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Despite optimal cognitive function being essential for performance, there is a lack of research on the effectiveness of combined cooling interventions on team sport athlete's cognitive function when exercising in the heat. In a randomised, crossover design, 12 unacclimatised men (age: 22.3 ± 3.0 years, body mass: 73.4 ± 5.1 kg, height: 181.0 ± 5.3 cm and V Ë O 2 $\dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ max: 51.2 ± 9.5 mL/kg/min) participated in a control (CON) and combined cooling trial (ice slurry and ice collar; COOL). A battery of cognitive tests were completed prior to, during (at half-time) and following a 90-min intermittent running protocol in the heat (33°C, 50% relative humidity (RH)). Perceptual and physiological measures were taken throughout the protocol. In CON, response times were quicker on the Stroop task complex level (p = 0.002) and the visual search test complex level at full-time (p = 0.014) compared to COOL. During COOL, response times were quicker at half-time on the Stroop task complex level (p = 0.024) compared to CON. Lower rectal temperatures were seen during COOL (CON: 37.44 ± 0.65°C and COOL: 37.28 ± 0.68°C) as well as lower skin, neck and forehead temperatures (main effect of trial, all p < 0.05). Lower ratings of thermal sensation and perceived exertion and enhanced thermal comfort were recorded during COOL (main effect of trial, all p < 0.05). Whilst minimal differences in cognitive function were found when using the combined cooling intervention, the findings highlight a practical and effective strategy to improving many physiological and perceptual responses to intermittent exercise in the heat.
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AIM: This study aimed to investigate factors influencing nursing students' satisfaction with aged care placements. BACKGROUND: Providing positive clinical experiences in aged care is crucial for students to learn safe, quality care and to foster a sustainable workforce. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study METHODS: Nursing students in nursing degrees participated in the national placement evaluation survey. A total of 2378 responses were extracted from the national clinical placement evaluation survey in 2023. Using multinomial logistic regression, demographics, academic, placement characteristics and placement education quality (clinical environment and learning support) were investigated in relation to three different levels of students' overall satisfaction (low, moderate, high). RESULTS: Students reported overall satisfaction with their clinical placement, with a mean score of 7.9 (SD=2.1) on a 10-point scale. While most students agreed that they had achieved their learning objectives (90.0â¯%), they reported limited opportunities to interact with the multidisciplinary team (80.0â¯%). Further, students reported a relatively negative experience with staff, such as willingness to work with students (78.9â¯%) and being positive role models (78.9â¯%). Comparing the low satisfaction group to the moderate satisfaction group, male gender, identifying as an indigenous student and higher academic years increased the odds of being 'least satisfied', whereas international students, whose first language was not English and those with higher perceived placement education quality scores had lower odds of low satisfaction group membership. Conversely, compared with the moderate satisfaction group, those with the highest satisfaction with their clinical placement had a greater odds of being older, an international student and having higher scores in placement quality for the clinical environment and learning support. This model predicted 58.7â¯% of students' overall satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Positive learning experiences in aged care may promote the importance of practice in this area to new graduates. Despite students' overall positive satisfaction with aged care placements, it is clear there are areas to address: a need to develop a structured approach to enhance aged care clinical experiences, progressive development of learning objectives, enhancing student career preparation and increasing participation in interprofessional collaboration may be useful approaches.
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BACKGROUND: Goal setting is commonly used for promoting physical activity (PA) among insufficiently active individuals. Previous reviews have analyzed the effects of goal setting on PA, but the purpose of this systematic review was to examine the concurrent effects of goal setting on PA and psychological outcomes in insufficiently active individuals to support interventions aiming to produce sustained PA behavior change. METHODS: In this review (PROSPERO: CRD42021243970), we identified 13 studies with 1208 insufficiently active adults that reported the effects of goal-setting interventions (range 3-24 wk) on both PA and psychological outcomes (eg, self-efficacy, motivation, and affect). We used meta-analysis and narrative synthesis to analyze these effects. RESULTS: All goals used in the included studies were specific goals. Setting specific goals had a large, positive effect on PA (g [standard mean difference] = 1.11 [P < .001]; 95% confidence interval, 0.74-1.47), but only a small, positive effect on the combined psychological outcomes (g [standard mean difference] = 0.25 [P < .001]; 95% CI, 0.10-0.40). Moderator analyses revealed that interventions that did not reward participants had a significantly greater effect on PA than interventions that did provide rewards (g = 1.30 vs 0.60, respectively, P ≤ .003). No other significant moderators were found. CONCLUSION: Our review offers initial insight into the long-term effects of specific goals on PA and psychological outcomes in insufficiently active adults. Further research that examines the PA and psychological effects of goal-setting interventions and investigates a wider range of goal types could develop a stronger evidence base to inform intervention for insufficiently active individuals.
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Exercício Físico , Objetivos , Motivação , Autoeficácia , Humanos , Exercício Físico/psicologia , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Adulto , Comportamento Sedentário , Comportamentos Relacionados com a SaúdeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Ability to focus on development of students' team communication and non-technical skills may be reduced in content saturated nursing curricula. Even when communication and simulation-based education is provided, students' utilisation of non-technical skills remains challenging. Although simulation is a recognised means to learn communication skills, little is known about nursing students' team communication in simulated settings. OBJECTIVE: To understand the process by which final year undergraduate nursing students communicate in simulated team emergencies. DESIGN: Using constructivist grounded theory, data was collected using semi-structured interviews and student observations and analysed using constant comparative analysis. SETTING: Simulation laboratories in one university nursing school in Australia. PARTICIPANTS: 21 final year nursing students in seven teams. METHODS: Data were gathered from interviews and video observations of final year nursing students during simulated team emergencies. RESULTS: Interview data and observations of video-recordings revealed contextual determinants that influence communication within teams: the simulation context, the student context and the team context. Team member characteristics, such as cultural and linguistic background, life experiences, gender and age, the ability to shift from leadership to followership as well as environmental factors such as mask wearing and simulation fidelity, contributed to uncertainty in communicating that nursing team effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: Improvement of contextual conditions necessitates implementation of supportive strategies. These include development of educational initiatives, and further research in experiential learning as a modality for learners to experience team communication. Further, simulation context, student context and team context are important considerations. Meeting clinical communication learning needs of students allows better preparation to care for deteriorating patients as graduates.
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Comunicação , Bacharelado em Enfermagem , Teoria Fundamentada , Simulação de Paciente , Estudantes de Enfermagem , Humanos , Estudantes de Enfermagem/psicologia , Estudantes de Enfermagem/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Austrália , Bacharelado em Enfermagem/métodos , Masculino , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente , Adulto , Currículo , Treinamento por Simulação/métodos , Entrevistas como Assunto/métodos , Competência Clínica/normas , Competência Clínica/estatística & dados numéricos , Pesquisa QualitativaRESUMO
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.966510.].
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PURPOSE: Childhood obesity is a major health concern and physical activity is commonly proposed as an intervention strategy to combat the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in young people. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of high-intensity, supervised, rowing ergometer training on maximal and submaximal rowing performance in healthy weight and centrally obese adolescents (12-13 yr). METHODS: Participants were randomized to either 6 wk of supervised rowing ergometry, comprising of 2 sessions per week with each session comprising of 2 × 3-min bouts of high-intensity rowing ergometry ( n = 57), or a control group who continued with their habitual activities ( n = 45). At baseline and follow-up, rowing performance was assessed via a submaximal test and a 3-min maximal test. RESULTS: Six weeks of rowing ergometer training significantly improved maximal exercise performance; total distance rowed in a 3-min maximal effort improved by 19.7 m (2.7%) (time × group, P = 0.018) and produced a significant reduction in perceived effort in response to a set submaximal load (60 W) (time × group, P = 0.040). At baseline total distance rowed during the 3-min maximal test was significantly affected by body mass (main effect of body mass, P = 0.002), whereby a higher body mass was associated with enhanced rowing performance. However, the pattern of change over time was not different between healthy weight and centrally obese adolescents (time × group × waist centile, P = 0.577). CONCLUSIONS: A 6-wk high-intensity rowing ergometry training intervention improved maximal rowing performance. This improvement was similar in healthy weight versus overweight and obese adolescents; yet overall overweight and obese adolescents had superior rowing performance compared to their healthy weight counterparts, suggesting that rowing may be an attractive exercise modality for interventions in overweight and obese young people.
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Obesidade Infantil , Esportes , Esportes Aquáticos , Criança , Humanos , Adolescente , Esportes/fisiologia , Sobrepeso , Obesidade Infantil/terapia , ErgometriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The efficacy of structured physical exercise (SPE) has been examined in empirical studies to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This review aimed (i) to systematically review and quantify the effects of SPE on ADHD symptomology and executive function (primary outcomes) and on physical health, physical fitness and mental health issues (secondary outcomes) in children/adolescents with ADHD; (ii) to evaluate the study quality and explore moderation of the effects of SPE; and (iii) to summarize the design of SPE interventions. METHODS: An extensive literature search in the databases of PubMed, Web of Science and EBSCOhost was conducted to identify eligible intervention studies for meta-analysis. A descriptive account of the features of the studies is provided, including assessment of risk/quality (ROB-2/ROBINS-I). Standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with random effects models to compare post-intervention effects. RESULTS: A total of 18 studies were included in the review. The majority of the studies examined the effects of SPE lasting for 3-12 weeks. Assessment of bias/quality indicated half of the included studies as high quality. The meta-analysis (pooled n = 627) revealed that SPE had a positive effect on primary and secondary outcomes, that is, inattention (SMD = -1.79), executive function (SMD = 2.19), physical fitness (SMD = 1.39) and mental health issues (SMD = -0.89). Subgroup analysis showed that long-term practice of SPE, featured/tailored SPE, non-Chinese participants, taking methylphenidate and study with low quality had larger effects. CONCLUSIONS: There is emerging evidence that SPE is a promising option to enhance symptom management and physical/mental health in children/adolescents with ADHD.
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Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central , Metilfenidato , Criança , Adolescente , Humanos , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/tratamento farmacológico , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/uso terapêutico , Metilfenidato/uso terapêutico , Exercício Físico , Terapia por ExercícioRESUMO
Falls prevention in hospital continues to be a research priority because of the poor health outcomes and financial burdens that can arise. Recently updated World Guidelines for Falls Prevention and Management strongly recommend evaluating patients' concerns about falling as part of a multifactorial assessment. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the quality of falls risk perception measures for adults in a hospital setting. This review was conducted using the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments guidelines and provides a comprehensive summary of these instruments, including psychometric properties, feasibility and clinical recommendations for their use. The review followed a prospectively registered protocol, in which a total of ten databases were searched between the years 2002 and 2022. Studies were included if the instruments measured falls risk perception and/or other psychological falls constructs, if they were conducted in a hospital setting and if the target population contained hospital inpatients. A total of 18 studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 20 falls risk perception measures. These falls risk perception instruments were grouped into five falls-related constructs: Balance Confidence, Falls Efficacy/Concern, Fear of Falling, Self-Awareness and Behaviour/Intention. Two of the patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) received Class A recommendations (Falls Risk Perception Questionnaire and the Spinal Cord Injury-Falls Concern Scale); however, this rating is only applicable for the populations/context described in the studies. Thirteen PROMs received Class B recommendations, solidifying the need for further validation studies of these PROMs.
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Acidentes por Quedas , Medo , Adulto , Humanos , Acidentes por Quedas/prevenção & controle , Inquéritos e Questionários , Psicometria/métodos , ConsensoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Coeliac disease management is limited to strict adherence to a gluten-free diet with no approved therapies. This first-in-human phase 1 study evaluated the safety and tolerability of KAN-101, a liver-targeting glycosylation signature conjugated to a deaminated gliadin peptide designed to induce immune tolerance to gliadin. METHODS: Adults (aged 18-70 years) with biopsy-confirmed, HLA-DQ2.5 genotype coeliac disease were enrolled from clinical research units and hospitals in the USA. Part A of the trial was an open-label, single ascending dose study of intravenous KAN-101 using sentinel dosing in evaluation of the following cohorts: 0·15 mg/kg, 0·3 mg/kg, 0·6 mg/kg, 1·2 mg/kg, and 1·5 mg/kg. Following safety monitoring committee review of the 0·3 mg/kg dose level in part A, part B was initiated as a randomised, placebo-controlled, multiple ascending dose study. In part B, interactive response technology was used to randomly assign (5:1) patients to receive intravenous KAN-101 (0·15 mg/kg, 0·3 mg/kg, or 0·6 mg/kg) or placebo following a 1:1 assignment of the first two eligible patients in each cohort for sentinel dosing. Patients in part B received three administrations of KAN-101 or placebo followed by a 3-day oral gluten challenge (9 g per day) 1 week after completing dosing. Study personnel and patients were masked to treatment assignments in part B, and not in part A. The primary endpoint was the incidence and severity of adverse events with escalating doses of KAN-101, assessed in all patients who received any amount of study drug based on dose level received. The secondary endpoint was assessment of plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters of KAN-101 following single and multiple doses, assessed in all patients who received at least one dose and had one or more values for drug concentration. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04248855, and is completed. FINDINGS: Between Feb 7, 2020, and Oct 8, 2021, 41 patients were enrolled at ten US sites. 14 patients were assigned to part A (four 0·15 mg/kg, three 0·3 mg/kg, three 0·6 mg/kg, three 1·2 mg/kg, one 1·5 mg/kg) and 27 patients to part B (six 0·15 mg/kg with two placebo, seven 0·3 mg/kg with two placebo, and eight 0·6 mg/kg with two placebo). Treatment-related adverse events were reported in 11 (79%) of 14 patients in part A and 18 (67%) of 27 in part B (placebo two [33%] of six patients; KAN-101 16 [76%] of 21 patients), were grade 2 or lower, and were mild to moderate in severity. The most commonly observed adverse events were nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and vomiting, consistent with symptoms had by patients with coeliac disease on gluten ingestion. No grade 3-4 adverse events, serious adverse events, dose-limiting toxicities, or deaths occurred. Pharmacokinetic analyses showed KAN-101 was cleared from systemic circulation within roughly 6 h with a geometric mean half-life of 3·72 min (CV% 6·5%) to 31·72 min (83·7%), and no accumulation with repeated dosing. INTERPRETATION: KAN-101 has an acceptable safety profile in patients with coeliac disease with no dose-limiting toxicities and no maximum tolerated dose was observed. Rapid systemic clearance of KAN-101 was observed and no accumulation on repeated dosing. A future study will evaluate the safety and efficacy, including biomarker responses with a gluten challenge, of KAN-101 at doses 0·6 mg/kg and greater in patients with coeliac disease. FUNDING: Kanyos Bio.
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Doença Celíaca , Adulto , Humanos , Doença Celíaca/tratamento farmacológico , Resultado do Tratamento , Gliadina/uso terapêutico , Glutens/efeitos adversos , FígadoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Nursing students enter nursing programs with idealistic perceptions of what it is to be a nurse. Upon graduation, many find these perceptions mismatched with the actual nurse's role. This can lead to discontentment in their chosen career. These issues highlight the importance of nursing students developing an understanding of the nurse's role during their undergraduate nursing education. One way to accomplish this is to assess perceptions and address them accordingly during the nursing program. Survey tools assessing perceptions of nursing exist but lack contemporary and multicultural foci. AIM: To develop a feasible, valid, and reliable survey tool to identify nursing students' perceptions of being a nurse. DESIGN/METHODS: In Phase 1, a literature review and Nominal Group Technique meetings were used to generate primary survey items. Phase 2 included a pre-pilot and online pilot testing of the Perceptions of being a Registered Nurse (PRN) survey tool with 797 nursing students across all year levels at three Australian Universities. RESULTS: The 34-item PRN survey tool uses a five-point Likert scale to measure nursing students' perceptions of nursing, including factors influencing a nurse's well-being, attributes and qualities of nurses, the role of the nurse, and nursing professionalism. The Item-Content validity index was high (> 0.78), and the inter-item correlation validity was identified by Pearson's product-moment coefficient of r = .712. Internal reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach's alpha = 0.83. Based upon the participation completion rate, the survey tool was deemed applicable and feasible. The majority of respondents believed that nurses have altruistic attributes; however, perceptions of nursing varied significantly when rating factors influencing the physical, emotional, and social well-being of a nurse. In later stages of training, respondents were more likely to agree that nursing is physically and emotionally demanding and that nurses experience social isolation due to shift work, finding it difficult to achieve a work-life balance. CONCLUSIONS: The PRN survey tool was found to be valid, reliable, and feasible. Future use and outcomes from PRN assessments may lead to changes to nursing curricula that enhance nursing students' perceptions of nursing.
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Despite the importance of physical education (PE) lessons for physical activity in adolescents, the acute cognitive responses to PE lessons have not been explored; a gap in the literature that this study addresses. Following familiarisation, 76 (39 female) adolescents (12.2 ± 0.4 y) completed two trials (60 min games-based PE lesson and 60 min academic lesson) separated by 7-d in a counterbalanced, crossover design. Attention, executive function, working memory, and perception were assessed 30 min before, immediately post, and 45 min post-lesson in both trials. Participants were split into high-and low-fit groups based on a gender-specific median split of distance run on the multi-stage fitness test. Furthermore, participants were split into high and low MVPA groups based on a gender-specific median split of MVPA time (time spent >64% HR max) during the PE lesson. Overall, a 60 min games-based PE lesson had no effect on perception, working memory, attention, or executive function in adolescents (all p > 0.05) unless MVPA time is high. The physical activity-cognition relationship was moderated by MVPA, as working memory improved post-PE lesson in adolescents who completed more MVPA during their PE lesson (time*trial*MVPA interaction, p < 0.05, partial η2 = 0.119). Furthermore, high-fit adolescents displayed superior cognitive function than their low-fit counterparts, across all domains of cognitive function (main effect of fitness, all p < 0.05, partial η2 0.014-0.121). This study provides novel evidence that MVPA time moderates the cognitive response to a games-based PE lesson; and emphasises that higher levels of fitness are beneficial for cognitive function in adolescents.
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The present study aims to explore the utility of the Team Emergency Assessment Measure (TEAM) in relation to the enhancement of emergency team non-technical skills based on research conducted over the last decade. In this mapping review, a citation mining process identified 22 primary studies for inclusion, published between 2012 and 2022. It provides outcome data on emergency teams' non-technical skills following team training and/or real-life patient emergencies. Emergency team studies related to resuscitation teams (adult, paediatric, newborn and obstetric cases) and medical emergency team (MET) management of patient deterioration. Team performance ratings varied, ranging from approximately 90% for experienced clinical teams down to 38% for students. Statistically significant improvements in performance were notable following training and/or repeated practice. Validity evidence, across 11 studies that provided change data described positive learning outcomes and moderate intervention effects. However, according to Kirkpatrick's model of educational evaluation the studies were limited to professional development phases of learning and immediate post-training assessments rather than care quality improvement. The review highlights a lack of studies evidencing quality improvement or clinical impact such as change of patient care practice or health service performance. There is a need to conduct well-designed studies that explore both technical and non-technical skills of resuscitation teams and METs. Currently, non-technical skills training and repeated performance evaluations using the TEAM contribute immensely to the proficiency of emergency teams.
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Competência Clínica , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente , Adulto , Gravidez , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Humanos , Criança , Aprendizagem , Avaliação Educacional , EstudantesRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Cousins, BEW, Morris, JG, Sunderland, C, Bennett, AM, Shahtahmassebi, G, and Cooper, SB. Training and match demands of elite rugby union. J Strength Cond Res 37(1): 141-148, 2023-This study aimed to examine training and match demands associated with elite Rugby Union. Eighty-nine elite players were monitored using subjective (session ratings of perceived exertion) and objective (global positioning systems: distance and high-speed running [defined as >70% of individual maximum speed] distance) methods, alongside key performance indicator variables in matches (e.g., number of tackles made). These were compared between positions (forwards vs. backs) and league of competition (Premiership vs. Championship). Statistical significance was accepted as p < 0.05. Analysis revealed that backs covered greater distance (by 704 m, p < 0.001) in training and greater distance (by 7.6 m·min-1, p < 0.001) and high-speed running distance (by 1.22 m·min-1, p < 0.001) in matches, compared with forwards. In matches, the forwards experience greater key performance indicator demand (tackles: 78%; tackle assists: 207%; breakdown entries: 324%; contact events: 117%; all p < 0.001) compared with backs. The number of tackles (53%, p < 0.001) and tackles missed (35%, p = 0.001) were greater, whereas contact carries (12%, p = 0.010) and breakdown entries (10%, p = 0.024) were lower, in the Premiership compared with the Championship. Overall, these findings confirm that the running demands of Rugby Union are higher in backs, whereas contact actions are higher in forwards, with further differences between the Premiership and Championship. This comprehensive examination of the demands of elite Rugby Union could be used to ensure the specificity of training protocols for elite Rugby Union clubs, specific to both playing position (forward or back) and level of competition (Premiership or Championship).
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Desempenho Atlético , Futebol Americano , Humanos , Rugby , Sistemas de Informação GeográficaRESUMO
PURPOSE: This study investigated the associations between physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, and executive function in preadolescents. METHODS: One hundred and twenty preadolescents were recruited from 2 Hong Kong primary schools. PA and sedentary behavior were recorded for 7 consecutive days by accelerometer. Executive function performance, including inhibition (Stroop task and Flanker task) and working memory (Sternberg paradigm task), were measured. Body mass index and cardiorespiratory fitness (multistage fitness test) were tested. Latent profile analysis explored the profiles of PA and sedentary behavior in preadolescents. RESULTS: Three distinct profiles were identified: low activity, average activity, and high activity. Participants in low activity performed worse in the accuracy of Stroop task (vs average activity, P = .03; vs high activity, P < .01), Flanker task (vs average activity, P = .02; vs high activity, P < .001), and Sternberg paradigm task (vs average activity, P < .01; vs high activity, P < .01). No significant difference was observed between participants with average and high activities. No significant association was observed for profiles on body mass index and cardiorespiratory fitness. CONCLUSION: Supplementing the consensus of the literature that moderate to vigorous PA benefits cognition, the authors conclude that light PA may also enhance preadolescents' executive functioning.
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Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória , Função Executiva , Humanos , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Comportamento Sedentário , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Cognição/fisiologia , Memória de Curto Prazo , Acelerometria , Aptidão FísicaRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of physically active lessons, implemented through the Mathematics and English Language curriculum, on cognitive function and gross motor skill development. Following ethical approval, 192 children aged 8-9 years were randomly allocated to an intervention group (n = 98) or a control group (n = 94). The intervention consisted of 8 h.wk-1 of physically active lessons, equally split between Mathematics and English Language, for 16 weeks. Cognitive function (digit span, coding and arithmetic reasoning) and gross motor skill development (TGMD-3) were assessed at baseline and follow-up. The improvement in every domain of cognitive function was greater in the intervention group compared to the control group (group * time, p = 0.008-0.023, d = 0.34-0.42). Furthermore, total TGMD-3 score (group * time, p < 0.001, d = 1.16) and both sub-scales (locomotor, p < 0.001, d = 0.63; object control, p < 0.001, d = 1.29) also improved by a greater extent in the intervention group than in the control group. These findings suggest that 16 weeks of physically active lessons, taught in both Mathematics and English Language curriculum, synergistically improved cognitive function and gross motor skill development in primary school children aged 8-9 years.
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Cognição , Destreza Motora , Humanos , Criança , Resolução de Problemas , Matemática , IdiomaRESUMO
Objective: In the current study, a person-centered approach was adopted to investigate the relationship between nutritional status and physical fitness profiles and executive functions (EF) in preadolescents. Methods: Participants (M age = 10.8â years; Male = 50.8%) were recruited from two primary schools in Hong Kong. Nutritional status [body mass index (BMI)], physical fitness including cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF, predicted VO2max, multi-stage fitness test) and speed-agility (20-m sprint) were measured on school days. EF performance was measured using the Flanker task (inhibition) and the Sternberg task (working memory). Results: Data from 120 preadolescents were considered valid. Three distinct profiles were identified by a person-centered approach. Profile 1 was featured by high BMI (21.61 ± 3.38â kg/m2), poor VO2max (33.29 ± 23.96â ml/kg/min), and slow 20-m sprint (4.51 ± 0.13â s). Profile 2 was featured by low BMI (15.99 ± 3.38), fair VO2max (44.98 ± 23.96) and fast 20-m sprint (3.97 ± 0.13). Profile 3 was featured by low BMI (15.63 ± 3.38), poor VO2max (32.37 ± 23.96), and slow 20-m sprint (4.48 ± 0.13). Wald chi-square test revealed preadolescents in profile 1 and profile 2 performed better than profile 3 in accuracy of Flanker task (1 vs. 3: χ 2 = 12.23, P < 0.001; 2 vs. 3: χ 2 = 10.86, P = 0.001). That is, for normal weight preadolescents with poor CRF and speed-agility, those with superior nutritional status performed better in inhibition. For normal weight preadolescents with poor nutritional status, those with superior CRF and speed-agility had better inhibitory capacity. Conclusion: Compared to the commonly used variable-centered approach, this person-centered approach is a valuable addition that expands the understanding of the association between nutritional status, physical fitness and EF in preadolescents. Results are discussed with regards to maximizing health behaviors and implications for educational policy.
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The associations between self-control and objective measures of physical activity, physical fitness, and adiposity are yet to be explored in young people; this is a gap in the literature that the present study aimed to address. The study employed a cross-sectional design. A total of 101 young people participated in the study. Participants completed the Brief Self-Control Scale as a measure of trait self-control. Free-living physical activity was assessed using an ActiGraph GT3X + triaxial accelerometer, which was worn for 7 days. Participants also completed the 15-meter version of the multistage fitness test as a measure of physical fitness. For the assessment of adiposity, three criterion measures were used: body mass index (BMI), sum of skinfolds, and waist circumference. Data were analyzed using the glm function in the open access software R. Higher levels of trait self-control were associated with higher levels of physical fitness (measured by distance run on the multistage fitness test) and lower adiposity (BMI, waist circumference, and sum of skinfolds) in adolescents. There was a tendency for a positive association between self-control and time spent in vigorous physical activity, although this did not reach statistical significance. In a combined model, self-control was also associated with both physical fitness and waist circumference, with these effects independent of each other. These findings suggest that self-control is associated with healthy behaviors and characteristics in adolescents and is thus potentially an attractive target for future interventions aimed at increasing physical activity and physical fitness and reducing adiposity in this population.