Teaching by stealth: utilising the hidden curriculum through body painting within anatomy education

This study considers the hidden curriculum within anatomy education, with a specific focus on body painting. Body painting is not only utilised within anatomy education for teaching surface anatomy and clinical examination, but also to provide a platform for the development of other skills, primarily through the hidden curriculum. The hidden curriculum is the unplanned curriculum transmitting tacit messages to students on values, attitudes, principles and organisation. This may lend itself to deliver values in line with General Medical Council UK registration requirements of 'safety and quality', 'communication', 'partnership and teamwork', and 'maintaining trust' in the undergraduate medical curriculum. This qualitative study explored faculty perceptions of the use of body painting as a teaching tool. The hidden curriculum appeared spontaneously as a major advantage of utilising painting. Four major themes emerged; trait development, socialisation, tacit learning and script formation. Anatomy education lends itself to an environment in which to study the hidden curriculum. Results from this study demonstrate faculty awareness of, and deliberate use of, the hidden curriculum as a method to 'teach by stealth', and therefore by actively employing the term pushing at the boundaries of the hidden curriculum concept

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An exploration of anatomists' views toward the use of body painting in anatomical and medical education: An international study.

Previous research has explored the experiences of medical students using body painting as a learning tool. However, to date, faculty experiences and views have not been explored. This international qualitative study utilized a grounded theory approach with data collection through interviews with academics and clinicians who utilized body painting as part of their anatomical teaching. Twenty-six anatomists participated in the study from 14 centers worldwide. Three themes emerged from the data: (1) the efficacy of body painting, (2) the promotion of knowledge retention and recall, (3) considerations and practicalities regarding the use of body painting as a teaching tool. Subthemes show that body painting is used as an adjunct to the curriculum for teaching surface anatomy and peer examination. Benefits included diffusing the formal curricula, high student engagement and learning for future clinical practice. Body painting was advocated for promoting knowledge retention and recall, particularly learning through the process of cognitive load due to combining the use of color and kinesthetic learning with anatomical theory. Critical discussions surfaced on the topic of undressing in the classroom due to cultural and personal considerations possibly leading to unequal involvement and different learning experiences. Overall results support previous research showing that anatomists appreciate body painting as an effective, enjoyable, engaging and cost efficient adjunct to the multimodal anatomy curriculum. The role of cognitive load theory in learning anatomy through body painting emerged from the data as a possible theoretical framework supporting learning benefits from body painting and is suggested for further investigation. Anat Sci Educ 11: 146-154. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.

Acute Cholangitis following Intraductal Migration of Surgical Clips 10 Years after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.

Background. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy represents the gold standard approach for treatment of symptomatic gallstones. Surgery-associated complications include bleeding, bile duct injury, and retained stones. Migration of surgical clips after cholecystectomy is a rare complication and may result in gallstone formation "clip cholelithiasis". Case Report. We report a case of a 55-year-old female patient who presented with right upper quadrant pain and severe sepsis having undergone an uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy 10 years earlier. Computed tomography (CT) imaging revealed hyperdense material in the common bile duct (CBD) compatible with retained calculus. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) revealed appearances in keeping with a migrated surgical clip within the CBD. Balloon trawl successfully extracted this, alleviating the patient's jaundice and sepsis. Conclusion. Intraductal clip migration is a rarely encountered complication after laparoscopic cholecystectomy which may lead to choledocholithiasis. Appropriate management requires timely identification and ERCP.