Avaliação preliminar da atividade antimicrobiana do extrato de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. - Hil.) obtido por extração com CO2 supercrítico / Preliminary evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of "erva mate" (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. - Hil.) extract obtained by using supercritical CO2

Ilex paraguariensis A. St. - Hil. (erva-mate) é uma árvore pertencente à família Aquifoleaceae, nativa da região sul da América do Sul e de grande importância cultural e econômica para os três estados da região sul do Brasil. O presente trabalho determinou o potencial antimicrobiano do extrato de erva-mate obtido por fluido supercrítico, frente a alguns microrganismos. As folhas de Ilex paraguariensis foram coletadas na região norte do RS. O extrato bruto da planta desidratada foi obtido pelo método de extração com fluido supercrítico, utilizando dióxido de carbono (CO2) como solvente. Foi obtida a solução mãe desse extrato (100 mg mL-1) que a seguir foi diluído (50; 25; 12,5; 6,25 mg mL-1) para avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana por meio da técnica de difusão do disco em ágar Müeller Hinton, sobre cepas de Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC 19606), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) e Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212). As análises foram efetuadas em triplicata, utilizando como controle negativo disco estéril sem impregnação e como controle positivo discos de antibióticos comerciais variáveis de acordo com a espécie bacteriana. Após 16 a 24h de incubação a 35ºC os halos com significância foram medidos. Observou-se atividade antimicrobiana frente a S. aureus (halos de inibição variaram entre 7 e 18 mm) e para P. aeruginosa (halos entre 6 e 11 mm), ambos nas concentrações de 100 até 25 mg mL-1. O extrato obtido por extração em fluido supercrítico de Ilex paraguariensis apresentou atividade antimicrobiana frente a S. aureus e P. aeruginosa.

Ilex paraguariensis A. St. - Hil. ("erva mate") is a tree of the Aquifoliaceae family, native to the south region of South America and of great cultural and economic importance for the three states of the south region of Brazil. The present study aimed to determine the antimicrobial potential of "erva mate" extract obtained by supercritical fluid against some microorganism strains. The leaves of Ilex paraguariensis were collected in the north region of Rio Grande do Sul State. The crude extract of dehydrated plant was obtained by supercritical fluid extraction, using carbon dioxide (CO2) as solvent. The extract mother solution (100 mg mL-1) was diluted (50; 25; 12, 5; 6.25 mg mL-1) for antimicrobial activity evaluation, by means of disk diffusion method on Müeller-Hinton agar, against strains of Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC 19606), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212). The analyses were done in triplicate, using as negative control sterile disk without impregnation and as positive control, commercial antibiotic disks according to the bacterial species. After 16-24h incubation at 35ºC, the diameters of inhibition zones were measured. Antimicrobial activity was observed against S. aureus (inhibition zones between 7 and 18 mm) and P. aeruginosa (inhibition zones between 6 and 11 mm), both at the concentrations of 100 mg mL-1 to 25 mg mL-1. The extract of Ilex paraguariensis obtained by supercritical fluid presented antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa.

Chemical variation of tannins and triterpenes in Brazilian populations of Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. Ex Reiss.

Maytenus ilicifolia and Maytenus aquifolia species are widely used as a cicatrisation agent, an anti-spasmodic, contraceptive, antiulcerogenic, diuretic and analgesic. Considering the importance of these species in popular medicine, this work is focused on the determination of the chemical content of tannins and the triterpenes friedelan-3-one, friedelan-3-ol and friedelin in 15 native populations of Maytenus ilicifolia distributed in the south and mind-west regions of Brazil. Correlation of the concentration of these compounds with the environmental parameters such as average annual temperature, climate, vegetation, geomorphology, latitude and altitude was determined using Pearson's coefficient. Results showed that average annual temperature and climate have significant effect on tannin content at a 95% confidence level. The highest tannin concentration was found in Ponta Porã population, and for the triterpenes investigated, a significant correlation between their concentrations with the environmental variables studied was not verified.

Chemical variation of tannins and triterpenes in Brazilian populations of Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. Ex Reiss / Variabilidade química de taninos e triterpenos em diferentes populações naturais de Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. Ex Reiss

Maytenus ilicifolia and Maytenus aquifolia species are widely used as a cicatrisation agent, an anti-spasmodic, contraceptive, antiulcerogenic, diuretic and analgesic. Considering the importance of these species in popular medicine, this work is focused on the determination of the chemical content of tannins and the triterpenes friedelan-3-one, friedelan-3-ol and friedelin in 15 native populations of Maytenus ilicifolia distributed in the south and mind-west regions of Brazil. Correlation of the concentration of these compounds with the environmental parameters such as average annual temperature, climate, vegetation, geomorphology, latitude and altitude was determined using Pearson's coefficient. Results showed that average annual temperature and climate have significant effect on tannin content at a 95% confidence level. The highest tannin concentration was found in Ponta Porã population, and for the triterpenes investigated, a significant correlation between their concentrations with the environmental variables studied was not verified.

As espécies de Maytenus ilicifolia e Maytenus aquifolia são utilizadas como antiespasmódico, contraceptivo, antiulcerogênico, diurético, cicatrizante e analgésico. A ação antiulcerogênica dos extratos de Maytenus ilicifolia possuem relação com a presença de taninos e com os triterpenos friedelan-3-ona, friedelan-3-ol e friedelin. Este trabalho está focado na determinação do teor de taninos e dos triterpenos friedelan-3-ona, friedelan-3-ol e friedelin em 15 populações nativas de Maytenus ilicifolia distribuídas nas regiões Sul e Centro-Oeste do Brasil. A correlação entre a concentração destes compostos com variáveis ambientais, tais como temperatura média anual (TMA), clima segundo Koeppen, vegetação, geomorfologia, latitude e altitude foi determinada através do emprego da correlação de Pearson. Os resultados mostraram que as variáveis temperatura média anual e clima apresentaram influência significativa ao nível de confiança de 95% sobre a concentração de taninos. O maior teor de taninos foi encontrado na população de Ponta Porã, a qual possui uma temperatura média anual de 23 °C. Para os triterpenos estudados, friedelan-3-ona, friedelan-3-ol e friedelin, não foi evidenciada correlação significativa entre a concentração destes compostos com as variáveis ambientais estudadas.

Application of Origanum majorana L. essential oil as an antimicrobial agent in sausage.

This work reports on the antimicrobial activity in fresh sausage of marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) essential oil against several species of bacteria. The in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for 10 selected aerobic heterotrophic bacterial species. The antimicrobial activity of distinct concentrations of the essential oil based on the highest MIC value was tested in a food system comprising fresh sausage. Batch food samples were also inoculated with a fixed concentration of Escherichia coli and the time course of the product was evaluated with respect to the action of the different concentrations of essential oil. Results showed that addition of marjoram essential oil to fresh sausage exerted a bacteriostatic effect at oil concentrations lower than the MIC, while a bactericidal effect was observed at higher oil concentrations which also caused alterations in the taste of the product.

Massive blood transfusion therapy.

Surgical patients requiring massive blood transfusion therapy present many challenges for the anesthetist. The decision to transfuse homologous banked blood and its components must be weighed against the potential complications that may occur in this form of therapy. A review of metabolic changes that occur in banked blood, the risk of infection, and physiologic derangements that may develop during massive blood transfusion are presented.