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BACKGROUND: Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is an MRI technique that is a potential biomarker for concussion. We performed QSM in children following concussion or orthopaedic injury (OI), to assess QSM performance as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. METHODS: Children aged 8-17 years with either concussion (N=255) or OI (N=116) were recruited from four Canadian paediatric emergency departments and underwent QSM postacutely (2-33 days postinjury) using 3 Tesla MRI. QSM Z-scores within nine regions of interest (ROI) were compared between groups. QSM Z-scores were also compared with the 5P score, the current clinical benchmark for predicting persistent postconcussion symptoms (PPCS), at 4 weeks postinjury, with PPCS defined using reliable change methods based on both participant and parent reports. RESULTS: Concussion and OI groups did not differ significantly in QSM Z-scores for any ROI. Higher QSM Z-scores within frontal white matter (WM) independently predicted PPCS based on parent ratings of cognitive symptoms (p=0.001). The combination of frontal WM QSM Z-score and 5P score was better at predicting PPCS than 5P score alone (p=0.004). The area under the curve was 0.72 (95% CI 0.63 to 0.81) for frontal WM susceptibility, 0.69 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.79) for the 5P score and 0.74 (95% CI 0.65 to 0.83) for both. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that QSM is a potential MRI biomarker that can help predict PPCS in children with concussion, over and above the current clinical benchmark, and thereby aid in clinical management. They also suggest a frontal lobe substrate for PPCS, highlighting the potential for QSM to clarify the neurophysiology of paediatric concussion.
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Concussão Encefálica , Síndrome Pós-Concussão , Humanos , Criança , Canadá , Concussão Encefálica/diagnóstico por imagem , Síndrome Pós-Concussão/diagnóstico por imagem , Biomarcadores , Imageamento por Ressonância MagnéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The study sought to present normative and psychometric data and reliable change formulas for the Health and Behavior Inventory (HBI), a postconcussive symptom rating scale embedded in the Child Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5th edition (Child SCAT5). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with longitudinal follow-up. SETTING: Pediatric emergency departments (EDs). PARTICIPANTS: As part of 3 studies conducted in the United States and Canada between 2001 and 2019, 450 children aged 8 to 16 years with mild orthopedic injuries were recruited during ED visits and assessed postacutely (M = 9.38 days, SD = 3.31) and 1 month and 3 months postinjury. Independent variables were rater (child vs parent), sex, and age at injury. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: HBI ratings. METHODS: Children and parents rated children's symptoms at each time point; parents also rated children's preinjury symptoms retrospectively. Normative data (mean, SD, skewness, kurtosis, and percentiles) were computed for child and parent ratings. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach alpha (α), and test-retest reliability and interrater agreement were assessed with intraclass correlations (ICCs). Reliable change formulas were computed using linear regression and mixed models. RESULTS: HBI ratings were positively skewed. Mean ratings and percentiles were stable over time. Child and parent ratings demonstrated good-to-excellent internal consistency (α 0.76-0.94) and moderate-to-good test-retest reliability (ICC 0.51-0.76 between adjacent assessments). However, parent-child agreement was poor to moderate (ICC 0.31-0.69). CONCLUSIONS: The HBI demonstrates acceptable normative and psychometric characteristics. Modest parent-child agreement highlights the importance of multiple informants when assessing postconcussive symptoms. The results will facilitate the use of the HBI in research and clinical practice.
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Concussão Encefálica , Síndrome Pós-Concussão/diagnóstico , Psicometria , Adolescente , Concussão Encefálica/diagnóstico , Canadá , Criança , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Feminino , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Importance: The natural progression of symptom change and recovery remains poorly defined in children after concussion. Objectives: To describe the natural progression of symptom change by age group (5-7, 8-12, and 13-18 years) and sex, as well as to develop centile curves to inform families about children after injury recovery. Design, Setting, and Participants: Planned secondary analysis of a prospective multicenter cohort study (Predicting Persistent Postconcussive Problems in Pediatrics). The setting was 9 pediatric emergency departments within the Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC) network. Participants were aged 5 to 18 years with acute concussion, enrolled from August 1, 2013, to May 31, 2015, and data analyses were performed between January 2018 and March 2018. Exposures: Participants had a concussion consistent with the Zurich Consensus Statement on Concussion in Sport diagnostic criteria and 85% completeness of the Postconcussion Symptom Inventory (PCSI) at each time point. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was symptom change, defined as current rating minus preinjury rating (delta score), at presentation and 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after injury, measured using the PCSI. Symptoms were self-rated for ages 8 to 18 years and rated by the child and parent for ages 5 to 7 years. The secondary outcome was recovery, defined as no change in symptoms relative to current preinjury PCSI ratings (delta score = 0). Mixed-effects models incorporated the total score, adjusting for random effects (site and participant variability), fixed-effects indicators (age, sex, time, age by time interaction, and sex by time interaction), and variables associated with recovery. Recovery centile curves by age and sex were computed. Results: A total of 3063 children (median age, 12.0 years [interquartile range, 9.2-14.6 years]; 60.7% male) completed the primary outcome; 2716 were included in the primary outcome analysis. For the group aged 5 to 7 years, symptom change primarily occurred the first week after injury; by 2 weeks, 75.6% of symptoms had improved (PCSI change between 0 and 2 weeks, -5.3; 95% CI, -5.5 to -5.0). For the groups aged 8 to 12 years and 13 to 18 years, symptom change was prominent the first 2 weeks but flattened between 2 and 4 weeks. By 4 weeks, 83.6% and 86.2% of symptoms, respectively, had improved for the groups aged 8 to 12 years (PCSI change between 0 and 4 weeks, -9.0; 95% CI, -9.6 to -8.4) and 13 to 18 years (PCSI change between 0 and 4 weeks, -28.6; 95% CI, -30.8 to -26.3). Sex by time interaction was significant only for the adolescent group (ß = 0.32; 95% CI, 0.21-0.43; P < .001). Most adolescent girls had not recovered by week 12. Conclusions and Relevance: Symptom improvement primarily occurs in the first 2 weeks after concussion in children and in the first 4 weeks after concussion in preadolescents and male adolescents. Female adolescents appear to have protracted recovery. The derived recovery curves may be useful for evidence-based anticipatory guidance.
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Concussão Encefálica/diagnóstico , Concussão Encefálica/fisiopatologia , Convalescença , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica/fisiologia , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Progressão da Doença , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Estatísticos , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Padrões de Referência , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Antibiotics are frequently used to treat wheezing children. Macrolides may be effective in treating bronchiolitis and asthma. METHOD: We completed a prospective, double-blinded, randomized placebo-control trial of azithromycin among pre-school children (12 to 60 months of age) presenting to the emergency department with wheeze. Patients were randomized to receive either five days of azithromycin or placebo. Primary outcome was time to resolution of respiratory symptoms after treatment initiation. Secondary outcomes included the number of days children used a Short-Acting Beta-Agonists during the 21 day follow-up and time to disease exacerbation during the following six months (unscheduled health care visit or treatment with an oral corticosteroid for acute respiratory symptoms). RESULTS: Of the 300 wheezing children recruited, 222 and 169 were analyzed for the primary and secondary outcomes, respectively. The treatment groups had similar demographics and clinical parameters at baseline. Median time to resolution of respiratory symptoms was four days for both treatment arms (interquartile range (IQR) 3,6; p = 0.28). Median number of days of Short-Acting Beta-Agonist use among those who received azithromycin was four and a half days (IQR 2, 7) and five days (IQR 2, 9; p = 0.22) among those who received placebo. Participants who received azithromycin had a 0.91 hazard ratio for time to six-month exacerbation compared to placebo (95% CI 0.61, 1.36, p = 0.65). A pre-determined subgroup analysis showed no differences in outcomes for children with their first or repeat episode of wheezing. There was no significant difference in the proportion of participants experiencing an adverse event. CONCLUSION: Azithromycin neither reduced duration of respiratory symptoms nor time to respiratory exacerbation in the following six months after treatment among wheezing preschool children presenting to an emergency department. There was no significant effect among children with either first-time or prior wheezing.
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Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Azitromicina/uso terapêutico , Sons Respiratórios/efeitos dos fármacos , Pré-Escolar , Progressão da Doença , Método Duplo-Cego , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
Care for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the emergency department (ED) is increasingly recognized as difficult. Communication, sensory and behavioral challenges in a high intensity environment pose risks for negative experiences and outcomes. Through semi-structured interviews, parents (n = 31) and their children (n = 4) with ASD shared their perspectives on ED care. Participants identified issues that negatively affected care experiences, including care processes, communication issues, insufficient staff knowledge about ASD, and inadequate partnership with parents. Elements contributing to an improved ED experience were also cited, including staff knowledge about ASD, child- and family-centered care, and clarity of communication. Findings inform an emerging model of ED care. Recommendations for capacity building and practice development are offered.
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Transtorno do Espectro Autista/psicologia , Serviços Médicos de Emergência , Pais/psicologia , Satisfação do Paciente , Relações Profissional-Família , Adolescente , Adulto , Canadá , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Competência Clínica , Comunicação , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Centros de Atenção TerciáriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: There is increasing recognition that children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience challenges in busy clinical environments such as the emergency department (ED). ASD may heighten adverse responses to sensory input or transitions, which can impose greater difficulty for a child to cope with situational demands. These problems can be amplified in the ED because of its busy and unpredictable nature, wait times, and bodily care. There is little literature documenting ED-based needs of children with ASD to inform clinical guidelines. The objective was to identify stakeholder perspectives in determining clinical priorities and recommendations to guide ED service delivery for children with ASD. METHODS: After qualitative interviews with children, parents, and health care providers conducted in a previous phase of this study, focus groups were convened with parents of children with ASD, ED clinicians, and ED administrators (total n = 60). Qualitative data were analyzed based on an interpretive description approach. RESULTS: Participants identified the ED and its delivery of care as insufficient to meet the unique needs of children with ASD. The following clinical priorities were identified: ASD-focused preparedness for ED procedures and processes, wait time management, proactive strategies for sedation and restraint, child-focused support, health care provider capacity building, post-ED follow-up resources, and transition planning to adult care. Heightened child- and family-centered care were strongly recommended.
Assuntos
Atitude Frente a Saúde , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/terapia , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/organização & administração , Adulto , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Criança , Barreiras de Comunicação , Tratamento de Emergência , Pessoal de Saúde , Humanos , Pais , Tempo para o TratamentoRESUMO
Children and youth with autism spectrum disorder presenting in emergency departments face potential cognitive, sensory, and behavioral challenges, and it is crucial for providers to be aware of their unique needs. However, disclosure of a child's autism spectrum disorder can be complex for parental caregivers and is not well understood. This qualitative study utilized a grounded theory approach and analyzed data from 28 parents and 16 health care providers related to autism spectrum disorder disclosure within two Canadian pediatric emergency departments. Study results indicated that participants identified benefits and risks of disclosure. Encouraging understanding, expediting service, and preparing health care providers for working with children with autism spectrum disorder were identified as benefits of disclosure. Risks related to disclosure included potential negative attributions toward the children and parental discomfort in disclosing a diagnosis in front of the children. Parents discussed the health care encounters they experienced following disclosure and provided recommendations for improving the disclosure process in the emergency department. It is recommended that future research explore the experiences of parents who choose not to disclose their child's autism spectrum disorder. Greater awareness of the disclosure experience and the development of resources and tools to support communication between parents and health care providers are also recommended.
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Atitude Frente a Saúde , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/psicologia , Revelação , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Pessoal de Saúde/psicologia , Pais/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Canadá , Criança , Feminino , Teoria Fundamentada , Hospitais Pediátricos , Humanos , Masculino , Pesquisa QualitativaRESUMO
This study aimed to characterize the perspectives of health professionals who care for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the emergency department (ED) and to determine what strategies could optimize care. Ten physicians and twelve nurses were interviewed individually. Questions related to experiences, processes, clinical decision-making and outcomes of children with ASD recently seen in the ED. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using a qualitative framework. Participants identified factors that facilitated effective care, including communication strategies, parental involvement and teamwork. Barriers identified included child characteristics, the ED environment, and competing demands. Recommendations included additional staff training and stakeholder engagement. However, making accommodations was often described as being at odds with how the ED functioned, with implications for future service planning.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Espectro Autista/psicologia , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/terapia , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Tratamento de Emergência/psicologia , Pessoal de Saúde/psicologia , Adolescente , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/diagnóstico , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Comunicação , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pais/psicologia , Médicos/psicologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Peripheral intravenous catheterization in children is challenging, and success rates vary greatly. We conducted a pragmatic randomized controlled trial to determine whether the use of ultrasound or near-infrared vascular imaging to guide catheterization would be more effective than the standard approach in achieving successful catheter placement on the first attempt. METHODS: We enrolled a convenience sample of 418 children in a pediatric emergency department who required peripheral intravenous catheterization between June 2010 to August 2012. We stratified them by age (≤ 3 yr and > 3 yr) and randomly assigned them to undergo the procedure with the standard approach, or with the help of either ultrasound or near-infrared vascular imaging. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who had successful placement of a catheter on the first attempt. RESULTS: The rate of successful first attempts did not differ significantly between either of the 2 intervention groups and the standard approach group (differences in proportions -3.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] -14.2% to 6.5%, for ultrasound imaging; -8.7%, 95% CI -19.4% to 1.9%, for near-infrared imaging). Among children 3 years and younger, the difference in success rates relative to standard care was also not significant for ultrasound imaging (-9.6%, 95% CI -29.8% to 10.6%), but it was significantly worse for near-infrared imaging (-20.1%, 95% CI -40.1% to -0.2%). Among children older than 3 years, the differences in success rates relative to standard care were smaller but not significant (-2.3%, 95% CI -13.6% to 9.0%, for ultrasound imaging; -4.1%, 95% CI -15.7% to 7.5%, for near-infrared imaging). None of the pairwise comparisons were statistically significant in any of the outcomes. INTERPRETATION: Neither technology improved first-attempt success rates of peripheral intravenous catheterization in children, even in the younger group. These findings do not support investment in these technologies for routine peripheral intravenous catheterization in children. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, no. NCT01133652.
Assuntos
Cateterismo Periférico/métodos , Espectroscopia de Luz Próxima ao Infravermelho/métodos , Ultrassonografia de Intervenção/métodos , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Angiografia/métodos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Many children requiring acute care receive suboptimal analgesia. OBJECTIVES: To describe paediatric pain management practices and policies in emergency departments (EDs) in Alberta. METHODS: A descriptive survey was distributed to each of the EDs in Alberta. RESULTS: A response rate of 67% (72 of 108) was obtained. Seventy-one percent (42 of 59) of EDs reported the use of a pain tool, 29.3% (17 of 58) reported mandatory pain documentation and 16.7% (10 of 60) had nurse-initiated pain protocols. Topical anesthetics were reported to be used for intravenous line insertion by 70.4% of respondents (38 of 54) and for lumbar puncture (LP) by 30.8% (12 of 39). According to respondents, infiltrated anesthetic was used for LP by 69.2% (27 of 39) of respondents, and oral sucrose was used infrequently for urinary catheterization (one of 46 [2.2%]), intravenous line insertion (zero of 54 [0%]) and LP (one of 39 [2.6%]). CONCLUSIONS: Few Alberta EDs use policies and protocols to manage paediatric pain. Noninvasive methods to limit procedural pain are underutilized. Canadian paediatricians must advocate for improved analgesia to narrow this knowledge-to-practice gap.
HISTORIQUE: De nombreux enfants qui ont besoin de soins aigus reçoivent une analgésie sous-optimale. OBJECTIFS: Décrire les pratiques et politiques de gestion de la douleur en pédiatrie dans les salles d'urgence (SU) albertaines. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Chaque SU de l'Alberta a reçu un sondage descriptif. RÉSULTATS: Les chercheurs ont obtenu un taux de réponse de 67 % (72 sur 108). Au total, 71 % des SU (42 sur 59) ont déclaré utiliser un outil de gestion de la douleur, 29,3 % (17 sur 58) ont déclaré exiger de consigner la douleur et 16,7 % (dix sur 60) disposaient de protocoles de gestion de la douleur initiés par les infirmières. Ainsi, 70,4 % des répondants (38 sur 54) recouraient à l'anesthésie topique pour insérer un cathéter intraveineux et 30,8 % (12 sur 39), pour effectuer une ponction lombaire (PL). De plus, 69,2 % des répondants (27 sur 39) utilisaient des injections d'anesthésique pour les PL et, rarement, du saccharose par voie orale pour un cathétérisme urinaire (un cas sur 46 [2,2 %]), l'insertion d'un cathéter intraveineux (zéro sur 54 [0 %]) et une PL (un sur 39 [2,6 %]). CONCLUSIONS: Un petit nombre de SU albertaines sont dotées des politiques et protocoles pour gérer la douleur en pédiatrie. Les méthodes non invasives sont sous-utilisées pour limiter la douleur liée à des interventions. Les pédiatres canadiens doivent prôner une meil-leure analgésie pour réduire cet écart entre le savoir et la pratique.
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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the association between iron deficiency and febrile seizures in a large cohort of children aged 6 to 36 months. METHODS: A retrospective case control study with 361 patients who presented with febrile seizures to the emergency department and 390 otherwise healthy controls who presented with a febrile illness to the emergency department were reviewed to determine iron status using the MCV, RDW, and hemoglobin. RESULTS: A total of 9% of cases had iron deficiency (ID) and 6% had iron deficiency anemia (IDA), compared to 5% and 4% of controls respectively. The conditional logistic regression odds ratio for ID in patients with febrile seizures was 1.84 (95% CI, 1.02-3.31). CONCLUSION: Children with febrile seizures were almost twice as likely to be iron deficient as those with febrile illness alone. The results suggest that screening for ID should be considered in children presenting with febrile seizure.
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Deficiências de Ferro , Ferro/sangue , Convulsões Febris/sangue , Convulsões Febris/epidemiologia , Alberta/epidemiologia , Anemia Ferropriva/sangue , Anemia Ferropriva/diagnóstico , Anemia Ferropriva/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Comorbidade , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Índices de Eritrócitos , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Razão de Chances , Estudos Retrospectivos , Convulsões Febris/diagnósticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal (NP) specimens are commonly used for the detection of respiratory viruses, but throat and saliva specimens are easier to obtain. The objective of this study was to compare the viral yield of direct fluorescent antigen detection of NP specimens and nucleic acid amplification tests (NAT) of direct fluorescent antigen-negative NP specimens with the viral yield of NAT of throat swab and saliva specimens. METHODS: NP, throat swab, and saliva specimens were obtained from children and adolescents aged =17 years. Direct fluorescent antigen testing of the NP specimen for respiratory syncytial virus, influenza A and B viruses, and parainfluenza virus was performed. If no virus was detected, NAT was performed for these 4 viruses, adenovirus, and human metapneumovirus. If a virus was detected by either method, NAT for the same virus was performed for the corresponding throat swab and saliva specimens. RESULTS: A virus was detected in 105 of the 137 NP specimens. The same virus was detectable by NAT in 87 (83%) of 105 throat swab specimens and 77 (74%) of 104 saliva specimens. The likelihood of viral detection among throat swab and saliva swab specimens was higher when the NP specimen tested positive by direct fluorescent antigen testing, compared with NAT alone, and when the specimens were obtained within 3 days after symptom onset, compared with later in the illness. CONCLUSIONS: Throat swab and saliva specimens are inferior to NP specimens for the detection of respiratory viruses but might be acceptable for screening in a setting where it is impractical to obtain an NP specimen.
Assuntos
Faringe/virologia , Infecções Respiratórias/virologia , Saliva/virologia , Virologia/métodos , Vírus/isolamento & purificação , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Técnica Direta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Patients leaving the emergency department (ED) without being seen (LWBS) by a physician have become a growing concern in overcrowded EDs. The purpose of this study was to determine the acuity level, reasons, and outcomes of LWBS cases. METHODS: LWBS patients (or their guardians) from two linked Canadian EDs (one adult, one pediatric), identified during 11 sampling periods of seven days' duration each, were contacted by telephone. Descriptive statistics are provided. RESULTS: A total of 711 (4.5%) of 15,660 registered emergency patients left without being seen (50% male; median age, 33 years). Triage-matched controls waited a median of 87 minutes before seeing a physician. Of the 711 LWBS cases, 512 (72%) were contacted and 498 agreed to participate. The most common major reason for leaving was "fed up with waiting" (44.8%). Overall, 60% of LWBS cases sought medical attention within one week; 14 patients were hospitalized, and one required urgent surgery. Triage level was not associated with the probability of subsequently seeking medical attention (61%, 61%, and 60% in triage levels 3, 4, and 5, respectively). Of the 198 (39%) who did not subsequently seek medical attention, 50 patients (26%) had been triaged as urgent and one patient died six days after ED registration. CONCLUSIONS: The most common reason for LWBS is impatience during peak ED periods. Many of these patients seek medical care within one week. Complications occurred rarely; however, "high-risk" patients who leave without being seen do experience adverse health outcomes. Further research is required to examine ways to reduce LWBS cases.
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Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Recusa do Paciente ao Tratamento/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Alberta , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Seguimentos , Hospitais Pediátricos/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Tempo de Internação , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Admissão do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Atenção Primária à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Prospectivos , Distribuição por Sexo , Listas de EsperaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Publication bias threatens the validity of clinical decisions. The root causes are relatively unknown, and there is limited investigation in child research literature. OBJECTIVES: To identify factors associated with subsequent nonpublication of abstracts presented at the Society for Pediatric Research meetings, and to determine the relative importance of the reasons identified for nonpublication. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey was used to ask researchers about their reasons for the selective publication of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The authors of 393 RCTs presented at the Society for Pediatric Research meetings from 1992 to 1995 were surveyed. A modified Total Design Method for mail surveys was used, with a reminder sent to all potential respondents 1 week after the initial mailing and full mailings sent to nonrespondents at 3 and 10 weeks following the initial mailing. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-six (45%) completed surveys were returned, and 119 (72%) abstracts were published as full manuscripts. Factors significantly associated with nonpublication identified through multiple logistic regression were the respondent's report of scientific merit and significance of results. Of the 47 studies that were not published, only 8 (17%) had been submitted for publication. Authors of unpublished studies identified the following as important reasons for not publishing: not enough time (56.4 responded important or very important); trouble with coauthors (28.9); and journal unlikely to accept (26.3). CONCLUSIONS: Of the RCTs presented and not subsequently published, the majority (83%) were never submitted for publication. The most common reason cited by authors for nonpublication was lack of time.
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Proteção da Criança , Viés de Publicação , Publicações/normas , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Alberta , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Intervalos de Confiança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Razão de Chances , Publicações/tendências , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Projetos de PesquisaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Despite treatment recommendations from various organizations, oral rehydration therapy (ORT) continues to be underused, particularly by physicians in high-income countries. We conducted a systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to compare ORT and intravenous therapy (IVT) for the treatment of dehydration secondary to acute gastroenteritis in children. METHODS: RCTs were identified through MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, authors and references of included trials, pharmaceutical companies, and relevant organizations. Screening and inclusion were performed independently by two reviewers in order to identify randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing ORT and IVT in children with acute diarrhea and dehydration. Two reviewers independently assessed study quality using the Jadad scale and allocation concealment. Data were extracted by one reviewer and checked by a second. The primary outcome measure was failure of rehydration. We analyzed data using standard meta-analytic techniques. RESULTS: The quality of the 14 included trials ranged from 0 to 3 (Jadad score); allocation concealment was unclear in all but one study. Using a random effects model, there was no significant difference in treatment failures (risk difference [RD] 3%; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0, 6). The Mantel-Haenzsel fixed effects model gave a significant difference between treatment groups (RD 4%; 95% CI: 2, 5) favoring IVT. Based on the four studies that reported deaths, there were six in the IVT groups and two in ORT. There were no significant differences in total fluid intake at six and 24 hours, weight gain, duration of diarrhea, or hypo/hypernatremia. Length of stay was significantly shorter for the ORT group (weighted mean difference [WMD] -1.2 days; 95% CI: -2.4,-0.02). Phlebitis occurred significantly more often with IVT (number needed to treat [NNT] 33; 95% CI: 25,100); paralytic ileus occurred more often with ORT (NNT 33; 95% CI: 20,100). These results may not be generalizable to children with persistent vomiting. CONCLUSION: There were no clinically important differences between ORT and IVT in terms of efficacy and safety. For every 25 children (95% CI: 20, 50) treated with ORT, one would fail and require IVT. The results support existing practice guidelines recommending ORT as the first course of treatment in appropriate children with dehydration secondary to gastroenteritis.
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Desidratação/terapia , Diarreia/complicações , Hidratação/métodos , Gastroenterite/complicações , Soluções para Reidratação/administração & dosagem , Criança , Desidratação/etiologia , Hidratação/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Infusões Intravenosas , Viés de Publicação , Soluções para Reidratação/efeitos adversos , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Publication bias toward studies that favor new therapies has been known to occur for the past 40 years, yet its implications are not well studied in child health. The increased interest in meta-analyses has highlighted the need to identify the totality of evidence when addressing treatment questions. OBJECTIVES: To measure the percentage of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) presented at a major pediatric scientific meeting that were subsequently published as full-length articles, to investigate factors associated with publication, and to describe the variables that change from abstract to manuscript form. DESIGN: The scientific proceedings from the Society for Pediatric Research were hand searched for RCTs (1992-1995). Subsequent publication was ascertained through a search of various electronic databases. Quality of abstracts and manuscripts was measured, and data were extracted using a structured form. RESULTS: A total of 264 (59.1%) of 447 abstracts were subsequently published. Almost 64% of RCTs that were subsequently published favored new therapy compared with 43.5% of studies that were never published (P<.001). Mean effect size for published vs unpublished RCTs was 0.74 vs 0.05 (P<.001). Median sample size was larger in published (n = 45) vs unpublished (n = 34) RCTs (P =.02). Quality was significantly lower for abstracts vs published RCTs (P<.001). For 5% of abstracts that were subsequently published, the conclusion regarding treatment efficacy changed. CONCLUSIONS: Publication bias is a serious threat to assessing the effectiveness of interventions in child health, as little more than half of RCTs presented at a major scientific meeting are subsequently published. There is a need to institute an international registry of RCTs in children so that the totality of evidence can be accessed when assessing treatment effectiveness.