In vitro anti-viral activity of hexetidine (Bactidol®) oral mouthwash against human coronavirus OC43 and influenza A (H1N1) virus

Background@#Mouthwashes are used to decrease oral cavity microbial load due to their antiseptic properties. Hexetidine is a broad-spectrum antiseptic used for minor infections of mucous membranes, and, as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene.@*Objectives@#This study determined the anti-viral activity of the mouthwash hexetidine (Bactidol®), specifically in reducing viral concentration of Human Coronavirus OC43 (HCoV- OC43; ATCC®VR-1558™) and Influenza A virus (IAV H1N1; clinical strain) cultured in cell lines.@*Methodology@#In-vitro suspension assay (ASTM E-1052-11) was used to evaluate the virucidal property of hexetidine. Tissue Culture Infective Dose or TCID50/ml in 25%, 50%, and 100% hexetidine concentration at 15- and 30-seconds were determined. Vero E6 and MDCK cell lines were utilized for HCoV OC43 and IAV H1N1, respectively.@*Results@#Hexetidine-treated cell lines achieved >80% survival rate for MDCK and Vero E6. Hexetidine reduced the infectivity of HCoV-OC43 and IAV H1N1 at 25%, 50%, and 100% concentrations by more than 80% at 15- and 30-seconds exposure times.@*Conclusion and Recommendation@#This in vitro study showed that hexetidine, even at diluted concentrations, reduced the infectivity of HCoV-OC43 and Influenza A virus H1N1 when used for 15 and 30 seconds. The antiviral activity of hexetidine mouthwash against the other virulent members of the Coronavirus Family, SARSCoV- 2 can be explored using the methods used in this in vitro study.

IN VITRO ANTI-VIRAL ACTIVITY OF HEXETIDINE (BACTIDOL) ORAL MOUTHWASH AGAINST HUMAN CORONAVIRUS OC43 ANDINFLUENZA A (H1N1) VIRUS

Mouthwashes are used to decrease oral cavity microbial load due to their antiseptic properties. Hexetidine is a broad-spectrum antiseptic used for minor infections of mucous membranes, and in particular as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. This study determined the anti-viral activity of the mouthwash hexetidine (Bactidol(R)), specifically in reducing viral concentration of Human Coronavirus OC43 (HCoV OC43; ATCC(R) VR-1558) and Influenza A virus (IAV H1N1; clinical strain) in Vero 6 and MDCK cell cultures respectively, using in-vitro suspension assay (ASTM E-1052-11) designed to evaluate virucidal property of microbicides like hexetidine. Study results indicated that hexetidine was able to reduce infectivity of HCoV OC43 and IAV H1N1 at 25%, 50% and 100% concentrations by more than 80% at 15- and 30-seconds exposure times. One hundred percent (100%) concentration of hexetidine was found to be cytotoxic to MDCK cell line used for IAV H1N1 propagation. Hexetidine-treated cell lines achieved >80% survival rate for MDCK and Vero E6 at a contact time of 15 seconds and 30 seconds (which are the approximate times of gargling with hexetidine mouthwash). The anti-viral activity of hexetidine mouthwash against other more virulent or pathogenic coronaviruses like SARS-CoV-2 can be explored further.

Philippine Costs in Oncology (PESO): Describing the economic impact of cancer on Filipino cancer patients using the ASEAN costs in oncology study dataset

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Cancers are among the top causes of mortality in the Philippines. The treatment regimens are also costly and put Filipinos at risk of financial catastrophe. The economic impact, however, has not been documented.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> This analysis aimed to describe the economic impact of cancer in the Philippines and analyze predictors of financial catastrophe among Filipino cancer patients.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>METHOD:</strong> The analysis used the dataset from the ASEAN costs in oncology study, a prospective study of adult cancer patients in Southeast Asia. Cancer patients were recruited at time of diagnosis and were monitored in terms of health outcomes, costs, and quality of life. Multinomial regression models were generated to assess predictors of death and financial catastrophe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Information from 909 respondents in the Philippines was included in the analysis. Overall, 240 (26.4%) of the cohort were dead at the end of the study while 40.6% were still alive at Month 12 but had experienced financial catastrophe. Mean combined Month 3 and Month 12 out-of-pocket expenditure was PhP181,789.00 (n = 458, sd = 348,717.47). Belonging to higher income groups (vs. belonging to the lowest two) was significantly associated with lower risk of financial catastrophe. Insurance did not confer significant change in risk of death or financial catastrophe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> Cancer can be a significant economic burden for Filipinos leading to financial catastrophe. Insurance mechanisms at the time of study failed to protect against catastrophe.</p>

Quality of life changes in Filipino cancer patients from baseline to one year after diagnosis: A country-specific analysis of the ACTION Study

BACKGROUND: Health-related quality of life is an important aspect of cancer research. Studies in the Philippines documenting this among survivors are limited in scope and number.OBJECTIVE: To document quality of life indicators of Filipino cancer survivors starting at 12 months from diagnosis and identify predictors of these changes.METHODS: The ACTION study is a prospective longitudinal study examining the economic and health impact of cancer in the Southeast Asian Region. A country-specific analysis for Filipino patients was conducted.RESULTS: Of the 909 Filipinos included in the study, 462 survived month 12 and had health-related quality of life (HRQoL) data. HRQoL data showed significant improvement from baseline (0.73, SD: 0.15) to month 12 (0.79, SD: 0.24) as measured by the EQ-5D weight score. Similar trends were seen in the EQ5D VAS Scores and the QLQ30 Global function scores. There was, however, an increase in the proportion of respondents experiencing significant problems related to EQ5D domains by month 12. Data disaggregated according to cancer type showed a decrease in QLQ30 GF scores from baseline to month 12 for all types except breast cancer. Individuals at risk of anxiety and depression increased from 15.37% to 25.54% and 18.83% to 32.25%, respectively. Predictors of worsening HRQOL include experiencing economic hardship, progression of disease, and higher stage at baseline.CONCLUSION: HRQOL scores were found to increase despite experiencing more difficulties in function among Filipino cancer survivors one year after diagnosis.

Clinico-pathologic profile and clinical outcomes of patients with indolent lymphoma at the Cancer Institute of the Philippine General Hospital: A seven-year experience

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>INTRODUCTION:</strong> Indolent lymphoma (IL) is a slowly growing lymphoma, generally refractory to conventional chemotherapy. There are several types of IL, which includes follicular lymphoma (FL), marginal zone lymphoma (MZL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), and waldenstrom macroglobulinemia/ lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (WM/LPL). Presently, there are no known data in the Philippines on IL. This study is done to determine the clinico-pathologic profile and outcomes of Filipino patients with IL.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>METHODS:</strong> This study is a retrospective chart review of outpatient department cases of IL seen at the Philippine General Hospital-Cancer Institute from January 2009 to January 2016. The following were documented: age; gender; primary location; presence or absence of B symptoms; type of IL; Ann-arbor stage; prognostic indices for FL and MCL; and staging with bone marrow aspiration and whole body CT scan. Treatment intervention and clinical outcomes were documented.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> This study showed that SLL was the most common IL. Most were elderly (>40 years old); male; lacked B symptoms; limited disease; and primary location at or near the orbital area. MCL were seen in all risk groups. Follicular lymphoma (FL) were mostly low risk and had grade one histology. Majority had disease control regardless of treatment intervention. Most patients with recurrence/progression after initial treatment had limited disease but were understaged. Most of the patients were not staged with bone marrow aspiration or whole body computed tomography.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>The results of this study are mostly consistent with known literature on IL. Absence of B symptoms and limited disease may indicate a low-grade histology. Observation was the most common option for asymptomatic patients.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p>

Clinico-pathologic profile and clinical outcomes of patients with indolent lymphoma at the Cancer Institute of the Philippine General Hospital: A seven-year experience

INTRODUCTION: Indolent lymphoma (IL) is a slowly growing lymphoma, generally refractory to conventional chemotherapy. There are several types of IL, which includes follicular lymphoma (FL), marginal zone lymphoma (MZL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), and waldenstrom macroglobulinemia/ lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (WM/LPL). Presently, there are no known data in the Philippines on IL. This study is done to determine the clinico-pathologic profile and outcomes of Filipino patients with IL.METHODS: This study is a retrospective chart review of outpatient department cases of IL seen at the Philippine General Hospital-Cancer Institute from January 2009 to January 2016. The following were documented: age; gender; primary location; presence or absence of B symptoms; type of IL; Ann-arbor stage; prognostic indices for FL and MCL; and staging with bone marrow aspiration and whole body CT scan. Treatment intervention and clinical outcomes were documented.RESULTS: This study showed that SLL was the most common IL. Most were elderly (>40 years old); male; lacked B symptoms; limited disease; and primary location at or near the orbital area. MCL were seen in all risk groups. Follicular lymphoma (FL) were mostly low risk and had grade one histology. Majority had disease control regardless of treatment intervention. Most patients with recurrence/progression after initial treatment had limited disease but were understaged. Most of the patients were not staged with bone marrow aspiration or whole body computed tomography.CONCLUSION: The results of this study are mostly consistent with known literature on IL. Absence of B symptoms and limited disease may indicate a low-grade histology. Observation was the most common option for asymptomatic patients. 

Genetic polymorphisms in NAT1, NAT2, GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1 and susceptibility to colorectal cancer among Filipinos

@#Objectives. Polymorphisms in metabolic genes which alter rates of bioactivation and detoxification have been shown to modulate susceptibility to colorectal cancer. This study sought to evaluate the colorectal cancer risk from environmental factors and to do polymorphism studies on genes that code for Phase I and II xenobiotic metabolic enzymes among Filipino colorectal cancer patients and matched controls. Methods. A total of 224 colorectal cancer cases and 276 controls from the Filipino population were genotyped for selected polymorphisms in GSTM1, GSTP1, GSTT1, NAT1 and NAT2. Medical and diet histories, occupational exposure and demographic data were also collected for all subject participants.Results. Univariate logistic regression of non-genetic factors identified exposure to UV (sunlight) (OR 1.99, 95% CI: 1.16-3.39) and wood dust (OR 2.66, 95% CI: 1.21-5.83) and moldy food exposure (OR 1.61, 95% CI:1.11-2.35) as risk factors; while the NAT2*6B allele (recessive model OR 1.51, 95% CI :1.06-2.16; dominant model OR 1.87, 95% CI: 1.05-3.33) and homozygous genotype (OR 2.19, 95% CI: 1.19-4.03) were found to be significant among the genetic factors. After multivariate logistic regression of both environmental and genetic factors, only UV radiation exposure (OR 2.08, 95% CI: 1.21-3.58) and wood dust exposure (OR 2.08, 95% CI: 0.95-5.30) remained to be significantly associated with increasing colorectal cancer risk in the study population.Conclusion. This study demonstrated that UV sunlight and wood dust exposure play a greater role in influencing colorectal cancer susceptibility than genotype status from genetic polymorphisms of the GST and the NAT` genes.

The prevalence of CYP2D6 Gene Polymorphisms among Filipinos and their use as biomarkers for lung cancer risk

Objectives@#The highly polymorphic nature of the CYP2D6 gene and its central role in the metabolism of commonly used drugs make it an ideal candidate for pharmacogenetic screening. This study aims to determine the prevalence of CYP2D6 polymorphisms among Filipinos and their association to lung cancer. @*Method@#Forty seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the CYP2D6 gene were genotyped from DNA samples of 115 cases with lung cancer and age- and sex-matched 115 controls. @*Results@#Results show that 18 out of 47 polymorphisms have significant genotypic variability (>1% for at least 2 genotypes). No variant is associated with lung cancer. However, rs1135840, rs16947 and rs28360521, were found to be highly variable among Filipinos. @*Conclusion@#This study demonstrated that CYP2D6 polymorphisms are present among Filipinos, which, although not found to be associated with lung cancer, can be useful biomarkers for future pharmacogenetic studies. The SNP rs16947 is found to be associated with cancer and timolol-induced bradycardia; the SNP rs1135840, on the other hand, is only shown to be linked with cancer. The genetic variant rs28360521 is known to be associated with low-dose aspirin-induced lower gastrointestinal bleeding.