Traumatic injuries in primary dentition and their immediate and long-term consequences: a 10-year retrospective study from the State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Dental trauma is a highly prevalent problem worldwide. The aim of this study was to describe characteristics of trauma to anterior primary teeth and its sequelae for primary and successor teeth over a 10-year period of assistance at the paediatric dental traumatology clinic in the State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data were obtained from the dental records of children assisted from 2006 to 2016. Inclusion criteria were trauma to anterior primary teeth; aged <1 to 9 years at the time of trauma; and at least one follow-up appointment. The data concerning traumatized teeth, child's age, soft tissue injuries, types of traumatic dental injuries and sequelae in both dentitions were collected. RESULTS: Of the 1230 dental records, 483 (39.3%) were eligible, consisting of 815 teeth. The mean age at the time of trauma was 37.4 months (239 males and 244 females). The most important characteristics were: tooth 51 was most affected; falls, at home, on a ceramic floor, were the main cause; gingival laceration, enamel fracture and intrusive luxation were the most frequent types of trauma; premature tooth loss of primary teeth and enamel discoloration in their successor were the most frequent sequelae; and injuries in the periodontal tissue were demonstrated as the highest risk for sequelae in successors (OR, 3.798; p< 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Most traumatic injuries occur in young children, in their home environment. Consequences for the primary teeth were more frequent compared to the permanent successor tooth. Traumatized primary teeth involving periodontal tissue have more chances to result in sequelae to their successor teeth.

Frequency of enteroparasitic infections and serum positivity for Toxocara spp. in children from a public day care center in Southern Brazil / Frequência de enteroparasitos e de soropositividade para Toxocara spp. em crianças de uma creche pública do Sul do Brasil

Abstract Introduction Day care centers play an important social role in children's early education and development. The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of intestinal parasitic infections and infection with Toxocara spp. in children from a day care center in the city of Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Methods: The study was conducted using fecal samples from 50 children, ages three to six years, using Ritchie, Faust, Rugai, and Kinyoun's techniques. A closed and structured epidemiological questionnaire was used to collect data from the parents/guardians of the children. Serological studies for detection of antibodies to Toxocara spp. by immunoenzymatic assays using Toxocara excretion and secretion antigen (TES) were conducted on sera collected from 41 children. Results: The frequency of enteroparasites was 18%, with 43.9% of the children testing seropositive for Toxocara spp. Low family income and low literacy levels of parents/guardians were common factors between the families of the parasite-positive children. For the children who tested positive for Toxocara spp., most of the parents/guardians reported using only water for sanitizing raw vegetables and fruits. Conclusions: The high seropositivity rates for Toxocara spp. indicate that children were exposed to this parasite, and it is important to reduce the risk of infection. In addition, the seropositivity for enteroparasites and the interviews with the parents/guardians indicate the need to educate the studied population regarding the modes of intestinal parasite transmission and the prophylactic measures needed to prevent their dissemination.

Resumo Introdução As creches desempenham um importante papel social na educação e desenvolvimento inicial das crianças. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a frequência de infecções parasitárias intestinais, além de infecção por Toxocara spp. em crianças de uma creche na cidade do Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Métodos: Para o estudo, foram coletadas amostras fecais de 50 crianças de três a seis anos, analisadas pelas técnicas de Ritchie, Faust, Rugai e Kinyoun, sendo aplicado um questionário epidemiológico fechado e estruturado aos pais/responsáveis ​​das crianças. Também foi realizada uma pesquisa sorológica de anticorpos para Toxocara spp. em 41 crianças, pelo ensaio imunoenzimático, associado ao antígeno de excreção e secreção (ES), com soros pré-adsorvidos com antígeno somático de Ascaris lumbricoides. Resultados: A frequência de enteroparasitos foi de 18%, enquanto que 43.9% das crianças foram soropositivas para Toxocara spp.. Baixa renda familiar e baixo nível de alfabetização dos pais/responsáveis ​​foram fatores comuns entre as famílias das crianças parasitadas. A maioria dos pais ou responsáveis das crianças, com diagnóstico positivo para enteroparasitos ou para Toxocara spp., relatou utilizar apenas água para a higienização de verduras e frutas. Conclusões: As altas taxas de soropositividade para Toxocara spp. indicam que as crianças foram expostas a esse parasito, sendo importante minimizar o risco de infecção. Além disso, a positividade de 18% para enteroparasitos e os dados obtidos com as entrevistas realizadas com os pais ou responsáveis demonstram a necessidade da realização de trabalhos com a população estudada que visem a divulgação sobre as parasitoses intestinais, especialmente sobre medidas profiláticas especificas.

Frequency of enteroparasitic infections and serum positivity for Toxocara spp. in children from a public day care center in Southern Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Day care centers play an important social role in children's early education and development. The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of intestinal parasitic infections and infection with Toxocara spp. in children from a day care center in the city of Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Methods: The study was conducted using fecal samples from 50 children, ages three to six years, using Ritchie, Faust, Rugai, and Kinyoun's techniques. A closed and structured epidemiological questionnaire was used to collect data from the parents/guardians of the children. Serological studies for detection of antibodies to Toxocara spp. by immunoenzymatic assays using Toxocara excretion and secretion antigen (TES) were conducted on sera collected from 41 children. Results: The frequency of enteroparasites was 18%, with 43.9% of the children testing seropositive for Toxocara spp. Low family income and low literacy levels of parents/guardians were common factors between the families of the parasite-positive children. For the children who tested positive for Toxocara spp., most of the parents/guardians reported using only water for sanitizing raw vegetables and fruits. Conclusions: The high seropositivity rates for Toxocara spp. indicate that children were exposed to this parasite, and it is important to reduce the risk of infection. In addition, the seropositivity for enteroparasites and the interviews with the parents/guardians indicate the need to educate the studied population regarding the modes of intestinal parasite transmission and the prophylactic measures needed to prevent their dissemination.

Peer Education strategies for promoting prevention of doping in different populations.

BACKGROUND: In the field of doping prevention, alongside the traditional functions of repression and control of the phenomenon, educational aspects are becoming increasingly important. Article 18 of the World Anti doping Code obliges the signatories to invest in anti-doping education with the aim of preserving the spirit of sport. The educational commitment should involve young people in health promotion interventions for the prevention of risk behaviors. Therefore, our attention has focused on finding the mechanisms that lead people to make certain behavioral choices. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the context of preventive programs, to counter the doping phenomenon through health promotion programs, the most recognized method is peer education, particularly with adolescents. It is an educational method according to which some members of a group are empowered and trained to carry out specific activities with their peers. It is constituted as an example of equal relationship and finds its basis in cooperation and solidarity with the aim of increasing empowerment and a healthy development of the identity and collective dimension in young people. RESULTS: Numerous experts - biologists / nutritionists, hygienists, sports coaches, psychologists, teachers of physical education in secondary schools and other stakeholders have actively participated in the co-construction of a training package aimed at activating cascade training processes on the knowledge and skills of peer education in contexts of youth aggregation, such as schools, gyms, sports associations, social gatherings of all kinds. The path allowed to define a peer education model capable of enabling the participants to activate health promotion interventions for the prevention of doping risk behaviors, each in their own setting. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, we can say that prevention programs are the more effective the more they are addressed to young people and adolescents and provide interactive and action-oriented interventions. Successful initiatives aim to emphasize the development of life skills and to influence numerous determinants of behavior, including individual attitudes, knowledge, motivations, interpersonal relationships and social norms. If the aim is to act on the change of behavior, the efforts will be more successful if the content of the intervention will give due consideration to the context in which it applies and the target population, involving it and addressing its specific needs and values.

Vivência de enfermeiras(os) acerca dos incidentes relacionados àadministração de medicamentos em terapia intensiva / Nurses’ experience regarding incidents of administration of medicines in intensive care

Objetivo: avaliar a vivência das(os) enfermeiras(os) em relação aos incidentes de segurança dopaciente na administração de medicamentos em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. Método: estudoquantitativo, realizado com enfermeiras(os) de um hospital de Salvador, Bahia. Os dados foramcoletados por meio de questionário estruturado e analisados por meio de estatística descritiva.Resultados: todos os participantes referiram ter presenciado um incidente na administração demedicamento. O tipo mais frequente foi dosagem errada. Os fatores contribuintes mais citados foramfalta de atenção e sobrecarga de trabalho. As condutas mais tomadas após o incidente apontam paraa observação do quadro clínico e comunicação à coordenação e os fatores dificultadores para anotificação foram medo da punição e de julgamento. Conclusão: é preciso unir esforços tantoindividual quanto no âmbito da gestão para que as ações sejam direcionadas no intuito de reduzir osincidentes de segurança de paciente.

Objective: to evaluate the experience of nurses in relation to the patient safety incidents in theadministration of drugs in Intensive Care Units. Method: a quantitative study performed with nursesfrom a hospital in Salvador, Bahia. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire andanalyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: all participants reported having seen an incident inmedication administration. The most frequent type was wrong dosage. The most cited contributingfactors were lack of attention and work overload. The behaviours most taken after the incident pointto the observation of the clinical picture and communication to the coordination and the factors thatmade it difficult to notify were fear of punishment and of judgment. Conclusion: both individualand management efforts must be combined to ensure that actions are taken to reduce patient safetyincidents.

Assessment of the antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Morus nigra L. (Moraceae) / Avaliação das atividades antibacteriana, citotóxica e antioxidante de Morus nigra L. (Moraceae)

Abstract This study was carried out to assess the antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of extracts of Morus nigra L. HPLC was used to determine the fingerprint chromatogram of the crude ethanolic extract (Mn-EtOH). The antibacterial effect was assessed through the method of microdilution. The cytotoxicity was tested against human tumour cell lines using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also assessed through the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging and β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching methods. The presence of phenolic compounds in Mn-EtOH was confirmed using HPLC. The extracts showed activity against most microorganisms tested. The extracts did not show any expressive antiproliferative effect in the assessment of cytotoxicity. The most significant total phenolic content was 153.00 ± 11.34 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g to the ethyl acetate extract (AcOEt). The total flavonoid content was 292.50 ± 70.34 mg of catechin equivalent/g to the AcOEt extract, which presented the best antioxidant activity (IC50 50.40 ± 1.16 μg/mL) for DPPH scavenging. We can conclude that this species shows strong antibacterial and antioxidant activities, as well as weak cytotoxic effects.

Resumo Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar as atividades antibacteriana, citotóxica e antioxidante de extratos de Morus nigra L. HPLC foi utilizado para determinar o perfil de compostos fenólicos do extrato etanólico bruto (Mn-EtOH). O efeito antibacteriano foi avaliado através do método de microdiluição. A citotoxicidade foi testada contra linhagens celulares de tumores humanos utilizando o ensaio do brometo de 3-(4,5-dimetil-2-tiazolil)-2,5-difenil-2H-tetrazólio (MTT). O conteúdo total de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides também foi avaliado por meio dos métodos de Folin-Ciocalteu e cloreto de alumínio, respectivamente. A atividade antioxidante dos extratos foi avaliada por meio do sequestro do radical livre 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e co-oxidação do sistema β-caroteno-ácido linoleico. A presença de compostos fenólicos em Mn-EtOH foi confirmada utilizando HPLC. Os extratos mostraram atividade contra a maioria dos microrganismos testados. Os extratos não mostraram qualquer efeito antiproliferativo expressivo na avaliação da citotoxicidade. O conteúdo fenólico total mais significativo foi de 153,00 ± 11,34 mg de equivalente de ácido gálico/g para o extrato acetato de etila (AcOEt). O conteúdo de flavonoides totais foi de 292,50 ± 70,34 mg de equivalente de catequina/g para o extrato AcOEt, que apresentou a melhor atividade antioxidante (IC50 50,40 ± 1,16 mg/mL) para o sequestro do DPPH. Podemos concluir que esta espécie apresenta forte atividade antibacteriana e antioxidante, bem como fraca atividade citotóxica.

Assessment of the antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Morus nigra L. (Moraceae).

This study was carried out to assess the antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of extracts of Morus nigra L. HPLC was used to determine the fingerprint chromatogram of the crude ethanolic extract (Mn-EtOH). The antibacterial effect was assessed through the method of microdilution. The cytotoxicity was tested against human tumour cell lines using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also assessed through the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging and ß-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching methods. The presence of phenolic compounds in Mn-EtOH was confirmed using HPLC. The extracts showed activity against most microorganisms tested. The extracts did not show any expressive antiproliferative effect in the assessment of cytotoxicity. The most significant total phenolic content was 153.00 ± 11.34 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g to the ethyl acetate extract (AcOEt). The total flavonoid content was 292.50 ± 70.34 mg of catechin equivalent/g to the AcOEt extract, which presented the best antioxidant activity (IC50 50.40 ± 1.16 µg/mL) for DPPH scavenging. We can conclude that this species shows strong antibacterial and antioxidant activities, as well as weak cytotoxic effects.

Outcome of adjuvant chemotherapy with lomustine, vinblastine and chlorambucil on management of canine mast cell tumour of high to intermediate risk / Resultado da quimioterapia adjuvante com lomustina, vimblastina e clorambucil no manejo do mastocitoma canino de risco alto a intermediário

In spite of the many available protocols, the use of chemotherapy for the management of canine mast cell tumours (MCT) remains empirical, and there is lack of criteria for the choice of protocol and definition of patients who may benefit from treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the outcome of dogs with MCT after adjuvant chemotherapy according to the risk of recurrence or metastasis proposed on the literature. This prospective study included 89 followed up dogs with prognosis assesment including clinical, histological, immunohistochemical and genetic features of canine MCT. Patients were grouped according to risk of recurrence and metastasis and recommended treatment with lomustine followed by chlorambucil if considered at high-risk, or vinblastine followed by chlorambucil if a patient was at intermediate risk. Outcome was defined by disease-free interval (DFI) and overall survival (OS) estimated by Kaplan-Meier curve. Adjuvant lomustine was useful for control of canine MCT of high-risk of recurrence or metastasis, but only when sequentially associated to chlorambucil with a DFI of 686 days and not reached OS. There was no difference in outcome in the intermediate-risk group despite choosen treatment. Patients at intermediate-to-low risk may not require adjuvant treatments, even in the absence of free surgical margins.(AU)

Apesar dos inúmeros protocolos disponíveis, o uso da quimioterapia permanece empírico para o mastocitoma canino e faltam critérios para escolha do protocolo e da definição dos pacientes que poderiam se beneficiar do tratamento. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o resultado de cães com mastocitoma após a quimioterapia adjuvante, de acordo com o risco de recorrência ou metástase proposto na literatura. Este estudo prospectivo incluiu 89 cães com acompanhamento clínico e avaliação prognóstica, incluindo características clínicas, histológicas, imuno-histoquímicas e genéticas dos mastocitomas. Os pacientes foram agrupados segundo o risco de recorrência ou metástase, sendo recomendado tratamento com lomustina seguida de clorambucila, se considerados sob alto risco, ou vimblastina seguida de clorambucila, se estivessem sob risco intermediário. O resultado final foi definido pelo intervalo livre de doença (ILD) e pela sobrevida global (SG), estimados pela curva de Kaplan-Meier. Na adjuvância, a lomustina foi útil no controle do mastocitoma canino de alto risco, mas apenas quando associada ao clorambucila, com um ILD de 686 dias, sem atingir a mediana para SG. Não houve diferença no grupo de risco intermediário, independentemente do tratamento escolhido. Pacientes de risco intermediário podem não necessitar de tratamentos adjuvantes, mesmo na ausência de margens cirúrgicas livres.(AU)

Frequency of enteroparasitic infections and serum positivity for Toxocara spp. in children from a public day care center in Southern Brazil

Abstract Introduction Day care centers play an important social role in childrens early education and development. The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of intestinal parasitic infections and infection with Toxocara spp. in children from a day care center in the city of Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Methods: The study was conducted using fecal samples from 50 children, ages three to six years, using Ritchie, Faust, Rugai, and Kinyouns techniques. A closed and structured epidemiological questionnaire was used to collect data from the parents/guardians of the children. Serological studies for detection of antibodies to Toxocara spp. by immunoenzymatic assays using Toxocara excretion and secretion antigen (TES) were conducted on sera collected from 41 children. Results: The frequency of enteroparasites was 18%, with 43.9% of the children testing seropositive for Toxocara spp. Low family income and low literacy levels of parents/guardians were common factors between the families of the parasite-positive children. For the children who tested positive for Toxocara spp., most of the parents/guardians reported using only water for sanitizing raw vegetables and fruits. Conclusions: The high seropositivity rates for Toxocara spp. indicate that children were exposed to this parasite, and it is important to reduce the risk of infection. In addition, the seropositivity for enteroparasites and the interviews with the parents/guardians indicate the need to educate the studied population regarding the modes of intestinal parasite transmission and the prophylactic measures needed to prevent their dissemination.

Resumo Introdução As creches desempenham um importante papel social na educação e desenvolvimento inicial das crianças. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a frequência de infecções parasitárias intestinais, além de infecção por Toxocara spp. em crianças de uma creche na cidade do Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Métodos: Para o estudo, foram coletadas amostras fecais de 50 crianças de três a seis anos, analisadas pelas técnicas de Ritchie, Faust, Rugai e Kinyoun, sendo aplicado um questionário epidemiológico fechado e estruturado aos pais/responsáveis das crianças. Também foi realizada uma pesquisa sorológica de anticorpos para Toxocara spp. em 41 crianças, pelo ensaio imunoenzimático, associado ao antígeno de excreção e secreção (ES), com soros pré-adsorvidos com antígeno somático de Ascaris lumbricoides. Resultados: A frequência de enteroparasitos foi de 18%, enquanto que 43.9% das crianças foram soropositivas para Toxocara spp.. Baixa renda familiar e baixo nível de alfabetização dos pais/responsáveis foram fatores comuns entre as famílias das crianças parasitadas. A maioria dos pais ou responsáveis das crianças, com diagnóstico positivo para enteroparasitos ou para Toxocara spp., relatou utilizar apenas água para a higienização de verduras e frutas. Conclusões: As altas taxas de soropositividade para Toxocara spp. indicam que as crianças foram expostas a esse parasito, sendo importante minimizar o risco de infecção. Além disso, a positividade de 18% para enteroparasitos e os dados obtidos com as entrevistas realizadas com os pais ou responsáveis demonstram a necessidade da realização de trabalhos com a população estudada que visem a divulgação sobre as parasitoses intestinais, especialmente sobre medidas profiláticas especificas.

Characterization and genetic diversity of pepper (Capsicum spp) parents and interspecific hybrids.

Pepper species exhibit broad genetic diversity, which enables their use in breeding programs. The objective of this study was to characterize the diversity between the parents of different species and their interspecific hybrids using morphological and molecular markers. The parents of Capsicum annuum (UFPB-01 and -137), C. baccatum (UFPB-72), and C. chinense (UFPB-128) and their interspecific hybrids (01x128, 72x128, and 137x128) were used for morphological and molecular characterization. Fruit length and seed yield per fruit (SYF) traits showed the highest variability, and three groups were formed based on these data. CVg/CVe ratio values (>1.0) were calculated for leaf length (1.67) and SYF (5.34). The trait that most contributed to divergence was the largest fruit diameter (26.42%), and the trait that least contributed was pericarp thickness (0.33%), which was subject to being discarded. The 17 primers produced 58 polymorphic bands that enabled the estimation of genetic diversity between parents and hybrids, and these results confirmed the results of the morphological data analyses. The principal component analysis results also corroborated the morphological and random-amplified polymorphic DNA data, and three groups that contained the same individuals were identified. These results confirmed reports in the literature regarding the phylogenetic relationships of the species used as parents, which demonstrated that C. annuum was closer to C. chinense as compared to C. baccatum.

Physicochemical evaluation of sheep milk yogurts containing different levels of inulin.

The present study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical parameters of sheep milk yogurt smoothies (SMY) containing inulin at different levels (0, 2, 4, and 6%). Titratable acidity and pH, yogurt bacteria counts, fatty acids profile, and healthy lipid indices were evaluated during 28 d of refrigerated storage. As expected for yogurts, Streptococcus thermophilus counts decreased 1 to 3 log cycles and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus counts decreased 1 to 2 cycles from d 1 to 28. The protective effect of inulin on bacteria survival and viability in the food matrix was not verified in the prebiotic SMY during storage, regardless of inulin level. Although lower post-acidification was observed in prebiotic SMY due to inulin addition, no changes were verified in short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In contrast, an increase in medium- and long-chain fatty acids (MCFA and LCFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was observed during storage in all SMY. The most significant levels of fatty acids in SMY were oleic acid, followed by palmitic and myristic acids. A high positive correlation between conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and oleic acid (r=0.978) was observed. The cis-9,trans-11 CLA isomer represented approximately 78% of total PUFA and 2% of total fatty acids, whereas α-linoleic acid comprised about 22% PUFA and 1% of total fatty acids in SMY. The fatty acid changes during storage were associated with the metabolic activity of the starter bacteria, especially for oleic acid and cis-9,trans-11 CLA isomer. Thus, the SMY represented a great source of these compounds. We observed that inulin levels did not affect fatty acids. A nonsignificant decrease in atherogenic index was observed during storage in all SMY, and a positive correlation (r=0.973) was found between atherogenic index and thrombogenic index of SMY. High correlations were observed between lauric and myristic acids and saturated fatty acids (r=0.907 and r=0.894, respectively), providing evidence of their atherogenic and thrombogenic potential. A negative correlation was observed between stearic acid and atherogenic index (r=-0.612) and between oleic acid and atherogenic index. Sheep milk yogurt could be characterized as a food with low atherogenic and thrombogenic risk because of its healthy lipid composition. Therefore, addition of inulin to SMY could be a good option to improve functionality of this food matrix for dairy companies wishing to enter the functional food market.

Avaliação hemogasométrica em cadelas com piometra / Hemogasometric evaluation in bitches with pyometra

A piometra é uma afecção comum em cadelas com uma etiologia hormonal associada à infecção bacteriana, levando ao acúmulo de exsudato uterino. Desequilíbrios ácido-base e hidroeletrolíticos são complicações que contribuem para a progressão da doença, o que piora o estado geral da paciente e pode levá-la ao óbito. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar os distúrbios ácido-base e eletrolíticos em cadelas com piometra, além de avaliar se a terapia hídrica pré-cirúrgica (Ringer lactato) é efetiva na correção desses desequilíbrios. Vinte cadelas com piometra foram submetidas à hemogasometria em oito tempos preestabelecidos. Concluiu-se que o distúrbio ácido-base mais frequente foi a alcalose respiratória e que a terapia hídrica no pré-cirúrgico com solução Ringer lactato foi efetiva na correção da acidose metabólica e proporcionou melhora na alcalose respiratória, embora não tenha corrigido quadros de alcalose metabólica.

Pyometra is a common disease in dogs with a hormonal etiology associated with a bacterial infection and leading to accumulation of uterine exudates. Acid-base and electrolyte disturbances are complications that contribute to disease progression, worsening the condition of the patient, possibly leading death. The aim of this study was to characterize the acid-base and electrolyte disturbances in dogs with pyometra, and to evaluate whether preoperative fluid therapy (Ringer's lactate) is effective in correcting these imbalances. Twenty bitches with pyometra were subjected to blood gas analysis in eight pre-set times. It was concluded that the acid-base disorder was the most frequent respiratory alkalosis and fluid therapy in the preoperative Ringer 's lactate solution was effective in the correction of metabolic acidosis, although this has not corrected metabolic alkalosis frames and has provided improved alkalosis breathing .

Dulce de Leche, a typical product of Latin America: characterisation by physicochemical, optical and instrumental methods.

The physicochemical profile of Dulce de Leche (DL) was determined by both routine analysis and others techniques (HPLC, GC-MS and ICP-OES). Seven Brazilian commercial brands were characterised for moisture content, protein, fat, ash, pH and titratable acidity, mineral content (sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus), colour parameters and instrumental analysis (carbohydrates content and volatile compounds). Overall, extensive variability among all the parameters evaluated were observed, suggesting different operational procedures in the dairy factories along the DL processing. In this sense, an increase of intrinsic quality of DL is related closely the standardization of operational parameters using during the manufacture.

Changes on expected taste perception of probiotic and conventional yogurts made from goat milk after rapidly repeated exposure.

Goat milk yogurt is an excellent source of fatty acids, protein, and minerals; however, it is not well accepted by many consumers, due to its typical flavor derived from caprylic, capric, and caproic acids present in this milk and dairy products. Recently, the repeated-exposure test has been used to increase the consumption of particular foods. This methodology has been used to increase children's willingness to eat food in some settings and has also been used to reduce sodium in soup. Based on these considerations, the aim of this study was to investigate whether repeated exposures may increase acceptance of both goat milk yogurt and probiotic goat milk yogurt. In a pre-exposure session, a total of 45 panelists (28 females and 17 males) from southeastern Brazil, who were not used to consuming dairy goat milk, evaluated the expected taste perception and the perceived liking after tasting 3 yogurt preparations. Then, consumers were randomly divided into 3 groups and participated in rapidly repeated exposure sessions performed within 6 d. Each panelist consumed only the yogurt that he or she would be exposed to. The day after the exposure sessions, all panelists returned to participate in the postexposure session and were asked to evaluate acceptance, familiarity, and the "goaty taste" characteristic of each yogurt. Regarding the expected liking before tasting, results showed higher expectations for cow milk yogurt compared with goat milk yogurt, which proved that consumers were not familiar with the goat milk yogurt. Likewise, only cow milk yogurt presented high acceptance and familiarity rates, confirming that these panelists were used to consuming cow milk products. With respect to the rapidly repeated exposure, 6 d were enough to significantly increase the consumers' familiarity with goat milk yogurt and probiotic goat milk yogurt. However, this method was not suitable to significantly increase the acceptance of such products. Nonetheless, a correlation existed between the exposure sessions and the increase in acceptance of the exposure groups. Thus, hypothetically, the increasing of exposure sessions could be a strategy to increase goat milk product acceptance.

Análise e validação do procedimento de manipulação de cápsulas por encapsulamento manual por nivelamento / Analysis and validation of manual filling procedure for capsules

Entre as formas farmacêuticas sólidas de uso oral mais preparadas nas farmácias magistrais está a cápsula gelatinosa dura. O processo de manipulação de cápsulas apresenta alguns pontos críticos como a mistura e o fluxo dos pós, que podem interferir na obtenção de cápsulas na dose certa. Assim o objetivo foi analisar e validar o procedimento de manipulação de cápsulas por encapsulamento manual por nivelamento, considerando as características de fluxo e dose das formulações magistrais. A seleção dos produtos farmacêuticos (6) foi baseada na dose, fluxo e metodologia analítica validada por UV. A validação do processo consistiu na análise do peso médio, uniformidade de dose e teor de cinco lotes de cada produto preparados por dois manipuladores. Foi elaborado um procedimento escrito pelo método de nivelamento manual para os produtos metformina 500mg (MTF); paracetamol 250 mg (PCT); cetoconazol 200mg (CTZ); nimesulida 150 mg (NIM); riboflavina 20 mg(RIB) e glibenclamida 5 mg (GLB). O procedimento de manipulação foi validado para os produtos MTF, PCT,CTZ, NIM e RIB, exceto para o produto GLB, devido a reprovação de quatro lotes no teste de uniformidade de conteúdo. Os resultados nos levam a concluir que fármacos de dose acima de 20 mg (fluxo bom ou ruim) são menos susceptíveis à reprovação. O mesmo não acontece para fármacos de doses ≤ 5 mg, demonstrando que quanto menor a dose, maior a dificuldade de obter um produto na dose correta. Também foi possível verificar que o manipulador interfere na obtenção do produto de qualidade...

Among the solid dosage forms for oral use prepared regularly in compounding pharmacies is the hard gelatin capsule. The process of com pounding capsuleshas some critical features, such as the mixing and flow of powders, which can interfere with the production of capsules containing the right dose. Thus, the aim here was to analyze and validate the procedure for encapsulation of the dose by manual spreading of the formulated powder in relation to the flow characteristics and dose of the compounding formulas. The selection of the 6 pharmaceutical products was based on dose, flow and existence of a validated method of analysis by UV spectroscopy. The validation process consisted of the analysis of average weight, uniformity of dose and content of five batches of each product prepared by two handlers. A written operating procedure was prepared for the method of manual encapsulation by spreading, for capsules of 500 mg metformine (MTF), 250 mg paracetamol (PCT), 200 mg ketoconazole (CTZ), 150mg nimesulide (NIM), 20 mg riboflavin (RIB) and 5mg glibenclamide (GLB). The procedure was validated for compounding the products MTF, PCT, CTZ, NIM and RIB, but not for the product GLB, as 4 lots were rejected in the test for uniformity of content. The results lead us to conclude that, for drug doses above 20 mg (with good or bad flow), this filling procedure is less susceptible to failure. The same is not true for drugs with doses ≤ 5 mg, showing that the smaller the dose, the harder it is to produce a capsule in the correct dose. It was also observed that the handler interferes with the quality of the capsules compounded, according to official pharmaceutical criteria...

Minimally invasive mastectomy: minimal incisions for better aesthetic quality of breast reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Women with a family history of breast cancer who develop this disease are confronted with important situations regarding the increased risk for development of a second cancer in the contralateral breast. Prophylactic contralateral mastectomy (PCM) reduces by approximately 95% the risk for contralateral breast cancer. In spite of an increase in indications for PCM, the technical difficulties are many regarding the accomplishment of these procedures. The aim of this study is to describe the technique of mastectomy with preservation of the nipple-areola complex and a small incision, reducing surgical difficulties and complications attributed to this technique, thus allowing better aesthetic results in breast reconstruction. METHODS: Forty-six patients with indications for PCM (28 bilateral) were submitted to minimally invasive mastectomy from March 2005 to November 2007. A small incision in the superior pole of the areola, sufficient to pass a liposuction 4 mm cannula is made. With the help of this cannula, detachment of the skin from the gland tissue is performed. Then a 3.5 to 4.5-cm long incision in the inframammary fold is made. Glandular detachment is completed using cautery in the subglandular portion and scissors in the upper breast portion cutting the restraints left by the cannula. The mammary gland tissue is removed through this incision. RESULTS: Seventy-four breasts were operated on. The resected breast mass ranged from 285 g to 475 g. All 43 patients were reconstructed with prostheses. There was no necrosis of the nipple-areola complex or of the skin. CONCLUSIONS: This technique is an option for cases of patients with indications for PCM.

Intraflagellar transport complex in Leishmania spp. In silico genome-wide screening and annotation of gene function.

Flagella are constructed and maintained through the highly conserved process of intraflagellar transport (IFT), which is a rapid movement of particles along the axonemal microtubules of cilia/flagella. Particles that are transported by IFT are composed of several protein subunits comprising two complexes (A and B), which are conserved among green algae, nematodes, and vertebrates. To determine whether or not homologues to members of the IFT complex proteins are conserved in Leishmania spp, we scanned genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes of Leishmania species in a search for putative IFT factors, which were then identified in silico, compared, cataloged, and characterized. Since a large proportion of newly identified genes in L. major remain unclassified, with many of these being potentially Leishmania- (or kinetoplastid-) specific, there is a need for detailed analyses of homologs/orthologs that could help us understand the functional assignment of these gene products. We used a combination of integrated bioinformatics tools in a pathogenomics approach to contribute to the annotation of Leishmania genomes, particularly regarding flagellar genes and their roles in pathogenesis. This resulted in the formal in silico identification of eight of these homologs in Leishmania (IFT subunits, 20, 27, 46, 52, 57, 88, 140, and 172), along with others (IFTs 71, 74/72, and 81), as well as sequence comparisons and structural predictions. IFT, an important flagellar pathway in Leishmania, begins to be revealed through screening of trypanosomatid genomes; this information could also be used to better understand fundamental processes in Leishmania, such as motility and pathogenesis.

Intraflagellar transport complex in Leishmania spp. In silico genome-wide screening and annotation of gene function

Flagella are constructed and maintained through the highly conserved process of intraflagellar transport (IFT), which is a rapid movement of particles along the axonemal microtubules of cilia/flagella. Particles that are transported by IFT are composed of several protein subunits comprising two complexes (A and B), which are conserved among green algae, nematodes, and vertebrates. To determine whether or not homologues to members of the IFT complex proteins are conserved in Leishmania spp, we scanned genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes of Leishmania species in a search for putative IFT factors, which were then identified in silico, compared, cataloged, and characterized. Since a large proportion of newly identified genes in L. major remain unclassified, with many of these being potentially Leishmania- (or kinetoplastid-) specific, there is a need for detailed analyses of homologs/orthologs that could help us understand the functional assignment of these gene products. We used a combination of integrated bioinformatics tools in a pathogenomics approach to contribute to the annotation of Leishmania genomes, particularly regarding flagellar genes and their roles in pathogenesis. This resulted in the formal in silico identification of eight of these homologs in Leishmania (IFT subunits, 20, 27, 46, 52, 57, 88, 140, and 172), along with others (IFTs 71, 74/72, and 81), as well as sequence comparisons and structural predictions. IFT, an important flagellar pathway in Leishmania, begins to be revealed through screening of trypanosomatid genomes; this information could also be used to better understand fundamental processes in Leishmania, such as motility and pathogenesis.

Effects of long-term hormone replacement therapy on arterial wall thickness, lipids and lipoproteins, fibrinogen and antithrombin III.

We aimed to study the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in menopausal women on lipoproteins, blood coagulation, arterial blood pressure and markers of atherosclerosis. A total of 186 postmenopausal women were studied; 98 used HRT (0.625 mg 17 beta-estradiol plus 10 mg progestin) and were followed for 48 months, and were matched with 98 women without therapy. Low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, antithrombin III, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure and intima-media thickness were measured at 6, 12, 24, 38 and 48 months. In users of HRT, we found a significant reduction of the lipoproteins, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic pressures and intima-media thickness; however, we found an increase in high-density lipoproteins and anthitrombin III in comparison with non-users. This study has shown a protective effect of HRT on such risk factors and on certain markers of atherosclerosis.

Duration of menopause and behavior of malondialdehyde, lipids, lipoproteins and carotid wall artery intima-media thickness.

AIM: our study assessed whether minor or major hormonal deficiency influenced oxidative status and vascular wall structure in menopausal women. METHODS: the study series was made up of 62 non hypertensive non diabetic menopausal women (mean age 52.3+/-4.7 years) divided into two groups depending on duration of menopause (group 1 duration 0-5 years; group 2 duration over 5 years). Total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), malondialdehyde (MDA) and common carotid artery wall intima-media thickness (IMT) were determined in the entire series. RESULTS: mean TC, LDL-C, TG, MDA and IMT values were higher in group 2 than group 1. The intergroup difference between MDA (P<0.007) and IMT values (P<0.006) values was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: the study revealed a close temporal correlation between plasma oxidative stress and carotid wall IMT, jeopardizes vascular wall status as menopause proceeds.