The effect of diet on oxidative stress and metabolic diseases-Clinically controlled trials.

Oxidative stress is associated with several chronic diseases. It is acknowledged that molecules damaged by reactive oxygen species activate the inflammatory process and that this response increases the production of free radicals. Modifications in a diet can improve or decrease redox state markers. The aim of this revision was to provide an update of clinical controlled trials, to assess changes in diet and markers of oxidative stress in subjects with metabolic diseases. They were investigated randomized controlled intervention studies (RCTs) published in MEDLINE (U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health) that were conducted in subjects with obesity, hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia; with dietary intervention; where markers of oxidative stress have been evaluated and published in the last 5 years. Food antioxidants, hypocaloric diets with loss of adipose tissue, substitution of animal protein by vegetable, and changes in the microbiota improve antioxidant status in people with chronic disease. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus and adipose tissue in obesity are known to trigger oxidative stress. Oxidative stress, in turn, decreases insulin sensitivity and favors an inflammatory state producing adhesion molecules. Oxidative stress and adhesion molecules, can increase blood pressure and oxidation of lipoproteins, that ultimately could lead to a cerebrovascular event. Consumption of high-antioxidant and polyphenol foods increases plasma antioxidant capacity and decreases oxidative stress markers in people with diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and hypertriglyceridemia. In addition, weight loss caused by caloric restriction with or without exercise increases the endogenous antioxidant capacity. Therefore, it is likely that the combination of a hypocaloric diet with a high content of antioxidants and polyphenols will have a greater effect. Other dietary changes with antioxidant effect, such as the substitution of animal for vegetable protein or the addition of fiber, might be mediated by changes in the microbiota. However, this aspect requires further study.

Riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares y su percepción en adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad de comunidades mayas de Yucatán / Risk of cardiovascular diseases and their perception in adolescents with overweight and obesity in Mayan communities of Yucatan

Las investigaciones realizadas en adolescentes del área rural y su percepción de salud son escasas, lo que representa un área de oportunidad para prevenir enfermedades de tipo cardiovascular en la vida adulta. El objetivo fue determinar el riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares y su percepción en adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad de comunidades mayas. Se llevó a cabo en dos etapas: cuantitativatransversal y cualitativa. En el Municipio de Abalá, Yucatán, con estudiantes de secundarias (n = 292). Se registró el peso, talla, edad, circunferencia de cintura, tensión arterial y se calcularon los indicadores Talla/Edad, Índice de Masa Corporal/Edad, Cintura Cadera/Talla y Tensión Arterial sistólica/Talla. Se realizaron grupos focales con adolescentes con sobrepeso u obesidad según Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) para explorar creencias acerca del sobrepeso/obesidad, alimentos que lo provocan y enfermedades ocasionadas. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y prueba de Chi-cuadrado. El 96,9% de los adolescentes tuvo talla normal; según IMC, 54,1% peso Normal, 28,4% sobrepeso y 17,1% obesidad. El 30,5% presentó riesgo cardiovascular según Cintura Cadera/Talla y el 8,9% de los adolescentes registró prehipertensión/hipertensión, más frecuente en hombres que en mujeres. Respecto a la percepción del sobrepeso/obesidad, los adolescentes señalaron que no es buena para la salud; los alimentos que ocasionan sobrepeso/obesidad son ricos en hidratos de carbono, grasas, con alto contenido calórico y las enfermedades derivadas del sobrepeso/obesidad son diabetes, anemia, anorexia y desnutrición. Se encontró riesgo cardiovascular en adolescentes, mayor en los hombres. Perciben que no llevan una buena alimentación, lo que podría ocasionarles sobrepeso/obesidad y desarrollar enfermedades cardiovasculares(AU)

The research carried out in adolescents in rural areas and their perception of health is scarce, which represents an area of opportunity to prevent cardiovascular diseases in adulthood, since at this stage increases the degree of autonomy. The objective was to determine the risk of cardiovascular diseases and their perception in adolescents with overweight and obesity in Mayan communities. It was carried out in two stages: quantitative-transversal and qualitative; In the municipality of Abalá, Yucatán with secondary students (n = 292). The weight, height, age, waist circumference, blood pressure was recorded and height/age indicators, Body mass index/age, waist circumference/age and systolic/height were calculated. Focal groups were conducted with overweight or obese adolescents according to Body Mass Index (BMI) to explore beliefs about overweight/obesity, foods that cause obesity and illness. Descriptive statistics and Chisquare test were used. Height was adequate in 96.9% of adolescents, according to BMI, 54% had normal weight 28.4% were overweight and 17.1% were obese. 30.5% showed cardiovascular risk, according to waist circumference/height and 8.9% of adolescents had prehypertension/hypertension, being more frequent in males than females. About the perception of overweight/obesity, adolescents feel that it is not good for health; the foods that cause these problems are rich in carbohydrates, fats, with high caloric value; diseases resulting from overweight/obesity are diabetes, anaemia, anorexia and malnutrition. However, adolescents present cardiovascular risk, being higher in males. Adolescents perceive that they are not eating well, which can lead to overweight/obesity and the development of cardiovascular disease(AU)