Microencapsulation of essential thyme oil by spray drying and its antimicrobial evaluation against Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus / Microencapsulação do óleo essencial de tomilho e avaliação de sua atividade antibacteriana sobre V. alginolyticus e V. parhaemolyticus

Abstract The aims of this research were first, to evaluate the antibacterial potential of commercial thyme essential oil against V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticys and second, using the spray drying technique to produce microcapsules. chemical compounds of thyme oil and microcapsules were identified and quantified being thymol the chemical component present at the highest concentration. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were prepared and the microcapsules were obtained with a spray dryer using maltodextrin as wall material (ratio 1:4). Thyme oil and the microcapsules exhibited antimicrobial activity against V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus. The spray drying process did not affect the antimicrobial activity of thyme essentialoil.

Resumo Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram avaliar o potencial antibacteriano do óleoessencial de tomilho sobre V. alginolyticus e V. parahaemolyticys e produzir microcápsulas através do processo de secagem por aspersão (spray dryer). Os compostos químicos do óleo essencial de tomilho e das microcápsulas foram identificados e quantificadaos. Foi preparada uma emulsão de óleo em água (O/A) e em seguida foram produzidas microcápsulas em um spray dryer utilizando-se óleo essencial de tomilho e maltodextrina como material de parede na proporção de 1:4 respectivamente. Entre os vários compostos identificados, o timol apresentou maior concentração. O óleo essencial de tomilho e as microcápsulas exibiram atividade antibacteriana sobre V. parahaemolyticus e V. alginolyticus. O processo de secagem por aspersão não afetou a atividade antibacteriana do óleo essencial de tomilho.

Microencapsulation of essential thyme oil by spray drying and its antimicrobial evaluation against Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

The aims of this research were first, to evaluate the antibacterial potential of commercial thyme essential oil against V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticys and second, using the spray drying technique to produce microcapsules. chemical compounds of thyme oil and microcapsules were identified and quantified being thymol the chemical component present at the highest concentration. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were prepared and the microcapsules were obtained with a spray dryer using maltodextrin as wall material (ratio 1:4). Thyme oil and the microcapsules exhibited antimicrobial activity against V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus. The spray drying process did not affect the antimicrobial activity of thyme essentialoil.

Presença do vírus da síndrome da mancha branca em crustáceos decápodes silvestres em lagoas costeiras no Sul do Brasil / Presence of the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in wild decapods crustaceans in coastal lagoons in southern Brazil

A presença do vírus da síndrome da mancha branca (em inglês WSSV) nas principais espécies de camarões, siris e caranguejos de cinco lagoas que recebem o efluente de fazendas afetadas pela enfermidade foi detectada por nested PCR, e inclusões virais nos camarões por histologia. Pela nested PCR encontrou-se a presença de WSSV em 13 de 16 (81,2 por cento) amostras de camarões da espécie Farfantepenaeus paulensis, em 13 de 14 (92,8 por cento) de Litopenaeus schmitti, em uma de duas de Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis (50 por cento), em 13 de 15 (86,6 por cento) de siri da espécie Callinectes danae e em 11 de 12 (91,6 por cento) de Callinectes sapidus, e não foi detectada no caranguejo Chasmagnathus granulata em 10 amostras. Inclusões características de WSSV foram observadas em três amostras histológicas de 50 (6,0 por cento) no epitélio gástrico e cuticular e nas brânquias de dois exemplares de F. paulensis e um de L. schmitti. É o primeiro relato da presença de WSSV em camarões L. schmitti e no siri C. danae silvestres. As principais espécies de camarões e siris dos ambientes de entorno das fazendas foram contaminadas pelo WSSV, constituindo-se em vetores potenciais do vírus.

The presence of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in the main species of shrimps, blue crabs, and burrowing crabs of five lagoons where shrimp farm effluents are discharged, was analyzed by nested PCR and the presence of virus inclusions in the shrimps was analyzed through histopathology. The nested PCR analysis indicated the presence of WSSV in 13 of 16 (81.2 percent) samples of the shrimp species of Farfantepenaeus paulensis, in 13 of 14 (92.8 percent) of Litopenaeus schmitti, in one of two of Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis (50 percent), in 13 of 15 (86.6 percent) of blue crab species of Callinectes danae and in 11 of 12 (91.6 percent) of Callinectes sapidus and none was detected in the 10 samples of the burrowing crab Chasmagnathus granulata. The inclusion characteristics of WSSV were observed in three samples of 50 (6.0 percent) in the gastric and cuticular epithelium and in the gills of two specimens of F. paulensis and one of L. schmitti. The presence of WSSV in L. schmitti wild shrimp and in the C. danae blue crab is reported for the first time in the present work. The results indicate that the main species of shrimps and blue crabs of the environment surrounding the farms were infected by WSSV, and they may be considered potential vectors of the virus.

Prostaglandin E2 cervical ripening without subsequent induction of labor.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether outpatient administration of intracervical prostaglandin (PG) E2 gel decreases the interval to delivery and duration of labor. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial compared the intracervical placement of 0.5 mg PGE2 gel with placebo in 61 pregnant women at 38 weeks' or greater gestation with Bishop scores less than 9. Transvaginal cervical length, fetal fibronectin, and Bishop score were assessed before gel placement. Subjects were then allowed to go into spontaneous labor unless an indication for induction developed. RESULTS: Thirty women were assigned to PGE2 and 31 to placebo. There were no significant demographic differences between the groups and there were no differences in cervical length, fetal fibronectin status, or Bishop scores. Fifteen women in the PGE2 group and five in the placebo group went into labor and delivered within the first 2 days after gel placement (P = .007). The median interval to delivery was significantly shorter in the PGE2 group, at 2.5 days, compared with placebo, at 7 days (P = .02). Nulliparas in the PGE2 group had a median interval to delivery of 2 days, compared with 7 days for nulliparas receiving placebo (P = .03). Active phases of labor were significantly shorter in the PGE2 group and for women with a negative fetal fibronectin test who received PGE2. CONCLUSION: Outpatient administration of intracervical PGE2 gel shortened intervals to delivery and shortened labor.