Management Patterns and Outcomes After Traumatic Brain Injury With Associated Blunt Cerebrovascular Injury.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although blunt cerebrovascular injuries (BCVIs) are relatively common in patients with traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), uncertainty remains regarding optimal management strategies to prevent neurological complications, morbidity, and mortality. Our objectives were to characterize common care patterns; assess the prevalence of adverse outcomes, including stroke, functional deficits, and death, by BCVI grade; and evaluate therapeutic approaches to treatment in patients with BCVI and TBI. METHODS: Patients with TBI and BCVI treated at our Level I trauma center from January 2016 to December 2020 were identified. Presenting characteristics, treatment, and outcomes were captured for univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Of 323 patients with BCVI, 145 had Biffl grade I, 91 had grade II, 49 had grade III, and 38 had grade IV injuries. Lower-grade BCVIs were more frequently managed with low-dose (81 mg) aspirin ( P < .01), although all grades were predominantly treated with high-dose (150-600 mg) aspirin ( P = .10). Patients with low-grade BCVIs had significantly fewer complications ( P < .01) and strokes ( P < .01). Most strokes occurred in the acute time frame (<24 hours), including 10/11 (90.9%) grade IV-related strokes. Higher BCVI grade portended elevated risk of stroke (grade II odds ratio [OR] 5.3, grade III OR 12.2, and grade IV OR 19.6 compared with grade I; all P < .05). The use of low- or high-dose aspirin was protective against mortality (both OR 0.1, P < .05). CONCLUSION: In patients with TBI, BCVIs impart greater risk for stroke and other associated morbidities as their severity increases. It may prove difficult to mitigate high-grade BCVI-related stroke, considering most events occur in the acute window. The paucity of late time frame strokes suggest that current management strategies do help mitigate risks.

Factors Associated with Venous Thromboembolism Development in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury.

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolic (VTE) events are a major concern in trauma and intensive care, with the prothrombotic state caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI) increasing the risk in affected patients. We sought to identify critical demographic and clinical variables and determine their influence on subsequent VTE development in patients with TBI. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with data retrospectively collected from 818 patients with TBI admitted to a level I trauma center in 2015-2020 and placed on VTE prophylaxis. RESULTS: The overall VTE incidence was 9.1% (7.6% deep vein thrombosis, 3.2% pulmonary embolism, 1.7% both). The median time to diagnosis was 7 days (interquartile range 4-11) for deep vein thrombosis and 5 days (interquartile range 3-12) for pulmonary embolism. Compared with those who did not develop VTE, patients who developed VTE were younger (44 vs. 54 years, p = 0.02), had more severe injury (Glasgow Coma Scale 7.5 vs. 14, p = 0.002, Injury Severity Score 27 vs. 21, p < 0.001), were more likely to have experienced polytrauma (55.4% vs. 34.0%, p < 0.001), more often required neurosurgical intervention (45.9% vs. 30.5%, p = 0.007), more frequently missed ≥ 1 dose of VTE prophylaxis (39.2% vs. 28.4%, p = 0.04), and were more likely to have had a history of VTE (14.9% vs. 6.5%, p = 0.008). Univariate analysis demonstrated that 4-6 total missed doses predicted the highest VTE risk (odds ratio 4.08, 95% confidence interval 1.53-10.86, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights patient-specific factors that are associated with VTE development in a cohort of patients with TBI. Although many of these are unmodifiable patient characteristics, a threshold of four missed doses of chemoprophylaxis may be particularly important in this critical patient population because it can be controlled by the care team. Development of intrainstitutional protocols and tools within the electronic medical record to avoid missed doses, particularly among patients who require operative interventions, may result in decreasing the likelihood of future VTE formation.

Impact of premorbid oral anticoagulant use on survival in patients with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: Although oral anticoagulant use has been implicated in worse outcomes for patients with a traumatic brain injury (TBI), prior studies have mostly examined the use of vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). In an era of increasing use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in lieu of VKAs, the authors compared the survival outcomes of TBI patients on different types of premorbid anticoagulation medications with those of patients not on anticoagulation. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the records of 1186 adult patients who presented at a level I trauma center with an intracranial hemorrhage after blunt trauma between 2016 and 2022. Patient demographics; comorbidities; and pre-, peri-, and postinjury characteristics were compared based on premorbid anticoagulation use. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression modeling of mortality was performed to adjust for risk factors that met a significance threshold of p < 0.1 on bivariate analysis. RESULTS: Of 1186 patients with a traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, 49 (4.1%) were taking DOACs and 53 (4.5%) used VKAs at the time of injury. Patients using oral anticoagulants were more likely to be older (p < 0.001), to have a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (p < 0.001), and to present with a higher Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score (p < 0.001) and lower Injury Severity Score (ISS; p < 0.001) than those on no anticoagulation. Patients using VKAs were more likely to undergo reversal than patients using DOACs (53% vs 31%, p < 0.001). Cox proportional hazards regression demonstrated significantly increased hazard ratios (HRs) for VKA use (HR 2.204, p = 0.003) and DOAC use (HR 1.973, p = 0.007). Increasing age (HR 1.040, p < 0.001), ISS (HR 1.017, p = 0.01), and Marshall score (HR 1.186, p < 0.001) were associated with an increased risk of death. A higher GCS score on admission was associated with a decreased risk of death (HR 0.912, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a traumatic intracranial injury who were on oral anticoagulant therapy before injury demonstrated higher mortality rates than patients who were not on oral anticoagulation after adjusting for age, comorbid conditions, and injury presentation.

Measuring the Impact of Whole-Body Computed Tomography on Hospital Length of Stay in Blunt Trauma.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Whole-body computed tomography (WBCT) imaging has become commonplace in some emergency departments (EDs) for trauma where management is dependent on rapid diagnosis achieved through comprehensive imaging. The purpose of this study was to assess the value that computed tomography (CT) imaging contributes to trauma patients by retrospectively comparing hospital length of stay (LOS) between WBCT and selective CT imaging, while controlling for hemodynamic stability and socio-economic considerations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was institutional review board approved. The institutional trauma registry database was cross-referenced with our radiology information system database to identify adult patients who sustained blunt trauma between July 2011 and June 2013 and received CT imaging. Propensity score weighting was utilized to achieve balance in baseline covariates, including demographics, hemodynamic stability, Glasgow Coma Scale, and socioeconomic factors. A generalized linear model was used to compare LOS between imaging types, and a multinomial logistic regression was utilized to analyze differences in discharge disposition. RESULTS: A total of 2291 patients were identified of which 14.5% underwent WBCT imaging. WBCT patients had an insignificantly longer inpatient hospital LOS of 0.31 days (P = 0.54), and insignificantly higher odds of being discharged to a nursing home facility (versus home, odds ratio = 1.29 [P = 0.34]) when compared to those who received selective CT. CONCLUSION: WBCT imaging did not have a statistically significant effect on inpatient hospital LOS or discharge disposition.

Transport of winter resort injuries to regional trauma centers.

INTRODUCTION: This study examined the epidemiology of winter resort injuries presenting to regional trauma centers by helicopter (HEMS) or ground (GEMS) ambulance. METHODS: Five hundred seventy-five patients (GEMS 289; HEMS 286) were identified from trauma registries and HEMS transport records. Demographic data, hospital interventions, and discharge status were examined. RESULTS: HEMS patients had a significantly lower Glasgow coma score (GCS) and trauma score (TS), longer intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), and more deaths than did GEMS patients (P < 0.05). Despite this, significantly more HEMS patients were discharged home from the emergency department (24.5% vs. 4.8%; P < 0.001). HEMS patients had more isolated head/facial injuries and multiple injuries, with less isolated extremity injuries than did GEMS patients (P < 0.05). Regardless of transport mode, patients with multiple injuries, thoracoabdominal injuries, or head injuries with a GCS < or = 13 were more likely to require immediate interventions (intubation, chest tube, blood products). Patients with isolated extremity injuries rarely needed immediate care. CONCLUSION: HEMS patients had a higher acuity and different injury pattern when compared to GEMS patients. Approximately 24.5% of HEMS patients were discharged home from the ED. This reflects significant overtriage of patients to HEMS. A prospective study examining the initial triage of patients injured at winter resorts would help to determine which subset of patients are best served by HEMS transport.