Impacts of a fraction of inspired oxygen adjustment protocol in COVID-19 patients under mechanical ventilation: A prospective cohort study / Impactos de un protocolo de ajuste de la fracción de oxígeno inspirado en pacientes con COVID-19 sometidos a ventilación mecánica: un estudio de cohorte prospectivo

Objective We examined weather a protocol for fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) adjustment can reduce hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in COVID-19 patients mechanically ventilated. Design Prospective cohort study. Settin Two intensive care units (ICUs) dedicated to COVID-19 patients in Brazil. Patients Consecutive patients with COVID-19 mechanically ventilated. Interventions One ICU followed a FiO2 adjustment protocol based on SpO2 (conservative-oxygen ICU) and the other, which did not follow the protocol, constituted the control ICU. Main variables of interest Prevalence of hyperoxemia (PaO2>100mmHg) on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia (present on days 1 and 2), and excess oxygen use (FiO2>0.6 in patients with hyperoxemia) were compared between the two ICUs. Results Eighty two patients from the conservative-oxygen ICU and 145 from the control ICU were included. The conservative-oxygen ICU presented lower prevalence of hyperoxemia on day 1 (40.2% vs. 75.9%, p<0.001) and of sustained hyperoxemia (12.2% vs. 49.6%, p<0.001). Excess oxygen use was less frequent in the conservative-oxygen ICU on day 1 (18.3% vs. 52.4%, p<0.001). Being admitted in the control ICU was independently associated with hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use. Multivariable analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FiO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Conclusions Following FiO2 protocol was associated with lower hyperoxemia and less excess oxygen use. Although those results were not associated with better clinical outcomes, adopting FiO2 protocol may be useful in a scenario of depleted oxygen resources, as was seen during the COVID-19 pandemic (AU)

Objetivo Evaluar si un protocolo para el ajuste de la FiO2 reduce la hiperoxemia y el uso excesivo de oxígeno en pacientes con COVID-19 en ventilación mecánica. Diseño Estudio de cohorte prospectivo. Ámbito Unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) dedicadas a pacientes con COVID-19 en Brasil. Pacientes Pacientes con COVID-19. Intervenciones Una UCI siguió un protocolo de ajuste de FiO2 basado en SpO2 (UCI de oxigenoterapia conservadora, N=82) y la otra no siguió el protocolo (UCI control, N=145). Principales variables de interés Prevalencia de hiperoxemia (PaO2>100mmHg) en el día 1, hiperoxemia sostenida (presente en los días 1 y 2) y exceso de uso de oxígeno (FiO2>0,6 en pacientes con hiperoxemia) entre las 2 UCI. Resultados La UCI de oxigenoterapia conservadora presentó menor prevalencia de hiperoxemia en el día 1 (40,2 vs. 75,9%; p<0,001) y de hiperoxemia sostenida (12,2 vs. 49,6%; p<0,001). El uso excesivo de oxígeno fue menos frecuente en la UCI de oxigenoterapia conservadora el día 1 (18,3 vs. 52,4%; p<0,001). El ingreso en la UCI control se asoció de forma independiente con la hiperoxemia y el uso excesivo de oxígeno. Los análisis multivariables no encontraron una relación independiente entre hiperoxemia o uso excesivo de FiO2 y resultados clínicos adversos. Conclusiones Seguir el protocolo de FiO2 se asoció con menor hiperoxemia y menor consumo de oxígeno en exceso. Aunque esos resultados no se asociaron con mejores resultados clínicos, la adopción del protocolo FiO2 puede ser útil en un escenario de recursos de oxígeno agotados, como se vio durante la pandemia de COVID-19 (AU)

Impacts of a fraction of inspired oxygen adjustment protocol in COVID-19 patients under mechanical ventilation: A prospective cohort study.

Objective: We examined weather a protocol for fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) adjustment can reduce hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in COVID-19 patients mechanically ventilated. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Two intensive care units (ICUs) dedicated to COVID-19 patients in Brazil. Patients: Consecutive patients with COVID-19 mechanically ventilated. Interventions: One ICU followed a FiO2 adjustment protocol based on SpO2 (conservative-oxygen ICU) and the other, which did not follow the protocol, constituted the control ICU. Main variables of interest: Prevalence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 >100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia (present on days 1 and 2), and excess oxygen use (FiO2 > 0.6 in patients with hyperoxemia) were compared between the two ICUs. Results: Eighty two patients from the conservative-oxygen ICU and 145 from the control ICU were included. The conservative-oxygen ICU presented lower prevalence of hyperoxemia on day 1 (40.2% vs. 75.9%, p < 0.001) and of sustained hyperoxemia (12.2% vs. 49.6%, p < 0.001). Excess oxygen use was less frequent in the conservative-oxygen ICU on day 1 (18.3% vs. 52.4%, p < 0.001). Being admitted in the control ICU was independently associated with hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use. Multivariable analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FiO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Conclusions: Following FiO2 protocol was associated with lower hyperoxemia and less excess oxygen use. Although those results were not associated with better clinical outcomes, adopting FiO2 protocol may be useful in a scenario of depleted oxygen resources, as was seen during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objetivo: Evaluar si un protocolo para el ajuste de la FiO2 reduce la hiperoxemia y el uso excesivo de oxígeno en pacientes con COVID-19 en ventilación mecánica. Diseño: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo. Ámbito: Unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) dedicadas a pacientes con COVID-19 en Brasil. Pacientes: Pacientes con COVID-19. Intervenciones: Una UCI siguió un protocolo de ajuste de FiO2 basado en SpO2 (UCI de oxigenoterapia conservadora, N = 82) y la otra no siguió el protocolo (UCI control, N = 145). Principales variables de interés: Prevalencia de hiperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) en el día 1, hiperoxemia sostenida (presente en los días 1 y 2) y exceso de uso de oxígeno (FiO2 > 0,6 en pacientes con hiperoxemia) entre las 2 UCI. Resultados: La UCI de oxigenoterapia conservadora presentó menor prevalencia de hiperoxemia en el día 1 (40,2 vs. 75,9%; p < 0,001) y de hiperoxemia sostenida (12,2 vs. 49,6%; p < 0,001). El uso excesivo de oxígeno fue menos frecuente en la UCI de oxigenoterapia conservadora el día 1 (18,3 vs. 52,4%; p < 0,001). El ingreso en la UCI control se asoció de forma independiente con la hiperoxemia y el uso excesivo de oxígeno. Los análisis multivariables no encontraron una relación independiente entre hiperoxemia o uso excesivo de FiO2 y resultados clínicos adversos. Conclusiones: Seguir el protocolo de FiO2 se asoció con menor hiperoxemia y menor consumo de oxígeno en exceso. Aunque esos resultados no se asociaron con mejores resultados clínicos, la adopción del protocolo FiO2 puede ser útil en un escenario de recursos de oxígeno agotados, como se vio durante la pandemia de COVID-19.

Impacts of a fraction of inspired oxygen adjustment protocol in COVID-19 patients under mechanical ventilation: A prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: We examined weather a protocol for fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) adjustment can reduce hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in COVID-19 patients mechanically ventilated. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Two intensive care units (ICUs) dedicated to COVID-19 patients in Brazil. PATIENTS: Consecutive patients with COVID-19 mechanically ventilated. INTERVENTIONS: One ICU followed a FiO2 adjustment protocol based on SpO2 (conservative-oxygen ICU) and the other, which did not follow the protocol, constituted the control ICU. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Prevalence of hyperoxemia (PaO2>100mmHg) on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia (present on days 1 and 2), and excess oxygen use (FiO2>0.6 in patients with hyperoxemia) were compared between the two ICUs. RESULTS: Eighty two patients from the conservative-oxygen ICU and 145 from the control ICU were included. The conservative-oxygen ICU presented lower prevalence of hyperoxemia on day 1 (40.2% vs. 75.9%, p<0.001) and of sustained hyperoxemia (12.2% vs. 49.6%, p<0.001). Excess oxygen use was less frequent in the conservative-oxygen ICU on day 1 (18.3% vs. 52.4%, p<0.001). Being admitted in the control ICU was independently associated with hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use. Multivariable analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FiO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Following FiO2 protocol was associated with lower hyperoxemia and less excess oxygen use. Although those results were not associated with better clinical outcomes, adopting FiO2 protocol may be useful in a scenario of depleted oxygen resources, as was seen during the COVID-19 pandemic.

"Vaccinate your child for best protection": attitude towards vaccination in a group of pregnant women.

BACKGROUND: Although the benefits and importance of vaccination before and right after pregnancy, are well known, vaccination coverage among pregnant women remains very low. The aim of our study was to evaluate pregnant women's knowledge and attitude towards vaccination. STUDY DESIGN: A cross sectional study was performed from October 2018 to June 2019 at the University of Messina. METHODS: We gave pregnant women >18 years old a non-self-compiling paper questionnaire. We stratified the sample according to age (<30 and >30 years old), marital status (single/divorced, in a relationship and married) and level of education (<8 and >8 years of school attendance). All possible correlations between collected data were analysed using software R. RESULTS: The sample included 156 women (mean age 32±0.49 years old). Only 1.4% of the subjects were aware of all the vaccines indicated for children. Luckily, 86.7% of the sample had a positive attitude, believing in the effectiveness and safety of immunization, despite a limited lack of confidence and a belief in false myths was expressed by some of the subjects. Interestingly, results showed that information about vaccination were more frequently obtained from family/friends (52.6%), mass media (49.1%), blogs/forums (19.3%), rather than from medical institutions (only 17.5%) or the family physician (only 35.0%), reflecting the quality of the information obtained. CONCLUSIONS: Our results proved that a general positive attitude emerged among our sample towards vaccination, however, correct information was not always provided to women, making it a crucial issue for public health in the future.

Effects of aerators, filters and chlorination on contamination of water samples: a nine years study in a Southern University Hospital.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of our study was to evaluate the microbiological contamination by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the water system of the University Hospital "G. Martino" in Messina over a period of nine years, in order to a) clarify possible relationship between the presence of aerators and contamination, b) to highlight the presence of a yearly variation and c) to verify the statistical difference between microbiological contamination of taps with and without filters. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We carried out our study between January 2010 and December 2018 through the collection of water samples that were analysed for total bacteria count and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The differences between the results recorded over the nine-year study period were evaluated using variance analysis. P values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Software R was used for statistical assessment. RESULTS: We analysed a total of 6168 samples with a positive rate of 9.31% and a decreasing trend over the years to a value of 2.44% (p<0.001), due to the elimination of the aerators of taps without filters and also to the introduction of filters in taps of high-risk wards and surgical rooms. We found statistical difference between taps with or without filter (p<0.001) and a higher positive rate during the summer season compared to the other months. CONCLUSIONS: These results reveal a high level of contamination of taps by opportunistic bacteria with severe implications especially for high-risk settings and therefore, the need to improve the management of these devices.

Drug-resistant bacteria on hands of healthcare workers and in the patient area: an environmental survey in Southern Italy's hospital.

OBJECTIVE: Drug-resistant bacteria on hands of healthcare workers and in the patient area: an environmental survey in Southern Italy's hospital. METHODS: The study was conducted from June 2017 to May 2018 using contact slides for surfaces and active sampling for air. We used automated biochemical methods to identify microorganisms; antibiograms were performed in compliance with the EUCAST expert rules. RESULTS: We analyzed 3,760 samples, 16.17% were found positive and 34 % of these were antimicrobial-resistant. On analyzing the isolated Staphylococci, 39% were multidrug-resistant and 5% extensively drug-resistant. A 30% of the Enterococcus faecalis isolates were resistant to gentamycin and vancomycin. We found Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates resistant to ceftriaxone, cefoxitin, mecillinam and imipenem. A 7% and 8% of the Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, respectively, were resistant to gentamicin, imipenem, and ceftazidime. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are in line with the international literature, confirming that antimicrobial resistance is also steadily growing in Italy with rates varied for the different pathogens.

Clinical, laboratory and epidemiological aspects of HPV infection in a low-income population from South Bahia, Brazil.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the Southern region of the State of Bahia, evaluating the performance of alternative complementary methods for cervical lesion detection. Cervical samples from women who attended healthcare units were collected and diagnosed by visual inspection, cervical cytology and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Moreover, hemi-nested PCR was performed to detect different HPV genotypes. The prevalence of HPV infection was 47·7%, with genotype 16 detected in most cases. Infection was associated with dyspareunia and bleeding (P < 0·001, odds ratio (OR) 5·6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·815-11·14) and hormonal contraceptive use (P = 0·007, OR 2·33, 95% CI 1·25-4·34). There was a positive correlation between positive PCR and positive visual inspection, cervical cytology and symptoms reported. Furthermore, visual inspection was twice as specific, and had a greater positive predictive value than cytology. We showed a high prevalence of HPV infection in Southern Bahia, with HPV 16 being the most common type, and visual inspection being most effective at detecting HPV lesions, corroborating the suggestion that it can be applied in routine gynecologic examinations for low-income populations.

Humidifiers for oxygen therapy: what risk for reusable and disposable devices?

INTRODUCTION: Nosocomial pneumonia accounts for the vast majority of healthcare-associated infections (HAI). Although numerous medical devices have been discussed as potential vehicles for microorganisms, very little is known about the role played by oxygen humidifiers as potential sources of nosocomial pathogens. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the safety of the reuse of humidifiers by analysing the rate of microbial contamination in reusable and disposable oxygen humidifiers used during therapy, and then discuss their potential role in the transmission of respiratory pathogens. METHODS: Water samples from reusable and disposable oxygen humidifiers were collected from different wards of the University Hospital of Messina, Italy, where nosocomial pneumonia has a higher incidence rate due to the "critical" clinical conditions of inpatients. In particular, we monitored the Internal Medicine and Pulmonology wards for the medical area; the General Surgery and Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery wards for the surgical area and the Intensive Care Unit and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit for the emergency area. The samples were always collected after a period of 5 days from initial use for both types of humidifiers. Samples were processed using standard bacteriological techniques and microbial colonies were identified using manual and automated methods. RESULTS: High rates of microbial contamination were observed in samples from reusable oxygen humidifiers employed in medical (83%), surgical (77%) and emergency (50%) areas. The most relevant pathogens were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, amongst the Gram-negative bacteria, and Staphylococcus aureus, amongst the Gram-positive bacteria. Other pathogens were detected in lower percentage. The disposable oxygen humidifier samples showed no contamination. CONCLUSIONS: This research presents evidence of the high rate and type of microbial contamination of reusable humidifiers employed for oxygen therapy. These devices may thus be involved in the transmission of potential pathogens. It could be important, for the prevention of nosocomial pneumonia, to replace them with singleuse humidifiers for which the absence of microbial contamination has been confirmed.

In vitro treatment with killed Helicobacter pylori downregulates the production of RANTES by peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

The mechanisms by which Helicobacter pylori colonizes and persists within the gastric mucosa are poorly understood. The gastric immune response observed in vivo during H. pylori infection, is characterized by a polarization of Th1 cell type that seems to be responsible for gastric pathology. The purpose of this study was to test the direct effect of H. pylori cagA(+)/vacA(+ )(live and/or gentamicin-killed) on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in order to evaluate the production of regulated activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) in vitro. We also evaluated the possible relationship between RANTES release and the presence of IL-12 and IFN-gamma in supernatants of the same cells. In the present study, we show for the first time that the low amount of RANTES in supernatants of PBMC incubated with killed H. pylori is linked, at least in part, to the inhibition of IL-12 and IFN-gamma release.

Echocardiographic characteristics of patients with sickle cell anaemia in Sergipe, Brazil.

This study describes the cardiac size and function of patients with sickle cell anaemia, in Segipe, Brazil, and its association to the clinical severity, duration of illness and haemoglobin levels. Heart measurements were obtained by echocardiography from 38 children and adolescents and compared to international reference values. Sickle cell patients had increased left atrial and ventricular dimensions in systole and an increased end diastolic septal and left ventricular free wall thickness. These findings correlated with age. There were no abnormalities in the ejection or shortening fractions. These results suggest early haemodynamic changes with progressive cardiac chamber dilation and diastolic dysfunction that become increasingly abnormal with growth.

Comparative effect of gentamicin and pefloxacin treatment on the late stages of mouse typhoid.

The present study compares the ability of gentamicin and pefloxacin to eradicate a Salmonella infection in BALB/c mice when the treatment is instituted in the late stages of the infection. The results indicate that pefloxacin is highly effective in the treatment of mouse typhoid even when the therapy is instituted after the suppression of bacterial growth in the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Conversely, gentamicin treatment only reduced the bacterial load in the RES of infected mice, but neither induced the clearance of the organisms from the RES, nor prevented the resurgence of bacterial growth. Even when using gentamicin at a high dosage, bacterial clearance could not be accomplished.

Immunobiological activities of mould products: functional impairment of human monocytes exposed to aflatoxin B1.

In order to elucidate the effects upon the human immune system of aflatoxin B1 produced by the food-contaminating mould Aspergillus flavus, phagocytosis, microbicidal activity, superoxide production and intrinsic antiviral activity were studied in monocytes exposed to aflatoxin B1 for different times at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1 pg/ml. Phagocytosis and microbicidal activity were significantly impaired (p < 0.05) by aflatoxin B1 at doses as low as 0.1 pg/ml. However, pretreatment of monocytes with aflatoxin B1 did not modify intrinsic antiviral activity or superoxide production. These results confirmed data obtained from animals fed with mycotoxin-contaminated foods. The potential danger to human health of exposure to mycotoxins demonstrates the necessity for careful microbiological control of food.

Functional impairment of rat Kupffer cells induced by aflatoxin B1 and its metabolites.

Contamination of food with mycotoxins is a major health problem. Impairment of several immune functions has been repeatedly reported in animals fed with contaminated fodder. Since the liver is a major target of toxicity by aflatoxins, the effects of aflatoxins B1, and its hepatic metabolites Q1 and M1 on Kupffer cell function was investigated in vitro. Aflatoxin B1 induced significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of phagocytosis, intracellular killing of Candida albicans, and intrinsic anti-Herpes virus activity at concentrations as low as 0.01 pg ml-1. Aflatoxin Q1 and M1 had similar effects on phagocytosis and microbicidal activity, but were two- to ten-fold less potent than aflatoxin B1.

Cellular uptake and activity of rufloxacin in different cell types and professional phagocytic cells.

The penetration of the new quinolene rufloxacin into human professional phagocytic cells and different cell types was determined. The intracellular distribution was demonstrated in all cells studied. At 4 degrees C the transport of rufloxacin was reduced. An intracellular dose-dependent activity was demonstrated for rufloxacin in monocytes and granulocytes infected with E. coli and S. aureus. In all the experiments rufloxacin was able to eliminate all intracellular bacteria.

Effects of rufloxacin in Salmonella typhimurium infection in mice.

This study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of rufloxacin, a new quinolone which is interesting due to its pharmacokinetics characterized by a long plasma half-life, in the treatment of systemic salmonella infections in the mouse typhoid model. Innately susceptible BALB/c and resistant CBA mice were used to investigate the efficacy of rufloxacin in controlling systemic salmonella infections when given for brief or prolonged periods. The present study shows that rufloxacin is not only very effective on both mouse strains, but can completely eradicate the salmonellae from livers and spleens when given early in the infection of CBA resistant mice.

Serum TNF alpha in mouse typhoid and enhancement of a Salmonella infection by anti-TNF alpha antibodies.

Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) was detected by the L929 cell assay in the sera of mice 1 h after large i.v. inocula of virulent Salmonella typhimurium C5. TNF alpha was not detectable in sera from innately susceptible BALB/c mice during the course of a lethal infection commencing from a low inoculum, or from resistant A/J mice during the course of a lethal or sublethal infection, but only 1 h after i.v. challenge with large numbers of organisms. Administration of a single dose of rabbit polyclonal anti-TNF alpha antiserum on day 1 had no effect on the early course of a lethal infection in A/J mice. However, the same treatment exacerbated a sublethal infection in A/J mice. Anti-TNF alpha treatment did not accelerate the early bacterial net growth rate in the RES. Instead, the cfu count in treated mice continued to increase past the point at which the host response suppressed a further increase in bacterial numbers (the plateau phase) in normal controls. A second dose of anti-TNF alpha antiserum on day 4 together with a higher but still sublethal challenge caused a lethal infection in A/J mice. The results indicate that TNF alpha is important in mediating the plateau phase in a salmonella infection, and its effect may be local.

Effect of aflatoxins on rat peritoneal macrophages.

Phagocytosis, intracellular killing of Candida albicans, and superoxide production by rat peritoneal macrophages exposed to aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, B2a, and M1 at several times and concentrations were analyzed to evaluate the intensity of a depressive effect for each mycotoxin. All aflatoxins used at very low concentrations had a depressive effect on the functions of macrophages. The biggest impairment of phagocytosis, intracellular killing, and spontaneous superoxide production was observed in macrophages exposed to aflatoxins B1 and M1.

Role of Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide on anti-HSV activity of macrophages from different anatomical sites.

It is generally agreed that endotoxins from Gram-negative bacteria play a modulatory role on several macrophage functions. The intrinsic activity versus herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 of Kupffer cells, peritoneal and alveolar macrophages, harvested from normal and tumour-bearing rats, was evaluated. Moreover, the effects of different intravenous treatments with S. enteritidis endotoxin were investigated. The antiviral activity of peritoneal, alveolar macrophages and Kupffer cells from tumour-bearing rats is definitely impaired but it appears to be positively modulated by in-vivo administration of S. enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS).