The potential role of physical activity and a healthy diet in increasing nitric oxide during COVID-19 outbreak.

The potential role of physical activity and a healthy diet in increasing nitric oxide during COVID-19 outbreak. This manuscript presents a perspective which provide new insights about the promising role of nitric oxide on COVID-19. Demonstration that nitric oxide was an important cornerstone against viral infections, including SARS-CoV-1 in 2009. Thus, given the concern that higher NO- could improve endothelial health and might be a protection factor against COVID-19, should we critically consider non-pharmacological strategies that increase NO- bioavailability as medicine for COVID-19? From this perspective, we highlight the potential effect of physical activity and healthy diet in stimulating the increase of NO- bioavailability.

Les rôles potentiels de l'activité physique et d'une alimentation saine dans l'augmentation de l'oxyde nitrique pendant l'épidémie de COVID-19. Ce manuscrit présente une perspective qui fournit de nouvelles informations sur le rôle prometteur de l'oxyde nitrique sur la protection contre le risque de COVID-19. Dès 2009, a été évoqué le rôle de l'oxyde nitrique contre le risque d'infections virales, y compris contre la première pandémie liée au coronavirus SARS-CoV-1. Compte tenu de l'hypothèse qu'une augmentation de la production de NO− permettrait d'améliorer la santé endothéliale et pourrait être un facteur de protection contre COVID-19, la question se pose sur la promotion de stratégies non pharmacologiques qui augmentent la biodisponibilité du NO−. C'est dans cette perspective que sont, ici, discutés les effets potentiels de l'activité physique et d'une alimentation saine pour stimuler l'augmentation de la biodisponibilité du NO et la prévention contre la COVID-19.

Galectin-3 Expression Correlates with Post-surgical Survival in Canine Oral Melanomas.

Malignant melanomas (MMs) represent 7% of all malignant neoplasms in dogs. Oral melanocytic neoplasms are often malignant and associated with poor prognosis. There are no universally accepted prognostic markers for canine oral melanoma. Galectin (Gal)-3 is a prognostic marker for human neoplasms such as thyroid, gastric, colorectal and prostate cancers. The protein is related to processes that favour cancer progression, such as angiogenesis, proliferation and apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to characterize the immunohistochemical expression of Gal-3 in canine oral melanomas and to compare it with post-surgical survival, the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and other known prognostic tools. Twenty-seven samples of canine oral melanomas were evaluated for Gal-3, B-cell lymphoma (BCL) 2, caspase (CASP) 3 and Ki67 expression, mitotic index and degree of nuclear atypia. Gal-3 cytoplasmic positivity was correlated positively, while nuclear positivity was correlated negatively, with survival. The intensity of BCL2 labelling was also correlated positively with Gal-3 cytoplasmic positivity. Higher nuclear atypia was observed in dogs with melanoma that died due to the tumour, as well as in dogs that survived for <1 year after surgery. We have confirmed the importance of nuclear atypia for MMs and suggest that Gal-3 is a valuable prognostic indicator for this neoplasm. More in-depth studies are needed to unveil Gal-3 functions in canine MMs using larger sample sizes.

Prevalência de neoplasias da cavidade oral de cães atendidos no Centro Odontológico Veterinário - Odontovet®-SP - entre 1994 e 2003 / Prevalence of oral cavity neoplasias in dogs attended in the Centro Odontológico Veterinário - Odontovet®-SP - from 1994 to 2003 / Prevalência de las neoplasias de la cavidad oral de perros atendidos en el centro odontológico veterinário - odontovet® - entre 1994 y 2003

A cavidade oral a faringe ocupam o quarto lugar em incidência de neoplasias malignas no corpo do cão doméstico. As neoplasias orais malignas mais comuns são melanoma, o carcinoma de células escamosas e o fibrossarcoma. A epúlide e a papilomatose oral respondem pela grande maioria das neoplasias orais benignas em carnívoros domésticos. Em geral, a literatura relata que os machos são mais freqüentemente acometidos que as fêmeas. A maioria dos casos atinge animais de idade média a avançada, ainda que não sejam raros os acometimentos em animais jovens. Raças como o Cocker Spaniel, o Pastor Alemão e o Boxer são amplamente citadas como as mais predispostas a formações neoplásicas. Neste trabalho, foram estudados os casos de neoplasia oral, comprovados por exame histopatológico, que foram atendidos no Centro Odontológico Veterinário – Odontovet® - SP – entre os anos de 1994 e 2003. De todos os atendimentos de cães, 5,2% foram destinados ao tratamento de formações neoplásicas orais. Noventa e uma formações (45,5%) eram neoplasias de caráter benigno e 100 (50%) eram malignas. Os outros 4,5% dos casos correspondem a tumores diversos e de ocorrência rara na cavidade oral de cães. O melanoma maligno foi o tumor mais freqüente (53% dos casos) seguido pelo carcinoma espino-celular (21%) e pelo fibrossarcoma (11%). A epúlide respondeu pela grande maioria das formações benignas (50%). A idade média dos cães acometidos por lesões malignas foi de 7,3 anos e de 8,5 para aqueles acometidos por lesões benignas. Os animais mais acometidos foram os sem raça definida (SRD) (30 casos), Poodle (27 casos), Cocker Spaniel (18), Pastor Alemão (16), Boxer (15) e Dobermann Pinscher (12). No Brasil, Poodles, Cocker Spaniels, Pastores Alemães, Boxers e os SRDs estão entre os que mais freqüentemente são conduzidos ao atendimento odontológico para avaliação de tumefações em cavidade oral.

The oral cavity and the pharynx are responsible for the fourth most attacked site by malignant neoplasias. The most common malignant oral tumors in dogs are the melanoma, the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and the fi brossarcoma. The epulis and the oral papiloma are the most frequent benign tumors in the domestic carnivorous. Papers report that neoplasia occur in male dogs more than in females. The majority of it occur in middle or advanced age, although it is not rare to occur in young dogs. The Cocker Spaniel, German Shepherd Dog and the Boxer are the most frequently attacked by tumors. This work compiled the oral neoplasia diagnosed by histopathologic exam by the Centro Odontológico Veterinário ­ Odontovet®-SP ­ from 1994 to 2003. Of all dogs, 5.2% were submmitted to treatment of oral neoformation. Ninety one (45,5%) were benign tumors and a hundred (50%) were malignant. The other 4,5% were mixed and rare oral tumors. The malignant melanoma was the most commonly observed (53%) followed by SCC (21%) and by fi brossarcoma (11%). The epúlide was the most frequent of the benign tumors (50%). The mean age of the dogs with malignant neoformations was around 7.3 years old and with benign, around 8.5 years old. Mixed breed was the most involved (30 cases), followed by Poodle (27), Cocker Spaniel (18), German Shepherd Dog (16), Boxer (15) and Dobermann Pinscher (12). In Brazil, Poodles, Cocker Spaniels, German Shepard, Boxers and the mixed breeds are frequently refered to dental exams or to oral tumor treatment.

La cavidad oral y la faringe de los perros corresponden al cuarto local más acometido por los tumores malignos. Las neoplasías orales malignas más comunes en perros son el melanoma, el carcinoma de células escamosas y el fi brosarcoma. El epúlide y la papilomatosis responden por gran parte de los acometimientos benignos de los carnívoros domésticos. En general, la literatura relata las hembras como siendo menos afectadas que los machos. Gran parte de los casos alcanzan animales con edad media o avanzada, pero no son raros los acometimientos en los animales jóvenes. Razas como el Cocker Spaniel, el Pastor Alemán y el Boxer son ampliamente citadas como las más predispuestas a neoformaciones neoplásicas. En este estudio, fueron acompañados los casos de neoplasía oral comprobados por examen histopatológico que fueron atendidos en el Centro Odontológico Veterinario ­ Odontovet® - entre los años de 1994 y 2003. De todos los perros atendidos, 5,2% fueron destinados al tratamiento de formaciones neoplásicas orales. Noventa y una formaciones (el 45,5%) fueron neoplasías de caracter benigno y 100 (el 50%) fueron malignas. Los otros 4,5% de los casos correspondieron a tumores diversos y raros de ser encontrados en la cavidad oral de perros. El melanoma maligno fue el tumor más frecuente (el 53% de los casos), seguido por el carcinoma espino-celular (el 21%) y fi brosarcoma (el 11%). El epúlide respondió por la grand mayoría de las formaciones benignas (el 50%). La edad media de los perros acometidos por lesiones malignas fue de 7,3 años y por lesiones benignas, 8,5 años. Los animales más acometidos fueron los mestizos (30 casos), Poodle (27 casos), Cocker Spaniel (18), Pastor Alemán (16), Boxer (15) y Dobermann Pinscher (12). En Brasil, Poodles, Cocker Spaniels, Pastores Alemanes, Boxers y mestizos están entre los animales que más frecuentemente son conducidos a los atendimientos odontológicos para evaluación de las neoformaciones en la cavidad oral.

Non-apical root canal ramifications in the teeth of dogs.

The roots of 130 extracted teeth were examined for non-apical ramifications from the main canal. Following decalcification and dehydration, the root canals were identified with an Indian ink gel. Secondary canals were found in 4 of the 130 teeth (2.4%), and stumps that may represent incomplete lateral canals were identified in two teeth. We conclude that non-apical root canal ramifications are much less common in dogs compared to humans.