Accuracy and reliability of the optoelectronic plethysmography and the heart rate systems for measuring breathing rates compared with the spirometer.

Measuring breathing rates without a mouthpiece is of interest in clinical settings. Electrocardiogram devices and, more recently, optoelectronic plethysmography (OEP) methods can estimate breathing rates with only a few electrodes or motion-capture markers placed on the patient. This study estimated and compared the accuracy and reliability of three non-invasive devices: an OEP system with 12 markers, an electrocardiogram device and the conventional spirometer. Using the three devices simultaneously, we recorded 72 six-minute epochs on supine subjects. Our results show that the OEP system has a very low limit of agreement and a bias lower than 0.4% compared with the spirometer, indicating that these devices can be used interchangeably. We observed comparable results for electrocardiogram devices. The OEP system facilitates breathing rate measurements and offers a more complete chest-lung volume analysis that can be easily associated with heart rate analysis without any synchronisation process, for useful features for clinical applications and intensive care.

Artificial Intelligence for Cardiac Diseases Diagnosis and Prediction Using ECG Images on Embedded Systems.

The electrocardiogram (ECG) provides essential information about various human cardiac conditions. Several studies have investigated this topic in order to detect cardiac abnormalities for prevention purposes. Nowadays, there is an expansion of new smart signal processing methods, such as machine learning and its sub-branches, such as deep learning. These popular techniques help analyze and classify the ECG signal in an efficient way. Our study aims to develop algorithmic models to analyze ECG tracings to predict cardiovascular diseases. The direct impact of this work is to save lives and improve medical care with less expense. As health care and health insurance costs increase in the world, the direct impact of this work is saving lives and improving medical care. We conducted numerous experiments to optimize deep-learning parameters. We found the same validation accuracy value of about 0.95 for both MobileNetV2 and VGG16 algorithms. After implementation on Raspberry Pi, our results showed a small decrease in accuracy (0.94 and 0.90 for MobileNetV2 and VGG16 algorithms, respectively). Therefore, the main purpose of the present research work is to improve, in an easy and cheaper way, real-time monitoring using smart mobile tools (mobile phones, smart watches, connected T-shirts, etc.).

Intra- and Inter-Day Reliability of the NIRS Portamon Device after Three Induced Muscle Ischemias.

(1) Background: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an innovative and non-invasive technology used to investigate muscular oxygenation. The aim of this study is to assess the within- and between-session reliability of the NIRS Portamon (Artinis, Elst, Netherlands) device following three sets of induced muscle ischemia. (2) Methods: Depending on the experimental group (G1, G2 or G3), a cuff was inflated three times on the left upper arm to 50 mmHg (G1), systolic blood pressure (SBP) + 50 mmHg (G2) or 250 mmHg (G3). Maximum, minimum and reoxygenation rate values were assessed after each occlusion phase, using a Portamon device placed on the left brachioradialis. Reliability was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) value and ICC 95% confidence interval (CI-95%), coefficient of variation (CV) and standard error of measurement (SEM) (3) Results: Our results showed a good to excellent reliability for maximums and minimums within-session. However, the reoxygenation rate within sessions as well as measurements between sessions cannot predominantly show good reliability. (4) Conclusions: Multiple measurements of maximums and minimums within a single session appeared to be reliable which shows that only one measurement is necessary to assess these parameters. However, it is necessary to be cautious with a comparison of maximum, minimum and reoxygenation rate values between sessions.

The effect of a single spinal manipulation on cardiovascular autonomic activity and the relationship to pressure pain threshold: a randomized, cross-over, sham-controlled trial.

Background: The autonomic nervous system interacts with the pain system. Knowledge on the effects of high velocity low amplitude spinal manipulations (SM) on autonomic activity and experimentally induced pain is limited. In particular, the effects of SM on autonomic activity and pain beyond the immediate post intervention period as well as the relationship between these two outcomes are understudied. Thus, new research is needed to provide further insight on this issue. Objectives: The aim was to assess the effect of a single SM (i.e. SM vs. sham) on cardiovascular autonomic activity. Also, we assessed the relationship between cardiovascular autonomic activity and level of pain threshold after the interventions. Method: We conducted a randomized, cross-over, sham-controlled trial on healthy first-year chiropractic students comprising two experimental sessions separated by 48 h. During each session, subjects received, in a random order, either a thoracic SM or a sham manipulation. Cardiovascular autonomic activity was assessed using heart rate and systolic blood pressure variabilities. Pain sensitivity was assessed using pressure pain threshold. Measurements were performed at baseline and repeated three times (every 12 min) during the post intervention period. Participants and outcome assessors were blinded. The effect of the SM was tested with linear mixed models. The relationship between autonomic outcomes and pressure pain threshold was tested with bivariate correlations. Results: Fifty-one participants were included, forty-one were finally analyzed. We found no statistically significant difference between SM and sham in cardiovascular autonomic activity post intervention. Similarly, we found no post-intervention relationship between cardiovascular autonomic activity and pressure pain threshold. Conclusion: Our results suggest that a single SM of the thoracic spine has no specific effect on cardiovascular autonomic activity. Also, we found no relationship between cardiovascular autonomic activity and pressure pain threshold after the SM. Further experimental research should consider the use of several markers of autonomic activity and a more comprehensive pain assessment. Trial registration: N° NCT03273868. Registered September 6, 2017.

Contexte: Le système nerveux autonome interagit avec le système de la douleur. Les connaissances concernant les effets des manipulations vertébrales (MV) de haute vélocité et de faible amplitude sur l'activité autonome et la douleur induite expérimentalement sont limitées. En particulier, les effets des MV sur l'activité autonome et la douleur au-delà de la période située immédiatement après l'intervention sont sous-étudiés, tout comme la relation entre ces deux variables. De nouvelles études sont nécessaires pour mieux comprendre cette problématique. Objectifs: Le premier objectif était d'évaluer l'effet d'une MV (i.e. MV vs placébo) sur l'activité autonome cardiovasculaire. Le second objectif était d'évaluer la relation entre l'activité autonome cardiovasculaire et le seuil de douleur après les interventions. Méthode: Nous avons réalisé un essai randomisé, croisé, contrôlé par un placébo sur des sujets jeunes et en bonne santé (étudiants en première année de chiropraxie). L'étude comprenait deux sessions expérimentales séparées par 48 h. Les sujets recevaient durant chaque session, soit une MV thoracique, soit une manipulation placébo. L'activité autonome cardiovasculaire était évaluée en utilisant la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque et la variabilité de la pression artérielle systolique. La sensibilité à la douleur était évaluée en utilisant le seuil de douleur à la pression. Les mesures étaient réalisées avant l'intervention et répétées trois fois après celle-ci (toutes les 12 min). Les participants et les collecteurs de données étaient en aveugle. L'effet de la MV était testé en utilisant des modèles linéaires mixtes. Nous avons testé la relation entre les variables autonomes et le seuil de douleur à la pression en utilisant des corrélations bivariées. Résultats: Cinquante-et-un sujets ont été inclus et quarante-et-un ont finalement été analysés. Nous n'avons pas trouvé de différence statistiquement significative entre la MV et le placébo en ce qui concerne l'activité autonome cardiovasculaire après l'intervention. Nous n'avons pas trouvé de relation post-intervention entre l'activité autonome cardiovasculaire et le seuil de douleur à la pression. Conclusion: Nos résultats suggèrent qu'une MV thoracique n'a pas d'effet spécifique sur l'activité autonome cardiovasculaire et qu'il n'y a pas de relation entre l'activité autonome et le seuil de douleur à la pression après la MV. On devrait considérer l'utilisation de plusieurs marqueurs de l'activité autonome ainsi qu'une évaluation plus complète de la douleur dans les recherches expérimentales futures.

New physiological bench test reproducing nocturnal breathing pattern of patients with sleep disordered breathing.

Previous studies have shown that Automatic Positive Airway Pressure devices display different behaviors when connected to a bench using theoretical respiratory cycle scripts. However, these scripts are limited and do not simulate physiological behavior during the night. Our aim was to develop a physiological bench that is able to simulate patient breathing airflow by integrating polygraph data. We developed an algorithm analyzing polygraph data and transformed this information into digital inputs required by the bench hardware to reproduce a patient breathing profile on bench. The inputs are respectively the simulated respiratory muscular effort pressure input for an artificial lung and the sealed chamber pressure to regulate the Starling resistor. We did simulations on our bench for a total of 8 hours and 59 minutes for a breathing profile from the demonstration recording of a Nox T3 Sleep Monitor. The simulation performance results showed that in terms of relative peak-valley amplitude of each breathing cycle, simulated bench airflow was biased by only 1.48% ± 6.80% compared to estimated polygraph nasal airflow for a total of 6,479 breathing cycles. For total respiratory cycle time, the average bias ± one standard deviation was 0.000 ± 0.288 seconds. For patient apnea events, our bench simulation had a sensitivity of 84.7% and a positive predictive value equal to 90.3%, considering 149 apneas detected both in polygraph nasal simulated bench airflows. Our new physiological bench would allow personalizing APAP device selection to each patient by taking into account individual characteristics of a sleep breathing profile.

Effect of the Anode Placement on the Antagonist Muscles Recruitment: Implication for the Interpolated Twitch Technique Outcome.

The aim of the present study was to compare the recruitment of the antagonist muscles and its effect on the measurement of the voluntary activation level (VA) of the knee extensor (KE) muscles for different anode placements used to stimulate the femoral nerve. We hypothesized that when the anode is positioned over the gluteal fold (GF), the antagonist muscles recruitment would be greater and, thus the VA overestimated, than when the anode is placed midway between the greater trochanter and the lower border of the iliac crest (Midtroc-iliac). Thirteen healthy men (23 ± 4 yr) were tested in both conditions (GF vs. Midtroc-iliac) in a randomized order. Recruitment curves were performed to determine the optimal stimulus intensity (Iopt) and quantify antagonist muscles recruitment (i.e. biceps femoris M-wave). Participants performed maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) and the interpolated twitch technique was used to measured VA. Antagonist muscles recruitment was greater when the anode was placed over the GF than Midtroc-iliac. The Iopt was also lower for GF than Midtroc-iliac placement. However, no significant effect of anode placement was found for the interpolated twitch technique outcome. When the anode was placed over the GF, antagonist muscles recruitment was greater, inducing optimal stimulus intensity underestimation. However, it did not affect VA assessment. To fully avoid this potential limitation, Midtroc-iliac anode placement should nevertheless be preferred for the KE neuromuscular function assessment, owing to the reduced recruitment of the antagonist muscles.

Effect of spinal manipulative treatment on cardiovascular autonomic control in patients with acute low back pain.

Background: This study aimed to quantify the effect of spinal manipulative treatment (SMT) from an analysis of baroreflex, systolic blood pressure and heart rate variability (HRV) on patients with acute back pain. It was hypothesized that SMT would increase the parasympathetic cardiovascular autonomic control. Methods: Twenty-two patients with acute back pain were randomly divided into two groups: one receiving sham treatment (Sham) and the other receiving SMT. Recordings were completed during the first day and the seventh day, immediately before and after treatment on both days. ECG and systolic blood pressure were continuously recorded to compute cardiovascular variability and baroreflex sensitivity components. The perceived level of pain was measured with the numeric pain scale (NPS) 48 h before, just before and just after each treatment. The NPS ranged from 0 to 100% (peak of pain before treatment). ECG and systolic blood pressure recordings were analyzed in time frequency domain using the Smoothed pseudo Wigner-Ville distribution. Results: Root mean square of the successive differences, high frequency power of the heart rate variability, and high frequency baroreflex sensitivity differences between post and pre tests were higher in the SMT group than in the Sham group (p < 0.01), whereas no differences were observed with the other heart rate variability components. Also, no differences were observed with the systolic blood pressure components. Although the estimated pain scale values decreased over time, no difference was observed between the SMT and Sham groups. Conclusions: This seems to be the first study to assess the effect of SMT on both heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity in patients with acute back pain. SMT can be seen to provoke an increase in parasympathetic control known to relate to a person's healthy state. Thus, cardiovascular variability analysis may be a useful tool for clinicians to quantify and objectify the beneficial effects of spinal manipulation treatment.

Effects of Age, Exercise Duration, and Test Conditions on Heart Rate Variability in Young Endurance Horses.

Although cardiac recovery is an important criterion for ranking horses in endurance competitions, heart rate variability (HRV) has hardly ever been studied in the context of this equestrian discipline. In the present study, we sought to determine whether HRV is affected by parameters such as age, exercise duration and test site. Accordingly, HRV might be used to select endurance horses with the fastest cardiac recovery. The main objective of the present study was to determine the effects of age, exercise duration, and test site on HRV variables at rest and during exercise and recovery in young Arabian endurance horses. Over a 3-year period, 77 young Arabian horses aged 4-6 years performed one or more exercise tests (consisting of a warm-up, cantering at 22 km.h(-1)and a final 500 m gallop at full speed) at four different sites. Beat-to-beat RR intervals were continuously recorded and then analyzed (using a time-frequency approach) to determine the instantaneous HRV components before, during and after the test. At rest, the root-mean-square of successive differences in RR intervals (RMSSD) was higher in the 4-year-olds (54.4 ± 14.5 ms) than in the 5-or 6-year-olds (44.9 ± 15.5 and 49.1 ± 11.7 ms, respectively). During the first 15 min of exercise (period T), the heart rate (HR) and RMSSD decreased with age. In 6-year-olds, RMSSD decreased as the exercise duration increased (T: 3.0 ± 1.4 vs. 2T: 3.6 ± 2.2 vs. 3T: 2.8 ± 1.0). During recovery, RMSSD was negatively correlated with the cardiac recovery time (CRT) and the recovery heart rate (RHR; R = -0.56 and -0.53, respectively; p < 0.05). At rest and during exercise and recovery, RMSSD and several HRV variables differed significantly as a function of the test conditions. HRV in endurance horses appears to be strongly influenced by age and environmental factors (such as ambient temperature, ambient humidity, and track quality). Nevertheless, RMSSD can be used to select endurance horses with the fastest cardiac recovery.

Speed and Cardiac Recovery Variables Predict the Probability of Elimination in Equine Endurance Events.

Nearly 50% of the horses participating in endurance events are eliminated at a veterinary examination (a vet gate). Detecting unfit horses before a health problem occurs and treatment is required is a challenge for veterinarians but is essential for improving equine welfare. We hypothesized that it would be possible to detect unfit horses earlier in the event by measuring heart rate recovery variables. Hence, the objective of the present study was to compute logistic regressions of heart rate, cardiac recovery time and average speed data recorded at the previous vet gate (n-1) and thus predict the probability of elimination during successive phases (n and following) in endurance events. Speed and heart rate data were extracted from an electronic database of endurance events (80-160 km in length) organized in four countries. Overall, 39% of the horses that started an event were eliminated--mostly due to lameness (64%) or metabolic disorders (15%). For each vet gate, logistic regressions of explanatory variables (average speed, cardiac recovery time and heart rate measured at the previous vet gate) and categorical variables (age and/or event distance) were computed to estimate the probability of elimination. The predictive logistic regressions for vet gates 2 to 5 correctly classified between 62% and 86% of the eliminated horses. The robustness of these results was confirmed by high areas under the receiving operating characteristic curves (0.68-0.84). Overall, a horse has a 70% chance of being eliminated at the next gate if its cardiac recovery time is longer than 11 min at vet gate 1 or 2, or longer than 13 min at vet gates 3 or 4. Heart rate recovery and average speed variables measured at the previous vet gate(s) enabled us to predict elimination at the following vet gate. These variables should be checked at each veterinary examination, in order to detect unfit horses as early as possible. Our predictive method may help to improve equine welfare and ethical considerations in endurance events.

Ergogenic and metabolic effects of oral glucocorticoid intake during repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise.

All systemically administered glucocorticoids (GC) are prohibited in-competition, because of the potential ergogenic effects. Although short-term GC intake has been shown to improve performance during submaximal exercise, literature on its impact during brief intense exercise appears to be very scant. The purpose of this study was to examine the ergogenic and metabolic effects of prednisone during repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise. In a double-blind randomized protocol, ten recreational male athletes followed two 1-week treatments (Cor: prednisone, 60mg/day or Pla: placebo). At the end of each treatment, they hopped on their dominant leg for 30s three times consecutively and then hopped until exhaustion, with intervals of 5min of passive recovery. Blood and saliva samples were collected at rest and 3min after each exercise bout to determine the lactate, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, TNF-alpha, DHEA and testosterone values. The absolute peak force of the dominant leg was significantly increased by Cor but only during the first 30-s hopping bout (p<0.05), whereas time to exhaustion was not significantly changed after Cor treatment vs Pla (Pla: 119.9±24.7; Cor: 123.1±29.5s). Cor intake lowered basal and end-exercise plasma interleukin-6 and saliva DHEA (p<0.01) and increased interleukin-10 (p<0.01), whereas no significant change was found in blood lactate and TNF-alpha or saliva testosterone between Pla and Cor. According to these data, short-term glucocorticoid intake did not improve endurance performance during repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise, despite the significant initial increase in absolute peak force and anti-inflammatory effect.

Effect of playing surface properties on neuromuscular fatigue in tennis.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the playing surface properties on the development of neuromuscular fatigue in tennis. METHODS: Ten subjects played randomly two tennis matches on hard court (HARD) and clay court (CLAY) for an effective playing duration of 45 min (i.e., corresponding approximately to a 3-h game). Before and after each match, the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force of the plantar flexors, the maximal voluntary activation level, the maximal compound muscle action characteristic, and the EMG activity were determined on the soleus (SOL) and lateralis gastrocnemius (LG) muscles. Tetanic and single stimulations were also delivered to evaluate the presence of low-frequency fatigue and contractile impairment. Finally, reflex responses were evoked on the relaxed muscle (H-reflex) and during MVC (H-reflex and V-wave). RESULTS: Statistical analysis did not reveal any significant difference between playing surfaces. MVC was similarly reduced after the game (HARD, -9.1% ± 8.7%; CLAY, -4.3% ± 19.9%) and was associated with alterations of the contractile properties of the plantar flexor muscles. The implication of central factors was less clear, as evidenced by the significant reduction (P < 0.05) of the H-reflex on the relaxed LG (HARD, -16.2% ± 33.3%; CLAY, -23.9% ± 54.0%) and SOL (HARD, -16.1% ± 48.9%; CLAY, -34.9% ± 35.9%) and the nonsignificant reduction of the activation level. In addition, the reflex responses evoked during MVC were not significantly modified by the exercise. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the ground surface properties influence neither the extent nor the origin of neuromuscular fatigue in tennis. The moderate force decrement observed in the current study was mainly associated with peripheral fatigue.

Validation of a semi-classical signal analysis method for stroke volume variation assessment: a comparison with the PiCCO technique.

This study proposes a Semi-Classical Signal Analysis (SCSA) method for stroke volume (SV) variations assessment from arterial blood pressure measurements. One of the SCSA parameters, the first systolic invariant (INVS1), has been shown to be linearly related to SV. To technically validate this approach, the comparison between INVS1 and SV measured with the currently used PiCCO technique was performed during a 15-min recording in 20 mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care. A strong correlation was estimated by linear regression and cross-correlation analysis (mean coefficient = 0.90 ± 0.01 SEM at the two tests).

Role of brainstem centers in cardiorespiratory phase difference during mechanical ventilation.

During mechanical ventilation, large inter-patient and intra-patient variations of the phase of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were described. To determine whether these variations were neurally mediated, we compared the RSA phase between: (1) 12 control subjects, (2) 23 mechanically ventilated patients without brain injury (MV group) and (3) 12 brain dead, mechanically ventilated patients, whose central nervous functions were abolished (BD group). ECG and ventilatory flow were recorded during 15 min and the RSA phase was then continuously computed by complex demodulation. Control group exhibited RSA phases between 180° and 250° whereas an opposite pattern, between 0° and 90°, was observed in the BD group. For the two groups, the phase was stable over time. In the MV group, the RSA phases were distributed between 0° and 260°, with a greater variability over time than the other groups. Therefore, during mechanical ventilation, brainstem centers may induce large variations of the RSA phase, not synchronous with the mechanical effect of ventilation.

Positive end-expiratory pressure may alter breathing cardiovascular variability and baroreflex gain in mechanically ventilated patients.

BACKGROUND: Baroreflex allows to reduce sudden rises or falls of arterial pressure through parallel RR interval fluctuations induced by autonomic nervous system. During spontaneous breathing, the application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may affect the autonomic nervous system, as suggested by changes in baroreflex efficiency and RR variability. During mechanical ventilation, some patients have stable cardiorespiratory phase difference and high-frequency amplitude of RR variability (HF-RR amplitude) over time and others do not. Our first hypothesis was that a steady pattern could be associated with reduced baroreflex sensitivity and HF-RR amplitude, reflecting a blunted autonomic nervous function. Our second hypothesis was that PEEP, widely used in critical care patients, could affect their autonomic function, promoting both steady pattern and reduced baroreflex sensitivity. METHODS: We tested the effect of increasing PEEP from 5 to 10 cm H2O on the breathing variability of arterial pressure and RR intervals, and on the baroreflex. Invasive arterial pressure, ECG and ventilatory flow were recorded in 23 mechanically ventilated patients during 15 minutes for both PEEP levels. HF amplitude of RR and systolic blood pressure (SBP) time series and HF phase differences between RR, SBP and ventilatory signals were continuously computed by complex demodulation. Cross-spectral analysis was used to assess the coherence and gain functions between RR and SBP, yielding baroreflex-sensitivity indices. RESULTS: At PEEP 10, the 12 patients with a stable pattern had lower baroreflex gain and HF-RR amplitude of variability than the 11 other patients. Increasing PEEP was generally associated with a decreased baroreflex gain and a greater stability of HF-RR amplitude and cardiorespiratory phase difference. Four patients who exhibited a variable pattern at PEEP 5 became stable at PEEP 10. At PEEP 10, a stable pattern was associated with higher organ failure score and catecholamine dosage. CONCLUSIONS: During mechanical ventilation, stable HF-RR amplitude and cardiorespiratory phase difference over time reflect a blunted autonomic nervous function which might worsen as PEEP increases.

Breathing cardiovascular variability and baroreflex in mechanically ventilated patients.

Heart rate and blood pressure variations during spontaneous ventilation are related to the negative airway pressure during inspiration. Inspiratory airway pressure is positive during mechanical ventilation, suggesting that reversal of the normal baroreflex-mediated pattern of variability may occur. We investigated heart rate and blood pressure variability and baroreflex sensitivity in 17 mechanically ventilated patients. ECG (RR intervals), invasive systolic blood pressure (SBP), and respiratory flow signals were recorded. High-frequency (HF) amplitude of RR and SBP time series and HF phase differences between RR, SBP, and ventilatory signals were continuously computed by Complex DeModulation (CDM). Cross-spectral analysis was used to assess the coherence and the gain functions between RR and SBP, yielding baroreflex sensitivity indices. The HF phase difference between SBP and ventilatory signals was nearly constant in all patients with inversion of SBP variability during the ventilator cycle compared with cycling with negative inspiratory pressure to replicate spontaneous breathing. In 12 patients (group 1), the phase difference between RR and ventilatory signals changed over time and the HF-RR amplitude varied. In the remaining five patients (group 2), RR-ventilatory signal phase and HF-RR amplitude showed little change; however, only one of these patients exhibited a RR-ventilatory signal phase difference mimicking the normal pattern of respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Spectral coherence between RR and SBP was lower in the group with phase difference changes. Positive pressure ventilation exerts mainly a mechanical effect on SBP, whereas its influence on HR variability seems more complex, suggesting a role for neural influences.

Effect of heavy exercise on spectral baroreflex sensitivity, heart rate, and blood pressure variability in well-trained humans.

The aim of the study was to assess the instantaneous spectral components of heart rate variability (HRV) and systolic blood pressure variability (SBPV) and determine the low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency baroreflex sensitivity (HF-BRS) during a graded maximal exercise test. The first hypothesis was that the hyperpnea elicited by heavy exercise could entail a significant increase in HF-SBPV by mechanical effect once the first and second ventilatory thresholds (VTs) were exceeded. It was secondly hypothesized that vagal tone progressively withdrawing with increasing load, HF-BRS could decrease during the exercise test. Fifteen well-trained subjects participated in this study. Electrocardiogram (ECG), blood pressure, and gas exchanges were recorded during a cycloergometer test. Ventilatory equivalents were computed from gas exchange parameters to assess VTs. Spectral analysis was applied on cardiovascular series to compute RR and systolic blood pressure power spectral densities, cross-spectral coherence, gain, and alpha index of BRS. Three exercise intensity stages were compared: below (A1), between (A2), and above (A3) VTs. From A1 to A3, both HF-SBPV (A1: 45 +/- 6, A2: 65 +/- 10, and A3: 120 +/- 23 mm2Hg, P < 0.001) and HF-HRV increased (A1: 20 +/- 5, A2: 23 +/- 8, and A3:40 +/- 11 ms2, P < 0.02), maintaining HF-BRS (gain, A1: 0.68 +/- 0.12, A2: 0.63 +/- 0.08, and A3: 0.57 +/- 0.09; alpha index, A1: 0.58 +/- 0.08, A2: 0.48 +/- 0.06, and A3: 0.50 +/- 0.09 ms/mmHg, not significant). However, LF-BRS decreased (gain, A1: 0.39 +/- 0.06, A2: 0.17 +/- 0.02, and A3: 0.11 +/- 0.01, P < 0.001; alpha index, A1: 0.46 +/- 0.07, A2: 0.20 +/- 0.02, and A3: 0.14 +/- 0.01 ms/mmHg, P < 0.001). As expected, once VTs were exceeded, hyperpnea induced a marked increase in both HF-HRV and HF-SBPV. However, this concomitant increase allowed the maintenance of HF-BRS, presumably by a mechanoelectric feedback mechanism.

Arterial blood pressure analysis based on scattering transform II.

"Arterial blood pressure analysis based on scattering transform I" introduces a new method based on the scattering transform for a one dimensional Schrödinger equation to reconstruct the arterial blood pressure waves and separate its systolic and diastolic parts. In this article, we propose to analyse the parameters computed from this technique in different clinical and physiological conditions. Two cases are considered: moderate chronic heart failure and high fit triathletes. The variability of these new parameters is compared to the variability of classical blood pressure parameters. Promising results are obtained.

Effect of a 24-h continuous walking race on cardiac autonomic control.

This study investigated the relationships between walking speed and heart rate (HR) variability (HRV) in eleven subjects during a 24-h race. It was hypothesized that the nycthemeral rhythm on HR is preserved during the race. RR intervals and walking speed were measured. Fast Fourier transform was applied to samples of 1,024 successive RR intervals collected every hour from a HR monitor. Walking speed was averaged every hour and decreased (first lap: 8.8 +/- 0.3 vs. last lap: 7.3 +/- 0.8 km h(-1), P < 0.001) with HR also decreasing (max at 19:00 h: 143 +/- 9 vs. min at 7:00 h: 117 +/- 14 beats min(-1), P < 0.001) following a third order polynomial shape. HRV power spectral components followed distribution patterns similar to the mean RR during the race with a minimum in the early evening (19:00-20:00 h) and a maximum in the morning (5:00-8:00 h). Thus, as for mean RR, spectral components over time are also fitted to a third order polynomial regression. LF/HF ratio increased linearly (min = 0.5 +/- 0.3, max = 2.8 +/- 5.3, P = 0.02). Although mean HF peak did not decrease significantly over time, it was positively correlated with walking speed. In conclusion, this study showed that despite a constant decrease in walking speed, HR circadian rhythm is preserved during a continuous 24-h walking race. The short-term HRV components remain linked to HR whereas the LF/HF ratio increases linearly until the end of the race whatever HR is.

Heart rate variability during exercise performed below and above ventilatory threshold.

PURPOSE: To examine whether differences in heart rate variability (HRV) can distinguish sub- from supra-ventilatory-threshold exercise and whether the exercise duration at supra-threshold intensity alters cardiorespiratory synchronization. METHODS: Beat-to-beat RR interval, VO2, VCO2, VE, and blood lactate concentration of 11 healthy well-trained young subjects were collected during two exercise tests: 1) a moderate-intensity test: 15 min performed below the power at ventilatory threshold (pVT); and 2) a heavy-intensity test: above pVT until exhaustion. Fast Fourier transform, smoothed pseudo Wigner-Ville distribution, and complex demodulation were applied to RR time series. RESULTS: 1) Moderate exercise shows a prevalence of low-frequency (LF) spectral energy compared with the high-frequency (HF) one (LF = 80 +/- 10% vs HF = 20 +/- 10%, P < 0.001), whereas the reverse is observed during heavy exercise (LF = 11 +/- 8% vs HF = 89 +/- 8%, P < 0.001). 2) During heavy exercise, the HF amplitude and the tidal volume (Vt) remained constant, whereas the breathing frequency (BF) increased (BF: 0.70 +/- 0.18 vs 0.93 +/- 0.31, P < 0.01) and mean RR decreased (342 +/- 15 vs 317 +/- 16, P < 0.01). Despite the RR series and the breathing signal remaining synchronized, HR/BF ratio decreased and stabilized at 3 RR for one breathing cycle, whatever the initial ratio. CONCLUSION: 1) HRV allows us to differentiate sub- from supra-ventilatory-threshold exercise and 2) exercise duration at supra-threshold intensity does not alter the cardiorespiratory synchronization.

Heart rate variability during cycloergometric exercise or judo wrestling eliciting the same heart rate level.

This study compared heart rate variability (HRV) in ten male judokas between two types of exercise eliciting the same near-maximal average heart rate (HR): judo wrestling vs. cycloergometric bout. Beat-to-beat RR intervals were recorded during (1) a 4-min judo randori (wrestling); (2) a 4-min cycloergometric exercise eliciting maximal oxygen consumption (VO(2MAX)). Time series were analyzed both by short term Fourier transform (STFT) and Poincaré plot (PP). The main results are as follows. First, despite the fact that the same maximal HR was reached during the two exercises, the spectral energy computed from the judo recordings was significantly higher than that recorded from the cycloergometric exercise. Second, according to the PP index of rapid HRV (SD1), the high-frequency spectral energy (HF) was significantly higher during judo than cycloergometric exercise as well. Third, judo spectra show chaotic harmonics in place of the precise HF peak observed during cycloergometric exercise. Fourth, the respective parts of normalized LFn and HFn are not different between the two exercise modes, suggesting that autonomic control during severe exercise cannot depend on the type of exercise. In conclusion, this study shows that it is possible, according to the observed kind of variability from RR time series, to differentiate between two types of effort: steady-state dynamic exercise or conversely exercise made of both isometric and irregular dynamic efforts (wrestling, collective sports, and others).