Psychosocial outcomes after varying risk management strategies in women at increased familial breast cancer risk: a mixed methods study of patient and partner outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Female carriers of BRCA1/2 genes have an increased lifetime risk of breast cancer. Options for managing risk include imaging surveillance or risk-reducing surgery (RRS). This mixed methods study aimed to identify factors affecting risk-management decisions and the psychosocial outcomes of these decisions for high-risk women and their partners. METHODS: Semi-structured qualitative interviews were performed with women at high breast cancer risk who had faced these choices. Partners were also interviewed. Analysis used a framework approach. A bespoke questionnaire was developed to quantify and explore associations. RESULTS: A total of 32 women were interviewed. Of these, 27 had partners of whom 7 (26%) agreed to be interviewed. Four main themes arose: perception of risk and impact of increased risk; risk-management strategy decision-making; impact of risk-management strategy; support needs and partner relationship issues. The questionnaire response rate was 36/157 (23%). Decision satisfaction was high in both surveillance and RRS groups. Relationship changes were common but not universal. Common causes of distress following RRS included adverse body image changes. Both groups experienced generalised and cancer-specific anxiety. Drivers for surgery included having children, deaths of close family from breast cancer and higher levels of cancer anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Levels of psychosocial and decision satisfaction were high for women choosing both RRS and surveillance but, for a minority, risk-reducing measures result in long-term psychosocial morbidity. Efforts to recognise women at increased risk of psychological morbidity may allow targeted support.

Comparison of three reproductive management strategies for lactating dairy cows using combination of estrus detection or ovulation synchronization and Fixed-Timed Artificial Insemination.

The objective of this study was to compare the reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows submitted to first AI after combination of estrus detection and fixed timed AI (FTAI) and FTAI only. Cows were randomly assigned to receive AI at detected estrus between 50 and 70 d in milk (DIM), if not detected in estrus, were enrolled in either Ovsynch (ED-Ov, n = 485) or PRIDsynch (ED-PR, n = 505) protocols; or received FTAI at 80 DIM after Double-Ovsynch protocol (DO, n = 501). Cows were body condition scored (BCS) at calving and at 43 DIM; and evaluated for postpartum disorders within 7 d postpartum; clinical mastitis, lameness and bovine respiratory disease were recorded until first AI. Ovarian cyclicity was monitored at 43 and 50 DIM, and at 70 and 77 DIM. Pregnancy diagnoses (PD) were performed at 32 and 63 d after AI. Overall prevalence of postpartum anovulation was 7.8%. Pregnancy per AI (P/AI) did not differ between reproductive strategies at 32 d PD (ED-Ov = 43.2%; ED-PR = 41.7%; DO= 45.3%). Primiparous cows had greater P/AI than multiparous cows (53.7% vs 36.8%). Cows on farm 1 had lower P/AI compared with their counterparts on farm 2 (42.1% vs 45.4%). Cows with BCS > 2.5 at 43 DIM had greater P/AI compared with cows with BCS ≤ 2.5 (44.5% vs 34.7%). Similar P/AI for cow's receiving AI at detected estrus and FTAI, low prevalence of disease anovulation may have contributed to the similar performance of ED-Ov, ED-PR and DO.

Drug Permeability - Best Practices for Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS)-Based Biowaivers: A workshop Summary Report.

The workshop "Drug Permeability - Best Practices for Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Based Biowaivers" was held virtually on December 6, 2021, organized by the University of Maryland Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation (M-CERSI), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The workshop focused on the industrial, academic, and regulatory experiences in generating and evaluating permeability data, with the aim to further facilitate implementation of the BCS and efficient development of high-quality drug products globally. As the first international permeability workshop since the BCS based biowaivers was finalized as the ICH M9 guideline, the workshop included lectures, panel discussions, and breakout sessions. Lecture and panel discussion topics covered case studies at IND, NDA, and ANDA stages, typical deficiencies relating to permeability assessment supporting BCS biowaiver, types of evidence that are available to demonstrate high permeability, method suitability of a permeability assay, impact of excipients, importance of global acceptance of permeability methods, opportunities to expand the use of biowaivers (e.g. non-Caco-2 cell lines, totality-of-evidence approach to demonstrate high permeability) and future of permeability testing. Breakout sessions focused on 1) in vitro and in silico intestinal permeability methods; 2) potential excipient effects on permeability and; 3) use of label and literature data to designate permeability class.

Biomechanical comparison of nitinol compression staples versus fully threaded lag screws for talonavicular arthrodesis.

Background: Talonavicular arthrodesis (TNA) is indicated for treatment of disorders that require immobilization of the hindfoot. Lag screw fixation is considered the reference standard technique for TNA. Despite consistently favorable clinical results using lag screw fixation, it is still associated with higher than desired complication and failure rates. Nitinol compression staples have been used for TNA based on potential advantages over lag screw fixation. However, functional biomechanical data comparing lag screw and nitinol compression staples for TNA are lacking. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare nitinol compression staples to fully threaded lag screws for use in TNA with respect to their biomechanical properties during functional robotic testing. Methods: TNA was performed on cadaveric feet (n = 12; 6 matched pairs) using either two nitinol compression staples (Arthrex, Naples, FL) or two fully threaded lag screws (Arthrex, Naples, FL) in random order, alternating between paired left and right feet. After instrumentation, specimens were mounting in a robotic testing system and loaded at 89 N/sec from 30 N to 445 N for 1 min. Then, continuous compressive load of 445 N was applied while cycling from 30° plantarflexion to 15° dorsiflexion for 10 cycles. Optical tracking markers attached to the talus and navicular bone tracked displacements. Translation data were recorded along the X, Y, Z planes. Rotation data were recorded for roll, pitch, and yaw. Significant (p < 0.05) differences between fixation methods were determined using paired t-Tests for each measured variable. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between staples and screws for translation in X, Y, or Z planes. When comparing rotation (roll, pitch, and yaw), there were no statistically significant differences with the exception of increased roll rotation for staple fixation versus lag screw fixation during static compression testing (p = 0.009). Conclusion: Based on comparison to the reference standard lag screw fixation for clinically relevant biomechanical properties measured during functional robotic testing of the hindfoot, nitinol compression staples are a viable option for talonavicular arthrodesis.

Mechanism for Collective Energy Transfer from Neutral Beam-Injected Ions to Fusion-Born Alpha Particles on Cyclotron Timescales in a Plasma.

Helium ash alpha particles at ∼100 keV in magnetically confined fusion plasmas may have the same Larmor radius, as well as cyclotron frequency, as the energetic beam-injected deuterons that heat the plasma. While the velocity-space distribution of the helium ash is monotonically decreasing, that of the energetic deuterons is a delta function in the edge plasma. Here we identify, by means of first principles particle-in-cell computations, a new physical process by which Larmor radius matching enables collective gyroresonant energy transfer between these two colocated minority energetic ion populations, embedded in majority thermal plasma. This newly identified nonlinear phenomenon rests on similar underlying physics to widely observed ion cyclotron emission from suprathermal minority ion populations.

The National Clinical Care Commission Report to Congress: Recommendations to Better Leverage Federal Policies and Programs to Prevent and Control Diabetes.

The National Clinical Care Commission (NCCC) was established by Congress to make recommendations to leverage federal policies and programs to more effectively prevent and treat diabetes and its complications. The NCCC developed a guiding framework that incorporated elements of the Socioecological and Chronic Care Models. It surveyed federal agencies and conducted follow-up meetings with representatives from 10 health-related and 11 non-health-related federal agencies. It held 12 public meetings, solicited public comments, met with numerous interested parties and key informants, and performed comprehensive literature reviews. The final report, transmitted to Congress in January 2022, contained 39 specific recommendations, including 3 foundational recommendations that addressed the necessity of an all-of-government approach to diabetes, health equity, and access to health care. At the general population level, the NCCC recommended that the federal government adopt a health-in-all-policies approach so that the activities of non-health-related federal agencies that address agriculture, food, housing, transportation, commerce, and the environment be coordinated with those of health-related federal agencies to affirmatively address the social and environmental conditions that contribute to diabetes and its complications. For individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes, including those with prediabetes, the NCCC recommended that federal policies and programs be strengthened to increase awareness of prediabetes and the availability of, referral to, and insurance coverage for intensive lifestyle interventions for diabetes prevention and that data be assembled to seek approval of metformin for diabetes prevention. For people with diabetes and its complications, the NCCC recommended that barriers to proven effective treatments for diabetes and its complications be removed, the size and competence of the workforce to treat diabetes and its complications be increased, and new payment models be implemented to support access to lifesaving medications and proven effective treatments for diabetes and its complications. The NCCC also outlined an ambitious research agenda. The NCCC strongly encourages the public to support these recommendations and Congress to take swift action.

The National Clinical Care Commission Report to Congress: Leveraging Federal Policies and Programs for Population-Level Diabetes Prevention and Control: Recommendations From the National Clinical Care Commission.

The etiology of type 2 diabetes is rooted in a myriad of factors and exposures at individual, community, and societal levels, many of which also affect the control of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Not only do such factors impact risk and treatment at the time of diagnosis but they also can accumulate biologically from preconception, in utero, and across the life course. These factors include inadequate nutritional quality, poor access to physical activity resources, chronic stress (e.g., adverse childhood experiences, racism, and poverty), and exposures to environmental toxins. The National Clinical Care Commission (NCCC) concluded that the diabetes epidemic cannot be treated solely as a biomedical problem but must also be treated as a societal problem that requires an all-of-government approach. The NCCC determined that it is critical to design, leverage, and coordinate federal policies and programs to foster social and environmental conditions that facilitate the prevention and treatment of diabetes. This article reviews the rationale, scientific evidence base, and content of the NCCC's population-wide recommendations that address food systems; consumption of water over sugar-sweetened beverages; food and beverage labeling; marketing and advertising; workplace, ambient, and built environments; and research. Recommendations relate to specific federal policies, programs, agencies, and departments, including the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Food and Drug Administration, the Federal Trade Commission, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Environmental Protection Agency, and others. These population-level recommendations are transformative. By recommending health-in-all-policies and an equity-based approach to governance, the NCCC Report to Congress has the potential to contribute to meaningful change across the diabetes continuum and beyond. Adopting these recommendations could significantly reduce diabetes incidence, complications, costs, and inequities. Substantial political resolve will be needed to translate recommendations into policy. Engagement by diverse members of the diabetes stakeholder community will be critical to such efforts.

Analysis of rare disruptive germline mutations in 2135 enriched BRCA-negative breast cancers excludes additional high-impact susceptibility genes.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer has a significant heritable basis, of which ∼60% remains unexplained. Testing for BRCA1/BRCA2 offers useful discrimination of breast cancer risk within families, and identification of additional breast cancer susceptibility genes could offer clinical utility. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included 2135 invasive breast cancer cases recruited via the Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility study, a retrospective UK study of familial breast cancer. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: female, BRCA-negative, white European ethnicity, and one of: (i) breast cancer family history, (ii) bilateral disease, (iii) young age of onset (<30 years), and (iv) concomitant ovarian cancer. We undertook exome sequencing of cases and carried out gene-level burden testing of rare damaging variants against those from 51 377 ethnicity-matched population controls from gnomAD. RESULTS: 159/2135 (7.4%) cases had a qualifying variant in an established breast cancer susceptibility gene, with minimal evidence of signal in other cancer susceptibility genes. Known breast cancer susceptibility genes PALB2, CHEK2, and ATM were the only genes to retain statistical significance after correcting for multiple testing. Due to the enrichment of hereditary cases in the series, we had good power (>80%) to detect a gene of BRCA1-like risk [odds ratio (OR) = 10.6] down to a population minor allele frequency of 4.6 × 10-5 (1 in 10 799, less than one-tenth that of BRCA1)and of PALB2-like risk (OR = 5.0) down to a population minor allele frequency of 2.8 × 10-4 (1 in 1779, less than half that of PALB2). Power was lower for identification of novel moderate penetrance genes (OR = 2-3) like CHEK2 and ATM. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest case-control whole-exome analysis of enriched breast cancer published to date. Whilst additional breast cancer susceptibility genes likely exist, those of high penetrance are likely to be of very low mutational frequency. Contention exists regarding the clinical utility of such genes.

Dopaminergic Modulation of Dynamic Emotion Perception.

Emotion recognition abilities are fundamental to our everyday social interaction. A large number of clinical populations show impairments in this domain, with emotion recognition atypicalities being particularly prevalent among disorders exhibiting a dopamine system disruption (e.g., Parkinson's disease). Although this suggests a role for dopamine in emotion recognition, studies employing dopamine manipulation in healthy volunteers have exhibited mixed neural findings and no behavioral modulation. Interestingly, while a dependence of dopaminergic drug effects on individual baseline dopamine function has been well established in other cognitive domains, the emotion recognition literature so far has failed to account for these possible interindividual differences. The present within-subjects study therefore tested the effects of the dopamine D2 antagonist haloperidol on emotion recognition from dynamic, whole-body stimuli while accounting for interindividual differences in baseline dopamine. A total of 33 healthy male and female adults rated emotional point-light walkers (PLWs) once after ingestion of 2.5 mg haloperidol and once after placebo. To evaluate potential mechanistic pathways of the dopaminergic modulation of emotion recognition, participants also performed motoric and counting-based indices of temporal processing. Confirming our hypotheses, effects of haloperidol on emotion recognition depended on baseline dopamine function, where individuals with low baseline dopamine showed enhanced, and those with high baseline dopamine decreased emotion recognition. Drug effects on emotion recognition were related to drug effects on movement-based and explicit timing mechanisms, indicating possible mediating effects of temporal processing. Results highlight the need for future studies to account for baseline dopamine and suggest putative mechanisms underlying the dopaminergic modulation of emotion recognition.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A high prevalence of emotion recognition difficulties among clinical conditions where the dopamine system is affected suggests an involvement of dopamine in emotion recognition processes. However, previous psychopharmacological studies seeking to confirm this role in healthy volunteers thus far have failed to establish whether dopamine affects emotion recognition and lack mechanistic insights. The present study uncovered effects of dopamine on emotion recognition in healthy individuals by controlling for interindividual differences in baseline dopamine function and investigated potential mechanistic pathways via which dopamine may modulate emotion recognition. Our findings suggest that dopamine may influence emotion recognition via its effects on temporal processing, providing new directions for future research on typical and atypical emotion recognition.

Design of a neutron microscope based on Wolter mirrors.

The predominant geometry for a neutron imaging experiment is that of a pinhole camera. This is primarily due to the difficulty in focusing neutrons due to the weak refractive index, which is also strongly chromatic. Proof of concept experiments demonstrated that neutron image forming lenses based on reflective Wolter mirrors can produce quantitative, high spatial resolution neutron images while also increasing the time resolution compared to the conventional pinhole camera geometry. Motivated by these results, we report the design of a neutron microscope where two Wolter mirrors replace condensing and objective lenses, in direct analogy with typical visible light microscopes. Ray tracing results indicate that this system will yield 3 µm spatial resolution images with an acquisition time of order <1 s (104 faster than currently possible at this spatial resolution) with a field of view of about 5 mm in diameter.

Intact predictive motor sequence learning in autism spectrum disorder.

Atypical motor learning has been suggested to underpin the development of motoric challenges (e.g., handwriting difficulties) in autism. Bayesian accounts of autistic cognition propose a mechanistic explanation for differences in the learning process in autism. Specifically, that autistic individuals overweight incoming, at the expense of prior, information and are thus less likely to (a) build stable expectations of upcoming events and (b) react to statistically surprising events. Although Bayesian accounts have been suggested to explain differences in learning across a range of domains, to date, such accounts have not been extended to motor learning. 28 autistic and 35 non-autistic controls (IQ > 70) completed a computerised task in which they learned sequences of actions. On occasional "surprising" trials, an expected action had to be replaced with an unexpected action. Sequence learning was indexed as the reaction time difference between blocks which featured a predictable sequence and those that did not. Surprise-related slowing was indexed as the reaction time difference between surprising and unsurprising trials. No differences in sequence-learning or surprise-related slowing were observed between the groups. Bayesian statistics provided anecdotal to moderate evidence to support the conclusion that sequence learning and surprise-related slowing were comparable between the two groups. We conclude that individuals with autism do not show atypicalities in response to surprising events in the context of motor sequence-learning. These data demand careful consideration of the way in which Bayesian accounts of autism can (and cannot) be extended to the domain of motor learning.

Economic Evaluation of Budesonide Orodispersible Tablets for the Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis: A Cost-Utility Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Budesonide orodispersible tablets (BOT) have been approved in Europe and Canada for the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), a rare and chronic disease. The objective of this study was to assess the economic impact of BOT on both the induction and maintenance of clinico-pathological remission of EoE by performing a cost-utility analysis (CUA). METHODS: For both the induction and maintenance settings, BOT was compared to no treatment in a target population of adult patients with EoE non-responsive to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment. Markov models were developed for the induction and maintenance settings over 52-week and life-time horizons, respectively. Analyses were performed from both a Canadian Ministry of Health (MoH) and societal perspective. The resulting incremental cost-utility ratios (ICURs) were compared to a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of $50,000 Canadian dollars/quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Sensitivity and scenario analyses were conducted to assess the robustness of the base-case results. RESULTS: In the base-case probabilistic analysis, BOT compared to no treatment resulted in an ICUR of $1073/QALY and $30,555/QALY from a MoH perspective in the induction and maintenance settings, respectively. BOT was a cost-effective option for both induction and maintenance in > 99% of Monte Carlo simulations. In the scenario analyses, the deterministic ICUR of BOT compared to no treatment varied from $682/QALY to $8510/QALY in the induction setting and $21,005/QALY to $55,157/QALY in the maintenance setting. CONCLUSION: BOT was cost-effective compared to no treatment for both the induction and maintenance of clinico-pathological remission of EoE in patients non-responsive to PPIs.

Storage and export of microbial biomass across the western Greenland Ice Sheet.

The Greenland Ice Sheet harbours a wealth of microbial life, yet the total biomass stored or exported from its surface to downstream environments is unconstrained. Here, we quantify microbial abundance and cellular biomass flux within the near-surface weathering crust photic zone of the western sector of the ice sheet. Using groundwater techniques, we demonstrate that interstitial water flow is slow (~10-2 m d-1), while flow cytometry enumeration reveals this pathway delivers 5 × 108 cells m-2 d-1 to supraglacial streams, equivalent to a carbon flux up to 250 g km-2 d-1. We infer that cellular carbon accumulation in the weathering crust exceeds fluvial export, promoting biomass sequestration, enhanced carbon cycling, and biological albedo reduction. We estimate that up to 37 kg km-2 of cellular carbon is flushed from the weathering crust environment of the western Greenland Ice Sheet each summer, providing an appreciable flux to support heterotrophs and methanogenesis at the bed.

Diagnostic reference levels in paediatric fluoroscopy: how does a secondary referral centre compare with 2018 European guidelines?

OBJECTIVES: To compare diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) in paediatric fluoroscopy at a secondary referral centre with 2018 European guidelines. Secondly, to compare secondary referral centre DRLs for paediatric fluoroscopy examinations not included in European guidelines with 2010 national UK DRLs. METHODS: Paediatric fluoroscopy studies were grouped by age (groups: 0, 1, 5, 10, 15 years) for examination type and analysed retrospectively, over a period of 14 years. DRLs were compared with European DRLs (micturating cystourethrograms (MCUs)) and 2010 UK national DRLs (contrast swallows and meals). RESULTS: 1,586 studies were performed (49% MCUs; 31% meals; 9% swallows). For all age groups, DRLs for MCUs were lower than European DRLs by up to a factor 58 x (1 year age group: secondary referral centre DRL 12 mGycm2 vs European DRL 700 mGycm2). For contrast swallows and meals, 75th percentile doses were lower than 2010 UK national 25th percentile doses in all age groups. CONCLUSION: Maintaining low doses of ionising radiation is particularly important in paediatrics, and our study has found that it is possible to achieve low paediatric fluoroscopy doses in a secondary referral centre setting. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: Our data may prove useful to other centres and could contribute towards future European DRLs.

Association of days in close up, gestation length, and rumination around time of calving with disease and pregnancy outcomes in multiparous dairy cows.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of rumination times and days spent in a close-up group before calving (DCU) on early-lactation health and reproductive outcomes in dairy cows. Data were gathered for 719 cows located in a single herd. Herd management and reproductive records were analyzed for cows receiving treatment in the first 30 d of lactation (days in milk; DIM) for clinical mastitis, reproductive tract disease, ketosis, milk fever, and displaced abomasum. Rumination times for each cow were downloaded daily from the herd's automated collar system used to generate heat and health alerts for each cow beginning at 21 d precalving until 14 d postcalving. During the first 30 DIM, 121 cows (18%) developed at least 1 disease-any combination of ketosis (40 cows, 5.9% of total), mastitis (17 cows, 2.5%), metritis (75 cows, 11%), milk fever (17 cows, 2.5%), or displaced abomasum (28 cows, 4.1%); 305 cows (45%) were pregnant again at 100 DIM, and an additional 139 cows (20%) were pregnant at 150 DIM. Principal component analysis was used to determine the relationship between gestation length and DCU and their association with the odds of developing disease in early lactation. We did not find any significant association between precalving rumination time and disease within the first 30 DIM. Higher rumination time in the week before calving was shown to be strongly linked to a shorter time to subsequent pregnancy, whereas rumination times postcalving were not associated with changes in the time to pregnancy. Principal component analysis showed that a curvilinear combination of gestation length and DCU (principal component 1) was significantly associated with changes in disease incidence in the first 30 DIM. Gestation length and time spent in close up are important management factors in reducing the incidence of disease in early lactation, and rumination times around calving may help predict future reproductive outcomes.

Learning in lockdown: Using the COVID-19 crisis to teach children about food and climate change.

Food systems are significant sources of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE). Since emission intensity varies greatly between different foods, changing food choices towards those with lower GHGE could make an important contribution to mitigating climate change. Public engagement events offer an opportunity to communicate these multifaceted issues and raise awareness about the climate change impact of food choices. An interdisciplinary team of researchers was preparing food and climate change educational activities for summer 2020. However, the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown disrupted these plans. In this paper, we report on shifting these events online over the month of June 2020. We discuss what we did and the reception to our online programme. We then reflect on and highlight issues that arose. These relate to: (1) the power dynamics of children, diet and climate change; (2) mental health, diet and COVID-19; (3) engaging the wider science, agriculture and food communities; (4) the benefits of being unfunded and the homemade nature of this programme; (5) the food system, STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics) and diversity; and (6) how our work fits into our ongoing journey of food and climate change education.

Spontaneous firing patterns in the medial geniculate nucleus in a guinea pig model of tinnitus.

The mechanism of tinnitus, the perception of sound in the absence of acoustic stimulation, remains as yet unknown. It has been proposed that tinnitus is caused by altered spontaneous activity in the auditory pathway following cochlear damage in combination with inadequate gating at the level of the auditory thalamus, the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN). To investigate this further we made electrophysiological recordings in MGN of guinea pigs (n = 9) with and without tinnitus after acoustic trauma (continuous loud tone at 10 kHz, 124 dB SPL for 2 h). Parameters of interest were spontaneous tonic and burst firing. After acoustic trauma, 5 out of 9 guinea pigs developed signs of tinnitus as determined by the gap prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle. Spontaneous firing rates were significantly increased in the tinnitus animals as compared to the non-tinnitus animals and this change was specific to pure-tone responsive MGN neurons. However, burst firing parameters, including number of bursts per minute, burst duration, number of spikes in each burst, and percentage of spikes occurring in a burst, were not different between tinnitus and non-tinnitus animals. In addition, our data showed a strong dependence of spontaneous firing rates with heart rate, which implies that monitoring physiological status in animals is pertinent to obtaining reliable data when recording at higher levels of the auditory pathway. Our results suggest that increases in the tonic spontaneous fining rate of pure-tone responsive MGN neurons but not changes in burst firing parameters, are a robust neural signature of tinnitus in anaesthetised animals.

Infectious Bronchitis Virus Types Affecting European Countries-A Review.

Since its first detection in Europe in the 1940s, infectious bronchitis virus has continued to be one of the major respiratory pathogens affecting the European poultry industry. The development of effective and widely used vaccines for both broilers (live attenuated) and breeders and layers (live attenuated and inactivated) helped improve the health and welfare of poultry but never eliminated the problem. The main reason is the continual emergence of new infectious bronchitis variants (serotypes or genotypes). This review discusses the most prevalent genotypes of the last few decades in Europe. Some of these genotypes seem to be local European types; others have an origin outside Europe.

Estudio recapitulativo- Tipos del virus de la bronquitis infecciosa que afectan a los países europeos: Una revisión. Desde su primera detección en Europa en la década de los 1940s, el virus de la bronquitis infecciosa ha seguido siendo uno de los principales patógenos respiratorios que afectan a la industria avícola europea. El desarrollo de vacunas eficaces y ampliamente utilizadas tanto para pollos de engorde (vivos atenuados) como para reproductoras y ponedoras (vivos atenuados e inactivados) ayudó a mejorar la salud y el bienestar de las aves comerciales, pero nunca eliminó el problema. El problema principal es la aparición continua de nuevas variantes de bronquitis infecciosa (serotipos o genotipos). Esta revisión analiza los genotipos más prevalentes en las últimas décadas en Europa. Algunos de estos genotipos parecen ser tipos europeos locales; otros tienen un origen fuera de Europa.