditions and is being seen in children and adolescents all across europe. children spend a large part of their time at school. the new school curriculum provides good opportunities to promote physical activity. The present study aims to measure children’s all day physical activity objectively and identify the amount of physical activity that takes place during physical education classes. the study comprised a sample of 32 spanish children ages 11-12 from a school in toledo, spain. an accelerometer was used to measure physical activity. most of the children did not achieve the physical activity health guidelines (i.e., a minimum of 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (mvpa). physical education classes provided a considerable amount of mvpa and played an important role in relation to the total amount of mvpa that took place during the week (AU)

Percepción de padres y madres respecto a la promoción de actividad físicodeportiva para una Escuela Activa y Saludable / Parents´ perception of promoting sports and physical activity for an active, healthy school

El conocimiento de la percepción que padres y madres tienen sobre la actividad físico-deportiva de sus hijos y de los factores que inciden en su práctica, supone un paso importante para la adopción de futuras medidas de actuación y prevención sobre la salud y actividad física en el ámbito educativo. El Inventario para una Escuela Activa y Saludable (IEASA) aplicado a 369 padres y madres de diversos centros educativos, muestra su percepción sobre la problemática de falta de actividad físico-deportiva de sus hijos, no dándose diferencias entre la valoración de padres y madres sobre los distintos factores del IEASA, excepto cuando se considera el tipo de centro. Los factores a considerar aluden a la concienciación respecto a la falta de actividad físico-deportiva orientada a la salud en la Escuela, la necesidad de una reorientación de la Educación Física, el abandono de práctica adolescente asociado a la actitud parental y el centro como elemento de promoción (AU)

Knowledge of parents’ perceptions of their children’s sports and physical activities and the factors that affect participation are important steps for future action and preventive health and physical activity programmes in schools. The Inventory for a Healthy and Active School (IEAHS) was applied to 369 parents at several different schools and showed their perceptions of the problem of the lack of sports and physical activities for their children; no differences was seen in the parents’ evaluations of the IEAHS’ different factors, except when types of schools were considered. The factors taken into account were the awareness of the lack of health-oriented sport and physical activity in schools, the need to reorient physical education as a subject, adolescent drop-outs from participating in sport associated to parental attitude and schools as an element of encouragement (AU)

The relative age effect in youth soccer players from Spain.

The purpose of this study was to identify the existence of Relative Age Effect (RAE) at youth level in both elite and amateur Spanish soccer clubs, and also to carry out an analysis providing with information on how this effect has evolved in recent years. We have obtained information on the youth teams of the 20 clubs belonging to the Spanish Professional Football League (LFP) in two separate seasons (2005-2006 and 2008-2009) as well as data on five youth academies belonging to amateur clubs. The collected data revealed an over- representation of players born in the first months of the selection year in all groups of analysis (Elite 2005-2006, Elite 2008-2009 and Amateurs), although only the Elite groups showed significant variations in birth-date distribution in relation to the Spanish population. The results showed a reduction in RAE from the 2005-2006 season to the 2008-2009 season. The following variables - playing position, the number of years each player has spent in their specific age group and the category of the team at each club were shown not to have influence on the extent of RAE. Key pointsThere was RAE in all groups analyzed, although only the Elite groups showed significant variations in birth-date distribution in relation to the general population.RAE is more evident in the Elite groups than in the Amateur probably because of the detection process, which is more thorough in the Elite groups.Playing position, number of years in their specific age group and category of the team did not have any influence on the extent of RAE.Any attempts to prevent RAE should be based on a stable sport policy and the implication of all the stakeholders in the system. All of them should think in the development of a player as a long-term project.