Impact of Fat Graft Thickness and Harvesting Technique on Adipocyte Viability in a New Porcine Experimental Model: An Immunohistochemical Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Autologous fat grafting (AFG) has been employed in surgical practice as a filling method. However, controversies remain on the specifics of this technique. So far, few relevant experimental large animal studies have objectively assessed factors related to AFG integration. OBJECTIVES: This study utilized an experimental, medium-sized animal model to compare the feasibility of AFG collected employing 2 different techniques with instruments of distinct thicknesses. METHODS: Twenty minipigs (Sus scropha domesticus) were subjected to AFG harvesting via en bloc resection utilizing 3- (Group I) and 5-mm-diameter (Group II) round punch blades (PBs) and liposuction (LS) with 3- (Group III) and 5-mm-diameter cannulas (Group IV). Both samples were grafted intramuscularly (biceps femoralis). Hematoxylin and eosin staining was employed to identify intact adipocytes, fat necrosis, fibrosis, inflammation, and oil cysts. Immunohistochemical staining (perilipin-A, tumor necrosis factor alfa, and cluster of differentiation number 31) was utilized to quantify the feasibility of adipocytes, tissue necrosis, and neoangiogenesis, respectively. RESULTS: Hematoxylin and eosin analysis showed that fat necrosis and histiocyte presence were significantly lower in the AFG harvested utilizing a PB than in LS. For perilipin-A, a statistical difference was observed between subgroups I and III (P = 0.001) and I and IV (P = 0.004). Instrument diameter had no effect on graft integration in comparisons between groups II and III (P = 0.059) and II and IV (P = 0.132). CONCLUSIONS: In this experimental study, fat collected utilizing a PB demonstrated higher adipocyte viability than fat collected with LS. The diameter of the collection instruments, whether PB or LS, had no effect on graft integration.

Novel Mutations in Pilomatrixoma, CTNNB1 p.s45F, and FGFR2 p.s252L: A Report of Three Cases Diagnosed by Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy, with Review of the Literature.

Pilomatrixoma (calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe) is an uncommon benign skin appendageal tumor that differentiates toward hair matrix cells. It is misdiagnosed in up to 75% of cases by nondermatologists. Although the histopathological findings are well recognized and characteristic, diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration biopsy may be quite challenging. Several reports have emphasized the challenges in cytodiagnosis of pilomatrixoma, leading to a false-positive diagnosis. The lesions may show avidity for fludeoxyglucose on positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan, raising concern of a possible malignant neoplasm. CTNNB1 mutations have been reported in a high percentage of pilomatrixomas. Expression of ß-catenin, the protein encoded by CTNNB1, is also frequently observed. To determine if routine cytological specimens can be successfully used to perform additional investigation and support or confirm the diagnosis in three cases of pilomatrixoma, we performed molecular analysis and immunohistochemistry to search for CTNNB1 mutation and ß-catenin, respectively. ß-Catenin positivity by immunohistochemistry was observed in basaloid cells in all three cases. Exon 3 mutations in CTNNB1 were detected in all cases. In addition, we detected a fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) mutation in one of the cases. We reviewed the literature and present the clinical and morphological characteristics that must be considered along with other findings to accurately achieve the correct diagnosis, in correlation with the results of the ancillary technique. In conclusion, routine cytological specimens can be successfully used to perform additional investigations and support cytodiagnosis in difficult cases.

Deciduous Dental Pulp Stem Cells for Maxillary Alveolar Reconstruction in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients.

BACKGROUND: To reduce morbidity to cleft patients, new approaches have been developed and here, we report for the first time the use of deciduous dental pulp stem cells (DDPSC) associated with a hydroxyapatite-collagen sponge (Bio-Oss Collagen® 250 mg, Geistlich) for closing alveolar defects during secondary dental eruption, further comparing these results to historical controls. METHODS: Six patients, aged 8 to 12, were selected. Autologous DDPSC were isolated from each patient, then associated with the biomaterial and this bone tissue engineered set was used to fill the alveolar defect. Computed tomography was performed to assess both preoperative and 6- and 12-month postoperative outcomes. Overall morbidity was recorded. Historical controls consisted of sixteen patients previously selected and randomly assigned to group one (rhBMP-2) or group two (iliac crest bone graft). RESULTS: DDPSC could be isolated and characterized as mesenchymal stem cells. Progressive alveolar bone union has occurred in all patients. Similarly to group two 75.4%, SD ± 4.0, p > 0.999, but statistically different from group one (59.6%, SD ± 9.9, p > 0.999, but statistically different from group one (59.6%, SD ± 9.9. CONCLUSION: For this selected group of patients, DDPSC therapy resulted in satisfactory bone healing with excellent feasibility and safety, which adds significantly to the prospect of stem cell use in clinical settings. Clinical Question/Level of Evidence. Therapeutic, II. This trial is registered with https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01932164?term=NCT01932164&rank=1.

Qualitative analysis of the viability of autogenous fat grafts grafted in different environments of interstitial pressure. Preliminary results and description of a new experimental model in mini-pigs.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of an experimental model of autologous fat graft (AFG) in different interstitial pressure (IP) environments. METHODS: Three mini-pigs(Minipig-BR) with age of 8 months (weight: 25-30 kg) were used. AFG were collected from the bucal fat pad, and grafted in the intramuscular pocket (biceps femoralis muscle). IP model was based on a fusiform ressection followed by primary closure "under tension". A blood pressure catheter located in the intramuscular region connected to a pressure module was applied to quantify IP. RESULTS: The mean operative time was 236 min (210 - 272 min). All the AFG and muscular segments were removed successfully. Average interstitial pressure CP and H were 3 and 10.6 mmHg respectively. The AFG were biopsied for histopathological analysis 30 days after graft. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical analyzes (TNF-alpha, CD31 and Perilipine with monoclonal antibodies) were employed. CONCLUSION: The data show that minipigs model could be used as a recipient site for autologous fat graft techniques and allow the development of studies to explore the AFG intake and pathophysiology response.

Qualitative analysis of the viability of autogenous fat grafts grafted in different environments of interstitial pressure. Preliminary results and description of a new experimental model in mini-pigs

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of an experimental model of autologous fat graft (AFG) in different interstitial pressure (IP) environments. Methods: Three mini-pigs(Minipig-BR) with age of 8 months (weight: 25-30 kg) were used. AFG were collected from the bucal fat pad, and grafted in the intramuscular pocket (biceps femoralis muscle). IP model was based on a fusiform ressection followed by primary closure "under tension". A blood pressure catheter located in the intramuscular region connected to a pressure module was applied to quantify IP. Results: The mean operative time was 236 min (210 - 272 min). All the AFG and muscular segments were removed successfully. Average interstitial pressure CP and H were 3 and 10.6 mmHg respectively. The AFG were biopsied for histopathological analysis 30 days after graft. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical analyzes (TNF-alpha, CD31 and Perilipine with monoclonal antibodies) were employed. Conclusion: The data show that minipigs model could be used as a recipient site for autologous fat graft techniques and allow the development of studies to explore the AFG intake and pathophysiology response.

Proficiency of DNA repair genes and microsatellite instability in operated colorectal cancer patients with clinical suspicion of lynch syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Lynch syndrome (LS) diagnosis is underestimated, and most of the patients remain undetected after colorectal resections. The study aims to assess the frequency of LS in patients undergoing surgical treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS: A total of 458 CRC patients were operated from January 2005 to December 2008. Positive CRC family history (FH) was present in 118 (25.8%) patients. Histologic sections were reviewed for microsatellite instability (MSI) criteria (Bethesda guidelines), immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis for MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2 proteins, through the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex, MSI (BAT-25, BAT-26, NR-21, NR-24 and MONO-27) and BRAF somatic mutation. RESULTS: Of the 118 patients with FH, 61 (51.69%) met at least one of the revised Bethesda criteria. IHC was abnormal in 8 (13.1%) and MSI in 12 patients (20%). BRAF was negative in all cases. MSI histopathological included: intratumoral lymphocytes (47.5%), expansive tumors (29.5%) mucinous component (27.8%) and Crohn's like reaction in (14.7%). There was an association between the revised Bethesda criteria with: sex, mucinous histology and Crohn's like reaction; MSI and IHC with PMS2 and MLH1. Revised Bethesda criteria 4 had 10.6 increased chances to display positive MSI. We have proposed a score to contribute as a practical tool in the diagnosis of LS. CONCLUSIONS: The frequence of LS in resected CRC patients was 2.6%. The criterion 4 Revised Bethesda was associated more strongly with the presence of MSI.

Association of the p53 codon 72 polymorphism with clinicopathological characteristics of colorectal cancer through mRNA analysis.

TP53 represents a suitable candidate for a colorectal cancer susceptibility locus. The polymorphism in the p53 72nd codon involves a proline to arginine substitution, leading to changes in gene transcription activity, interaction with other proteins and modulation of apoptosis. Studies evaluating the association between this polymorphism and colorectal cancer (CRC) have shown inconsistent results, and none have evaluated the mRNA status of TP53. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between this SNP expression at the mRNA level in CRC samples and patient clinicopathological variables and prognosis, p53 protein expression and TP53 mutation. This is the first report to describe the mRNA expression of p53 codon 72 alleles in CRC. We evaluated 101 non-related patients with CRC treated at the A.C. Camargo Cancer Center in Brazil. RNA was isolated from frozen tumor tissues using a trizol-based protocol. The polymorphism was detected using RT-PCR followed by Sanger sequencing. Associations were analyzed using Pearson's Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests, logistic regression and Cox. This polymorphism was significantly associated with clinicopathological variables related to increased tumor aggressiveness. The expression of Arg72 (OR, 3.83; CI 1.02-14.35; P=0.046) and the TNM stage (OR, 7.15; CI 1.45-35.29; P=0.016) were found to be independent predictors for recurrence. These data suggest that the mRNA expression of the Pro72 allele is associated with less favorable tumor features. The allele frequency of the p53 Pro72 was 0.26. The analysis of mRNA is important to determine the specific contribution of the allele expressed. These results suggest that this polymorphism may play a role in CRC.

Ezrin expression as a prognostic marker in colorectal adenocarcinoma.

Ezrin protein acts in the regulation of cytoskeletal and directly influences survival and tumor progression; there is an increase in its expression in metastatic cells and tissues in several types of cancer including colorectal cancer. 250 Patients with colorectal cancer submitted to surgery from 1995 to 2002. Protein expression was carried through by Tissue Micro Array immunohistochemical tests of paraffined neoplasic tissues and associated with clinical variables. Differentiation degree, lymph node invasion, metastasis at diagnosis, and palliative surgery were associated to a higher expression of the protein and survival. Higher expression of the Ezrin correlates with tumor aggressiveness and worse prognosis for colorectal cancer.

Cortactin is associated with perineural invasion in the deep invasive front area of laryngeal carcinomas.

The cortactin gene, mapped at 11q13, has been associated with an aggressive clinical course in many cancers because of its function of invasiveness. This study evaluated CTTN protein and its prognostic value in the deep invasive front and superficial areas of laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas. The transcript expression levels were evaluated in a subset of cases. Overexpression of CTTN cytoplasmatic protein (80% of cases in both the deep invasive front and superficial areas) and transcript (30% of samples) was detected in a significant number of cases. In more than 20% of cases, observation verified membrane immunostaining in the deep invasive front and superficial areas. Perineural invasion was significantly associated with N stage and recurrence (P = .0058 and P = .0037, respectively). Higher protein expression levels were correlated with perineural invasion (P = .004) in deep invasive front cells, suggesting that this area should be considered a prognostic tool in laryngeal carcinomas. Although most cases had moderate to strong CTTN expression on the tumor surface, 2 sets of cases revealed a differential expression pattern in the deep invasive front. A group of cases with absent to weak expression of CTTN in the deep invasive front showed good prognosis parameters, and a second group with moderate to strong expression of CTTN were associated with an unfavorable prognosis, suggesting an association with worse outcome. Taken together, these results suggest that the deep invasive front might be considered a grading system in laryngeal carcinomas and that cortactin is a putative marker of worse outcome in the deep invasive front of laryngeal carcinomas.

P16 and p27 Immunohistochemical Expression in Colorectal Cancer: Analysis of 128 Patients

P16 and p27 are inhibiting proteins of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKIs) that act in the restriction points of the cellular cycle, and it avoids its progression to DNA verification and repair by the cellular apparatus. This way, there should be, physiologically, an inverse relation between the expression of these proteins and cellular proliferation. However, what is really observed are changeable amounts of p27 in normal and tumor tissues. P16 participation in tumorigenesis is controversial. The expression of p16 and p27 as a prognostic factor in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients is controversial. Objetive: To establish a correlation between p16 and p27 immunohistochemical expressions with clinical and anatomopathological variable from patients with CRC. Material and methods: descriptive and retrospective study, with 128 CRC patients, treated surgically between 2000 and 2004, with available material for immunohistochemical analysis through standardized methods. The association between categorical variables was done using Chi-square, Pearson or Fisher?s Exact tests, and the continuous variables were analyzed by t-Student. Global survival and disease-free period were calculated according to Kaplan-Meier method and the associations through log-rank test. Results: The average follow-up time of patients was 35 months. Positivity of p16 was detected in 100% of cases. Negativity of p27 in 6.3% (n=8) of cases, with a significant association (p30.05) between p27 negative and tumors located in right colon (62.5%, n=5) and mucinous (62.5%, n=5). The average global survival was 54.8 months, and the significant clinical and pathological variables associated to survival were: better for curative surgeries; better for early stages; better for well-differentiated tumors; worse for cases with sanguineous or vascular lymphatic invasion; worse for perineural invasion. Conclusions: p27 negative is more frequent in right colon...

Avaliação morfológica e molecular de lesões colônicas em modelo de colite experimental induzida por dextran sulfato de sódio / Morphological and molecular evaluation of colonic lesions in a mouse model of experimental colitis induced by Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)

A retocolite ulcerativa (RU) é uma doença inflamatória crônica que caracteristicamente afeta o reto e o intestino grosso e cuja etiologia ainda é desconhecida. Os pacientes portadores de RU apresentam um alto risco para o desenvolvimento de câncer colorretal (CCR). O desenvolvimento e a progressão do câncer associado à RU envolvem vários eventos genéticos que parecem ser diferentes dos observados nos cânceres esporádicos... O modelo animal de colite através do uso de DSS desenvolve displasia e câncer muito similares aos observados em humanos. O estudo da carcinogênese do cólon nestes animais pode ser de grande valia para o melhor entendimento das alterações que ocorrem em humanos e pode proporcionar o descobrimento de novos marcadores ou mesmo regimes quimiopreventivos para o câncer relacionado à RU. O objetivo deste estudo é elucidar os eventos moleculares das neoplasias relacionadas à RU no modelo experimental animal de colite induzida por DSS, traçando um paralelo com os estudos moleculares realizados em humanos. Para isto, foram utilizadas duas abordagens. A primeira, relacionada com a pesquisa de alterações moleculares nas neoplasias originadas no modelo de colite pelo uso de DSS e Azoxymethane (AOM) em animais sadios, onde foram avaliados os genes Trp53, k-ras, Apc e ß-catenina. A segunda, relacionada com o uso de DSS em animais alterados geneticamente para o gene Trp53, considerado o evento inicial nos tumores associados à RU... Nos animais geneticamente alterados para o gene Trp53 a pesquisa de mutação no gene k-ras foi negativa. Estes animais demonstraram a presença de displasia e câncer, também muito similares aos humanos, sendo que os animais homozigotos (p53-/-) apresentaram uma maior incidência de lesões quando comparados aos animais heterozigotos (p53+/-) e controles p53 (+/+)...

Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is a diffuse inflammatory disease of the colorectum, which etiology is unknown. UC patients are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Development and progression of UC-associated to CRC involves multiple genetic alterations that appear to be different from those of sporadic cancer. Alterations of APC gene and k-ras gene are less frequent than in sporadic colorectal neoplasia. Although, alterations of TP53 gene is a frequently observed in both UC associated tumors and sporadic tumors, this alteration is an early event in UC related tumors but it is occurs late in sporadic tumors. Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) mouse colitis model develop dysplasia and cancer similar to UC in human. Studies of colon carcinogenesis in this model can be very useful to elucidate mechanisms and provide development of markers or hemoprevention approaches in the human situation. The aim of this study is to establish the molecular events in a DSS mouse colitis model associated neoplasia in parallel with the molecular alterations seen in humans. Two different approaches had been used to achieve this goal. First, investigate molecular events in neoplastic lesions developed in a mouse model of colitis using DSS in combination with Azoxymethane (AOM) in healthy animals. In this approach, it was investigate genes, such as Trp53, k-ras, ß-catenin and Apc. Second, evaluate genetic events in mice deficient in the Trp53 gene, considered an early event in RUassociated tumors. Besides k-ras evaluation, it was also evaluated the histological aspects of the colonic lesions in this model. ß-catenin mutation (codons 32 and 34) and translocation ß-catenin were observed in healthy animals using DSS/AOM. No mutation of k-ras and Apc were observed and Apc LOH was not informative. DSS induced colitis in p53 deficient mice developed dysplasia and cancer. p53-/- (homozygous) showed a higher incidence of tumors when compared with p53+/- (heterozygous) and p53+/+ (wild-type) animals. No mutation of k-ras gene was observed. Besides dysplasia and cancer, p53-/- and p53+/- animals developed colite cystica profunda and hyperplastic lesions, both observed in patients with UC. The further accumulation of data originated in studies with mouse models of colitis related-neoplasia chemically-induced should provide information for better understand UC- related colorectal neoplasia in humans (AU)

Carcinoma de pequenas células hipercalcêmico do ovário / Small cell carcinoma of the ovary with hypercalcemia

Objetivos: apresentar três casos recentes de carcinoma de pequenas células hipercalcêmico (CPCH) do ovário atendidos em nossa instituição quanto às suas características clínicas, diagnóstico e evolução pós-tratamento. Métodos: foram obtidos dados dos prontuários médicos arquivados no Serviço de Arquivo Médico e Estatística (SAME) com respeito às características epidemiológicas, clínicas e evolução, além de dados histopatológicos obtidos no Serviço de Anatomia Patológica dos três pacientes com diagnóstico de carcinoma de pequenas células hipercalcêmico do ovário. Resultados: as idades quando do diagnóstico foram de 26, 36 e 68 anos. O diâmetro tumoral variou de 8,8 a 23 cm, com média de 14 cm. Todas as pacientes apresentavam hipercalcemia, com cálcio total de 8,9, 10,8 e 16,7 mEq/dL (VN = 8,8 a 10,2) e cálcio iônico de 1,26, 1,27 e 1,21 mEq/dL (VN = 1,12 a 1,23), respectivamente. Todas as pacientes foram submetidas a cirurgia e esquemas de quimioterapia contendo platina. Duas pacientes que receberam quimioterapia adjuvante à cirurgia apresentam-se sem evidência de doença 2 e 18 meses depois. A outra paciente, que teve o diagnóstico inicial de tumor de células da granulosa, recebeu quimioterapia apenas após a recidiva e encontra-se viva com doença 32 meses após o diagnóstico. Conclusão: dentre os indicadores prognósticos de maior importância encontramos: o estádio inicial da neoplasia, a idade, a presença de hipercalcemia, tamanho tumoral, presença de grandes células, tipo de cirurgia realizada e tempo para início do tratamento. O tratamento ideal para o carcinoma de pequenas células do tipo hipercalcêmico permanece desconhecido, devido a múltiplos fatores, como: estadiamento inadequado, múltiplas abordagens e esquemas terapêuticos empregados, dificuldade no diagnóstico histológico inicial e raridade de casos.