Cardiac and Liver Fibrosis Assessed by Multiparametric MRI in Patients with Fontan Circulation.

The abnormal hemodynamics in Fontan circulation due to persistently increased systemic venous pressure results in hepatic venous congestion and Fontan-associated liver disease. Combined assessment of cardiac and liver fibrosis and cardiac remodeling using multiparametric MRI in this context have not been fully explored. To evaluate cardiac and liver fibrosis and cardiac remodeling using multiparametric MRI in patients who have undergone Fontan procedures. Thirty-eight patients and 23 controls underwent cardiac and liver MRI examinations in a 3.0-T scanner. Mann-Whitney, Fisher exact test, and Spearman's correlation were applied to evaluate myocardial volumes, function, native cardiac and liver T1 mapping, ECVs and liver stiffness. The mean native cardiac T1 value (p = 0.018), cardiac ECV (p < 0.001), liver native T1 (p < 0.001), liver ECV (p < 0.001), and liver stiffness (p < 0.001) were higher in patients than controls. The indexed end-diastolic volume (EDVi) correlated with the myocardial ECV (r = 0.356; p = 0.033), native liver T1 (r = 0.571; p < 0.001), and with liver stiffness (r = 0.391; p = 0.015). In addition, liver stiffness correlated with liver ECV (r = 0.361; p = 0.031) and native liver T1 (r = 0.458; p = 0.004). An association between cardiac remodeling and cardiac and liver fibrosis were found in this population. The usefulness of MRI to follow cardiac and liver involvement in these patients is critical to improve treatment strategies and to prevent the need for combined liver and heart transplantation.

Scalable Optical Nose Realized with a Chemiresistively Modulated Light-Emitter Array.

Biological olfaction relies on a large number of receptors that function as sensors to detect gaseous molecules. It is challenging to realize artificial olfactory systems that contain similarly large numbers of sensory materials. It is shown that combinatorial materials processing with vapor deposition can be used to fabricate large arrays of distinct chemiresistive sensing materials. By combining these with light-emitting diodes, an array of chemiresistively-modulated light-emitting diodes, or ChemLEDs, that permit a simultaneous optical read-out in response to an analyte is obtained. The optical nose uses a common voltage source and ground for all sensing elements and thus eliminates the need for complex wiring of individual sensors. This optical nose contains one hundred ChemLEDs and generates unique light patterns in response to gases and their mixtures. Optical pattern recognition methods enable the quantitative prediction of the corresponding concentrations and compositions, thereby paving the way for massively parallel artificial olfactory systems. ChemLEDs open the possibility to explore demanding gas sensing applications, including in environmental, food quality monitoring, and potentially diagnostic settings.

Platinum-DNA Origami Hybrid Structures in Concentrated Hydrogen Peroxide.

The DNA origami technique allows fast and large-scale production of DNA nanostructures that stand out with an accurate addressability of their anchor points. This enables the precise organization of guest molecules on the surfaces and results in diverse functionalities. However, the compatibility of DNA origami structures with catalytically active matter, a promising pathway to realize autonomous DNA machines, has so far been tested only in the context of bio-enzymatic activity, but not in chemically harsh reaction conditions. The latter are often required for catalytic processes involving high-energy fuels. Here, we provide proof-of-concept data showing that DNA origami structures are stable in 5 % hydrogen peroxide solutions over the course of at least three days. We report a protocol to couple these to platinum nanoparticles and show catalytic activity of the hybrid structures. We suggest that the presented hybrid structures are suitable to realize catalytic nanomachines combined with precisely engineered DNA nanostructures.

Dry Synthesis of Pure and Ultrathin Nanoporous Metallic Films.

Nanoporous metals possess unique properties attributed to their high surface area and interconnected nanoscale ligaments. They are mostly fabricated by wet synthetic methods that are not universal to various metals and not free from impurities due to solution-based etching processes. Here, we demonstrate that the plasma treatment of metal nanoparticles formed by physical vapor deposition is a general route to form such films with many metals including the non-noble ones. The resultant nanoporous metallic films are free of impurities and possess highly curved ligaments and nanopores. The metal films are ultrathin, yet remarkably robust and very well connected, and thus are highly promising for various applications such as transparent conducting electrodes.

Psychologic training program and mental toughness development: an integrative revision of literature / Programa de entrenamiento psicológico y desarrollo de la fortaleza mental: una revisión integradora de la literatura / Programa de treinamento psicológico e desenvolvimento da robustez mental: uma revisão integrativa da literature

El constructo Mental Toughness (MT) se considera un componente esencial del rendimiento deportivo, por lo tanto, es importante examinarcómo se ofrecen y aplican a los atletas los programas para desarrollar MT. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue revisar la literatura en relación a los programas de entrenamiento psicológico (PST) aplicados para el desarrollo de la Robustez Mental en el contexto deportivo. Se utilizaron las bases de datos Scielo, PubMed, SportDiscus, BVS, Embase y Psynet, considerando los idiomas portugués, inglés y español. Se utilizó el programa EndNote® para almacenar y organizar el material. Los criterios de inclusión fueron artículos completos, con atletas, que investigaran el entrenamiento psicológico para el desarrollo de MT; los criterios de exclusión fueron: estudios de revisión, estudios de áreas distintas al deporte y entrenamiento psicológico realizado con atletas lesionados. Los resultados muestran 1.858 estudios y, de ese total, se incluyeron diez estudios para síntesis y análisis cualitativo. Los hallazgos muestran que cuatro estudios utilizaron modalidades colectivas y siete utilizaron modalidadesindividuales, siendo cuatro estudios con atletas adultos y seis con atletas adolescentes. En cuanto a la estructura de los programas, seis estudios utilizaron actividades tradicionales de PST, mientras que dos trabajaron con actividades específicas para desarrollar MT. Para la evaluación previa y posterior, los diez estudios utilizaron herramientas que miden MT. De los estudios analizados, nueve muestran un aumento en las puntuaciones de MT después de las intervenciones. En conclusión, los programas de entrenamiento psicológico orientados al desarrollo de la MT no se diferencian de los programas tradicionales de PST, tanto en las habilidades psicológicas trabajadas, las actividades realizadas y el número de sesiones. (AU)

The Mental Toughness (MT) construct is considered an essential component of sports performance, therefore, it is important to examine how programs to develop MT are being offered and applied to athletes. In this sense, the objective of this study was to review the literature in relation to psychological training programs (PST) applied for the development of Mental Toughness in the sport context. The Scielo, PubMed, SportDiscus, BVS, Embase, and Psynet databases were used, considering the Portuguese, English and Spanish languages. The program EndNote® was used to store and organize the material. The inclusion criteria were full papers, with athletes, investigating the psychological training for MT development; the exclusion criteria were: review studies, studies of areas other than sports, and psychological training carried out with injured athletes. The results show 1.858 studies and, from this total, ten studies were included for synthesis and qualitative analysis. The findings show four studies used collective modalities, and seven used individual modalities, being four studies with adult athletes and six with teenager athletes. Concerning the structure of the programs, six studies used traditional PST activities, while two worked with specific activities to develop MT. For the pre-and post-evaluation, all the ten studies used tools that measure MT. From the analysed studies, nine show an increase in MT scores after the interventions. In conclusion, the psychological trainingprograms geared to developing the MT are not different from traditional PST programs, both in terms of the psychological skills worked on, the activities performed and the number of sessions. (AU)

O construto Robustez Mental (RM) é considerado um componente essencial do desempenho esportivo, portanto, é importante analisar como os programas para desenvolver a RM estão sendo oferecidos e aplicados aos atletas. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi revisar a literatura em relação aos programas de treinamento psicológico (PST) aplicados para o desenvolvimento da Robustez Mental no contexto esportivo. Foram utilizadas as bases de dados Scielo, PubMed, SportDiscus, BVS, Embase e Psynet, considerando os idiomas português, inglês e espanhol. O programa EndNote® foi utilizado para armazenar e organizar o material. Os critérios de inclusão foram artigos completos, com atletas, investigando o treinamento psicológico para o desenvolvimento da RM; os critérios de exclusão foram: estudos de revisão, estudos de outras áreas que não o esporte e treinamento psicológico realizado com atletas lesionados. Os resultados mostram 1.858 estudos e, desse total, dez estudos foram incluídos para síntese e análise qualitativa. Os achados mostram que quatro estudos utilizaram modalidades coletivas e sete utilizaram modalidades individuais, sendo quatro estudos com atletas adultos e seis com atletas adolescentes. Quanto à estrutura dos programas, seis estudos utilizaram atividades tradicionais do PST, enquanto dois trabalharam com atividades específicas para desenvolver a RM. Para a pré e pós-avaliação, todos os dez estudos utilizaram instrumentos que medem a RM. Dos estudos analisados, nove mostram um aumento nos escores da RM após asintervenções. Em conclusão, os programas de treinamento psicológico voltados ao desenvolvimento da RM não diferem dos programas tradicionais de PST, tanto em termos de habilidades psicológicas trabalhadas, quanto nas atividades realizadas e no número de sessões. (AU)

Efeito de uma ação de aconselhamento nutricional, com uso de rede social, no enfrentamento à obesidade / Effect of a nutritional counseling activities, by using a social network, in coping with obesity

Estratégias inovadoras precisam ser adotadas para o combate à crescente prevalência de obesidade. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho é avaliar o efeito de uma ação de aconselhamento nutricional com uso de rede social no enfrentamento à obesidade. Este é um estudo experimental do tipo antes e depois, incluindo 60 indivíduos com excesso de peso e adscritos a uma Unidade Básica de Saúde. Foi realizado de junho-outubro de 2020. As ações educativas (compartilhamento de informações sobre alimentação saudável e saúde e pactuação de desafios) foram realizadas pelo aplicativo WhatsApp®, semanalmente, por 16 semanas. Foram coletadas informações sociodemográficas, econômicas, clínicas, antropométricas, sobre consumo alimentar e exames bioquímicos. Os dados foram comparados por teste de Wilcoxon ou Kappa. A maioria dos participantes era do sexo feminino e 36,4% com diagnóstico de hipertensão. Após a intervenção, verificou-se redução de circunferência da cintura (antes:107,3±11,4; depois:105,6±11,5 cm, p=0,004), colesterol total (antes:205,9±48,3; depois:191,5±34,3 mg/dL, p<0,001) e LDL-c (antes:132,4±37,8; depois:120,2±29,3 mg/dL, p<0,001). A ação foi capaz de promover reduções de marcadores corporais de obesidade e de descompensações metabólicas associadas a obesidade, demonstrando a importância de intervenções inovadoras que possam somar a outras intervenções e facilitar a adesão do público.

Innovative strategies need to be adopted to combat the growing prevalence of obesity. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of a nutritional counseling activity using a social network in coping with obesity. This is a before-and-after experimental study, including 60 overweight individuals enrolled in a Primary Care Center. It was carried out from June to October 2020. Educational actions (sharing information about healthy eating and health and agreeing on challenges) were carried out through the WhatsApp® application, weekly, for 16 weeks. Sociodemographic, economic, clinical, anthropometric, food consumption, and biochemical data were collected. Data were compared by the Wilcoxon or Kappa test. Most participants were female and 36.4% had a diagnosis of hypertension. After the intervention, there was a reduction in waist circumference (before:107.3±11.4; after:105.6±11.5 cm, p=0.004), total cholesterol (before:205.9±48, 3; after:191.5±34.3 mg/dL, p<0.001), and LDL-c (before:132.4±37.8; after:120.2±29.3 mg/dL, p<0.001). The activity was able to promote reductions in body markers of obesity and metabolic imbalances associated with obesity, demonstrating the importance of innovative interventions that can add to other interventions and facilitate public adherence.

Complex gastroschisis with apple peel jejunoileal atresia, primary closure, and Santulli procedure as a surgical alternative. Case report.

BACKGROUND: Gastroschisis is a closure defect of the abdominal wall classified as complex when it presents with necrosis, volvulus, or atresia of the gastrointestinal tract. Jejunoileal atresia is caused by abnormal closure, discontinuity, or narrowing of the intestine. Apple Peel or type IIIb is the rarest presentation, with an incidence of 1.3 per 10,000 live births. In addition to presenting a high mortality rate. PRESENTATION OF CASE: We present a preterm newborn patient of 30 weeks with a diagnosis of gastroschisis and jejunoileal atresia type IIIB. The congenital wall defect was closed in the first surgical stage, and he was then taken at four weeks to correct the atresia. In the second surgery, we found a difference in intestinal calibers of 8:1, and the surgical team decides to perform remodeling of the proximal sac with a mechanical stapler and perform anastomosis using the Santulli technique. On day 6 of life, enteral feeding began through a nutrition tube localized under intestinal anastomosis with progressive nutritional increase. Subsequently, intermittent and progressive occlusion of the stoma was performed, leading the patient to a definitive surgical closure one month later. CONCLUSIONS: The mortality rate for gastroschisis and complex intestinal atresia is high. Advances in prenatal diagnosis, neonatal intensive care, and proper surgical correction are crucial to improving survival rates. The Santulli procedure is a surgical alternative for intestinal atresias with a caliber discrepancy greater than 4 to 1 or when the characteristics of the distal part do not allow a primary anastomosis to be performed.

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and intelligence quotient of offspring aged 18 and 30 years: Evidence from two birth cohorts in southern Brazil.

Maternal smoking during pregnancy causes several harmful effects, including deficits in the intelligence quotient (IQ), a measure associated with academic achievements and higher socioeconomic position. We aimed to measure the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring's IQ in two birth cohorts from Pelotas, Brazil. Data from the 1982 and 1993 birth cohorts were analyzed. Smoking during pregnancy was ascertained at the perinatal follow-up, and IQ was measured at 30 years (1982) and 18 years (1993). Simple and multiple linear regressions were used for crude and adjusted analysis. Mediation analysis was performed using birth weight and breastfeeding as possible mediators. Data analysis was conducted in 2020. There were 3611 and 4050 participants from the 1982 and 1993 cohorts, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, the inverse association between smoking during pregnancy and children's IQ remained significant in both cohorts. Offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy had an average of 1.32 less IQ points (95%CI: -2.23, -0.242) in the 1982 cohort, and an average of 1.66 less IQ points (95%CI: -2.42, -0.90) in the 1993 cohort. Neither cohort showed association with paternal smoking (negative controls) after adjustment. Breastfeeding's mediated effects accounted for 26.2% and 23.9% of the association in the 1982 and 1993 cohorts, respectively, while birth weight's accounted for 6.8% and 30.1%, respectively; indirect effects were not significant. The inverse association between maternal smoking and IQ and the lack of association with paternal smoking reinforces our findings of a negative association between exposure and outcome.

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and children's mental health at age 22 years: Results of a birth cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Early exposures such as maternal smoking can be associated mental disorders. We aimed to analyze the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and depression in the 1993 birth cohort (Pelotas, Brazil). METHODS: Data on maternal smoking were collected in the perinatal study, while information on GAD and depression was collected at age 22 years using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Information on maternal mental health, the mediator, was collected at the 11-year follow-up. Simple and multiple logistic regressions were used to assess the association between exposure, outcomes, and analysis of negative controls. RESULTS: 3,781 participants presented complete data. The incidence of GAD was 10.4%, depression 2.9%, and smoking during pregnancy 32.6%. The children of mothers who smoked had a 45% higher chance of developing GAD at age 22 years (OR 1.45; 95%CI 1.18; 1.80) and 75% higher chance of depression (OR 1.75; 95%CI 1.18; 2.59). Also, the higher the number of cigarettes smoked. the higher was the chance for the development of GAD. Paternal smoking was not associated with the outcomes. The mother's mental health accounted for 18.2% of the association between maternal smoking and GAD, and for 13.4% for maternal smoking and depression. LIMITATIONS: Data for smoking during pregnancy were collected through a self-report. Residual confusion due to important variables cannot be ruled out. CONCLUSIONS: MSDP was associated with the mental health of children in early adulthood. However, a small part of the effect found was mediated by the mother's mental health.

Electromyographic biofeedback and visual feedback in myofunctional therapy: usage profile by speech-language-hearing pathologists / Biofeedback eletromiográfico e feedback visual na terapia miofuncional: perfil de uso pelos fonoaudiólogos

ABSTRACT Purpose: to identify the usage profile of mirrors and electromyographic biofeedback to support myofunctional therapy by speech-language-hearing therapists who work with oral-motor function in Brazil. Methods: a quantitative cross-sectional study with an online (SurveyMonkey) questionnaire, which was structured with questions on the use of mirrors and/or electromyographic biofeedback. A descriptive analysis was made, and the Mann-Whitney U test and the chi-square test were applied (p < 0.05). Results: most professionals (23 [82.14%]) used mirrors, whereas only five (17.85%) used electromyographic biofeedback. The electromyographic biofeedback was used at some point with all age groups, to treat mastication and swallowing functions and facial mimics. Dysphagia and facial palsy were regularly or occasionally treated with it. The patients' perception was significantly associated with the use of either instrument. The electromyographic biofeedback group showed a consensus among patients, while approximately half of the mirror group (12 [52.17%]) were indifferent to its use. Conclusion: the profile showed young adult professionals, who used national equipment. The findings reinforce the need for research on complementary therapeutic procedures in the field of oral-motor functions, particularly, electromyographic biofeedback.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar o perfil de uso do espelho e do Biofeedback Eletromiográfico como suporte à terapia miofuncional por Fonoaudiólogos atuantes na área de Motricidade Orofacial no Brasil. Métodos: estudo quantitativo e transversal, por meio da aplicação de questionário online (plataforma SurveyMonkey). O questionário foi estruturado com perguntas sobre o uso do espelho e/ou do Biofeedback Eletromiográfico. Foi realizada análise descritiva e aplicação dos Testes U de Mann-Whitney e Qui-quadrado (p<0,05). Resultados: a maioria dos profissionais, 23 (82,14%), utiliza o espelho, enquanto apenas cinco (17,85%) utilizam o biofeedback eletromiográfico. O Biofeedback Eletromiográfico é eventualmente utilizado em todas as faixas etárias, assim como para as funções de mastigação, deglutição e mímica facial. As patologias referidas com uso regular e eventual foram a disfagia e a paralisia facial. Houve associação significante na percepção dos pacientes em relação ao uso de algum dos instrumentos, porém no grupo do Biofeedback Eletromiográfico houve consenso entre os pacientes e, no grupo espelho, aproximadamente metade 12 (52,17%) achou indiferente. Conclusão: o perfil encontrado foi de profissionais adultos jovens, com uso de instrumentação nacional. Os achados reforçam a necessidade de pesquisas voltadas aos procedimentos terapêuticos complementares na área de Motricidade Orofacial, sobretudo Biofeedback Eletromiográfico.

Psychometric Properties of the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) for Sport / Propiedades Psicométricas del Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) para el Deporte / Propriedades Psicométricas do Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) para o Esporte

The main objective of this research was to culturally adapt and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Life Orientation Test Revised version for the Brazilian sports context (LOT-R). The sample consisted of 953 young Brazilian athletes of both sexes, with a mean age of 16 years. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis produced two correlated dimensions, reflecting optimism and pessimism, and provided support for a two-factor model. A satisfactory fit was found for LOT-R for sport (LOT-R-Sport) with six items (χ2=4.541, df=8; CFI=1; TLI=1;RMSEA=0 [90%IC = 0.000 -0.024]; SRMR=0.016). Satisfactory tests of internal consistency were also generated through the analysis of factor loadings. The Composite Reliability indices (0.72/ 0.70) were suitablefor Optimism and Pessimism, respectively. Motivation, Resilience and Satisfaction with Life showed positive correlations with Optimism and negative correlations with Pessimism, indicative of convergent validity.The configural, metric and scalar invariance was achieved, indicating that the LOT-R-Sport can measure athletes of different sexes, sports, ages and years of experience equally. Although more studies are needed to confirm the psychometric properties of the instrument, the adaptation of the LOT-R-Sport was the first step in the future works about the influence of Optimism on sports performance. (AU)

El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue adaptar y evaluar culturalmente las propiedades psicométricas de la versión brasileira del Life Orientation Test Revisedpara el contexto deportivo (LOT-R). La muestra consistió en 953 jóvenes atletas brasileños de ambos sexos, con una edad media de 16 años. Los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio produjeron dos dimensiones correlacionadas, que reflejan optimismoy pesimismo, y brindaron apoyo para un modelo de dos factores. Se encontró un ajuste satisfactorio para LOT-R con 6 ítems (χ2=4.541, df=8; CFI=1; TLI=1; RMSEA=0 [90%IC = 0.000 -0.024]; SRMR=0.016).También se generaron pruebas satisfactorias de consistencia interna a través del análisis de cargas factoriales. La Fiabilidad Compuesta (.72/ .70) fue adecuada en las variables latentes Optimismo y Pesimismo, respectivamente. Motivación, Resiliencia y Satisfacción con la Vida mostraron correlaciones positivas con Optimismo y correlaciones negativas con Pesimismo, indicativo de validez convergente.Se logró la invariancia configuracional, métrica y escalar, lo que indica que LOT-R-Sport puede medir atletas de diferentessexos,deportes, edades y años de experiencia por igual. Aunque se necesitan más estudios para confirmar las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento, la adaptación de LOT-R al contexto deportivo fue el primer paso en el futuro sobre la influencia del Optimismo en el rendimiento deportivo. (AU)

O principal objetivo desta pesquisa foi adaptar culturalmente e avaliar as propriedades psicométricas da Life Orientation Test Revisada para o contexto esportivo (LOT-R). A amostra foi composta por 953 jovens atletas brasileiros de ambos os sexos, com idade média de 16 anos. Os resultados da análise fatorial confirmatória produziram duas dimensões correlacionadas, refletindo otimismo e pessimismo e forneceram suportepara um modelo de dois fatores. Foi encontrado um ajuste satisfatório para LOT-R para o esporte (LOT-R-Sport) com seis itens ítems (χ2=4.541, df=8; CFI=1; TLI=1; RMSEA=0 [90%IC = 0.000 -0.024]; SRMR=0.016). Testes satisfatórios de consistência interna foram gerados através da análise de cargas fatoriais. Os índices Confiabilidade Composta (0.72/ 0.70) foram adequados para Otimismo e Pessimismo, respectivamente. Motivação, Resiliência e Satisfação com a Vida apresentaram correlações positivas com Otimismo e negativas com Pessimismo, indicativo de validade convergente.A invariância configural, métrica e escalar foi alcançada, indicando que o LOT-R-Sport pode avaliar de diferentessexos, modalidades, idadese anosde experiência igualmente. Embora sejam necessários mais estudos para confirmar as propriedades psicométricas do instrumento, a adaptação do LOT-R-Sport ao contexto esportivo foi o primeiro passo para futuros estudos sobre a influência do otimismo no desempenho esportivo. (AU)

Stressors in Indoor and Field Brazilian Soccer: Are They Perceived as a Distress or Eustress?

Soccer players inescapably live under stress during the sportive career, and many real-life aspects of soccer situations operate in the ongoing performance. This study's main objective was to elaborate the List of Stressors in Professional Indoor and Field Soccer, a self-report instrument designed to measure the impact of 77 soccer situations upon the sport performance. Participants were 138 indoor and field soccer players from the Brazilian Premier League. Each situation was evaluated on a 7-point scale, ranging from the most negative (-3) to the most positive (+3). Data were analyzed according to the players' perception of the items: distress or eustress and its intensity, and after that, situations perceived as plus -1 and +1 were compared by time in which they were experienced and distributed among five categories established by the literature: Expectations about the Performance, Personal Factors, Competition Aspects, Training Demands, and Relationship with Significant People. Narratives of athletes' experiences were also used to discuss the results. An Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling using Bi-factorial (BI-ESEM) was employed to assess the factor structure. For the total participants, 49 situations were perceived as distress and 28 as eustress. Using the criteria established a priori, the distribution was among the five categories in the remaining 32 situations. Differences in perception between less and more experienced players were found in 11 situations. The results revealed that Brazilian professional soccer players experience various stressful situations. These events are important representations of environmental demands and could predict the performance as they are perceived as eustress or distress. Some of these stressful situations are inherent in sport and others adjacent to the sports system or environment. Coach pressure to win and conflicts with teammates are examples of stressors in-sport, family problems and disputes with press or fans are examples of stressors external to the team, also called peripheral opponents, and showed the relative social influence of significant others in soccer performance. We can conclude that the knowledge of the direction of a given stress situation has important practical implications in preparing athletes and helping them face the performance stressors that are part of soccer daily life.

Risky Sexual Behavior Among Street Children, Adolescents, and Young People Living on the street in southern Brazil.

Although adolescents living on the street tend to have unprotected sex with many partners and substance abuse, little is known about this reality in Brazil. To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with risky sexual behavior among children and adolescents living on the street in Porto Alegre and Rio Grande. A cross-sectional study was carried out using the Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS) sampling method to quickly and efficiently access populations of difficult access. Poisson regression with robust adjustment of variance was used in the multivariate analysis. The sample consisted of 231 participants aged 10-21 years. Most were male and aged 16- 21 years. More than half (66.7%) of the respondents did not have a school bond, and 64.5% did not live with the family. Half of the sample had been living on the street for at least four years, spending 15 h or more on the street. Most (86.6%) responded that they had already used illicit drugs in their lives, and unprotected sex prevalence was 61.9%. The variables independently associated with unprotected sex were years living on the street, hours spent on the street, having a steady partner, illicit drug use, and sexual intercourse without a condom under the influence of drugs. The high prevalence of unprotected sex points to the need for intervention policies for this population to prevent the main risk factors.

Light- and magnetically actuated FePt microswimmers.

Externally controlled microswimmers offer prospects for transport in biological research and medical applications. This requires biocompatibility of the swimmers and the possibility to tailor their propulsion mechanisms to the respective low Reynolds number environment. Here, we incorporate low amounts of the biocompatible alloy of iron and platinum (FePt) in its [Formula: see text] phase in microstructures by a versatile one-step physical vapor deposition process. We show that the hard magnetic properties of [Formula: see text] FePt are beneficial for the propulsion of helical micropropellers with rotating magnetic fields. Finally, we find that the FePt coatings are catalytically active and also make for Janus microswimmers that can be light-actuated and magnetically guided.

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and intelligence quotient in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to tobacco during pregnancy may disrupt fetal brain development and impact offspring cognitive development. AIMS: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on maternal smoking during pregnancy and intelligence quotient (IQ) in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Lilacs, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Original articles evaluating tobacco use/exposure during pregnancy and the offspring's IQ as the outcome. The review protocol is registered in PROSPERO (number CRD 42,019,116,257). For the meta-analysis, we included studies with information on the regression coefficient and its confidence interval (CI) or standard error. Random effects model was used for pooling the estimates. RESULTS: 25 studies were included in the review, and of these 14 met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. The overall pooled estimate showed that subjects who were exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy presented lower IQ scores, compared to those not exposed to maternal smoking (ß -1.30; 95 % CI -1.74, -0.86; I2 = 87.8 %); IQ scores were also lower in crude (ß -5.46; 95 % CI -7.31, -3.60; I²: 79.0 %) and adjusted pooled estimates (ß =-0.45; 95 % CI -0.76, -0.13; I2 = 80.4 %), for the group exposed to maternal smoking. In the stratified analysis, an inverse association was also observed in studies with large sample size (n≥1000 participants) (ß=-0.49; 95 % CI -0.96, -0.02), among those performed with adolescents (ß=-1.16; 95 % CI -2.18, -0.14), and among those adjusted for maternal education (ß=-0.57; 95 % CI -1.05, -0.08). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that exposure to tobacco during pregnancy may have negative effects on IQ. However, the findings of this meta-analysis should be interpreted with caution.

Large Area Patterning of Nanoparticles and Nanostructures: Current Status and Future Prospects.

Nanoparticles possess exceptional optical, magnetic, electrical, and chemical properties. Several applications, ranging from surfaces for optical displays and electronic devices, to energy conversion, require large-area patterns of nanoparticles. Often, it is crucial to maintain a defined arrangement and spacing between nanoparticles to obtain a consistent and uniform surface response. In the majority of the established patterning methods, the pattern is written and formed, which is slow and not scalable. Some parallel techniques, forming all points of the pattern simultaneously, have therefore emerged. These methods can be used to quickly assemble nanoparticles and nanostructures on large-area substrates into well-ordered patterns. Here, we review these parallel methods, the materials that have been processed by them, and the types of particles that can be used with each method. We also emphasize the maximal substrate areas that each method can pattern and the distances between particles. Finally, we point out the advantages and disadvantages of each method, as well as the challenges that still need to be addressed to enable facile, on-demand large-area nanopatterning.

Expatriação de atletas e seus aspectos psicológicos: uma revisão sistemática de literatura / Expatriación de atletas y aspectos psicológicos: una revisión de literatura sistemática / Expatriation of athletes and psychological aspects: a systematic literature review

Atletas de modalidades esportivas migram ao longo de suas carreiras para outros países em busca de diferentes objetivos, dentre os quais alcançar melhor desempenho e status sociais e financeiro. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi revisar a literatura em relação aos aspectos psicológicos envolvidos no processo de expatriação de atletas. Para tanto, foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados Scielo, PubMed, SportDiscus, BVS, Embase e Banco de teses e dissertações da CAPES, com vocábulos próprios de cada base, nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol. Foram incluídos estudos que contemplassem atletas de rendimento e investigassem o processo de migração internacional no esporte, além de excluídos os estudos de revisão e estudos realizados com estudantes, atletas estudantes e técnicos. Após criteriosa triagem, realizada por meio do programa gerenciador de referências bibliográficas, o software EndNote(R), foram selecionados e armazenados oito estudos elegíveis para análise, utilizando o modelo temporal de transição cultural. Assim, os resultados obtidos ilustraram que, entre os atletas, não é uma prática comum a busca por informações prévias sobre o país hospedeiro e/ou o contexto esportivo em que serão inseridos. Já, em relação ao processo de adaptação cultural aguda, evidenciou-se que a principal estratégia utilizada, ligada às necessidades psicológicas básicas, somada ao aprendizado do idioma, foram fundamentais na promoção da sensação de pertencimento à cultura e, consequentemente, o desenvolvimento da adaptação sociocultural. Diante disso, conclui-se que investigar os aspectos psicológicos envolvidos na migração internacional de atletas, oferecendo o preparo psicológico para enfrentar os desafios pertinentes à adaptação cultural, provavelmente contribuirão para o melhor entendimento nas escolhas das estratégias a serem utilizadas nesse processo, bem como podem ser determinantes para o sucesso da migração

Los atletas de modalidades deportivas migran a lo largo de su carrera a otros países en busca de diferentes objetivos, entre ellos, para lograr un mejor rendimiento y un estado social y financiero. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue revisar la literatura en relación con los aspectos psicológicos involucrados en el proceso de expatriación de los atletas. Para este fin, se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos de tesis y disertaciones de Scielo, PubMed, SportDiscus, BVS, Embase y CAPES, con palabras específicas para cada base, en inglés, portugués y español. Se incluyeron estudios que incluyeron atletas de rendimiento e investigaron el proceso de migración internacional en el deporte y se excluyeron los estudios de revisión y estudios con estudiantes, estudiantes atletas y entrenadores. Después de una cuidadosa selección, realizada a través del programa administrador de referencias bibliográficas, el software EndNote(R), se seleccionaron y almacenaron ocho estudios elegibles para el análisis utilizando el modelo temporal de transición cultural. Por lo tanto, los resultados obtenidos ilustraron que, entre los atletas, no es una práctica común buscar información previa sobre el país anfitrión y / o el contexto deportivo en el que se insertarán. En relación con el proceso de adaptación cultural aguda, se hizo evidente que la estrategia principal utilizada está vinculada a las necesidades psicológicas básicas, además del aprendizaje de idiomas, fueron fundamentales para promover el sentimiento de pertenencia a la cultura y, en consecuencia, el desarrollo de Adaptación sociocultural. Por lo tanto, se concluye que investigar los aspectos psicológicos involucrados en la migración internacional de atletas, ofreciendo la preparación psicológica para enfrentar los desafíos pertinentes a la adaptación cultural, probablemente contribuirá a una mejor comprensión de las opciones de estrategias que se utilizarán en este proceso, así como determinando el éxito de la migración

Athletes from sports modalities migrate throughout their career to other countries in search of different objectives, among them, to achieve better performance and social and financial status. In this sense, the objective of this study was to review the literature in relation to the psychological aspects involved in the expatriation process of athletes. For this purpose, searches were carried out in the Scielo, PubMed, SportDiscus, BVS, Embase and CAPES theses and dissertations databases, with words specific to each base, in English, Portuguese and Spanish. Studies that included performance athletes and investigated the process of international migration in sport were included and review studies and studies with students, student athletes and coaches were excluded. After careful screening, carried out by means of the bibliographic reference manager program, the EndNote(R) software, eight studies eligible for analysis were selected and stored using the temporal model of cultural transition. Thus, the results obtained illustrated that, among athletes, it is not a common practice to search for previous information about the host country and / or the sports context to which they will be inserted. In relation to the process of acute cultural adaptation, it became evident that the main strategy used is linked to basic psychological needs, in addition to language learning, were fundamental in promoting the feeling of belonging to culture and, consequently, the development of sociocultural adaptation. Therefore, it is concluded that investigating the psychological aspects involved in the international migration of athletes, offering the psychological preparation to face the challenges pertinent to cultural adaptation, will probably contribute to a better understanding in the choices of strategies to be used in this process, as well as can determining the success of the migration

Antiproliferative effect of guava fruit extracts in MDA-MB-435 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines.

Breast cancer is the most frequent and lethal neoplastic disease among women worldwide. Psidium Guajava is a promising functional food against cancer, owing to a variety of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the anticarcinogenic potential of Pedro Sato (PS), Hitigio (HI) and Tsumori (TS) guava cultivars fruit pulp extracts in MDA-MB-435 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts and their effect on cell viability, cell cycle and apoptosis were assessed. Additionally, the concentration of carotenoids, total phenolics, ascorbic acid and other physicochemical parameters were evaluated. PS pulp extract showed the highest in vitro antioxidative activity by all tested methods, as well as the highest content of lycopene and total phenolics, while TS pulp extract presented the highest concentration of ß-carotene. After 48 hours treatment, all guava cultivars' extracts caused reduction of MDA-MB-435 and MCF-7 cells viability, with PS and HI being the most effective extracts. All guava extracts caused MDA-MB-435 and MCF-7 cell count reduction in G0/G1 and G2/M phases and increased apoptosis. The present results strongly suggest that guava pulp exerts antiproliferative effect on breast adenocarcinoma cells.