RESUMO
At a time when antimicrobial resistance is a global concern in human and animal health, it is of primary importance to draw attention to the problem of compliance with antibiotic therapy in animals hard to medicate such as cats. Resistance may develop because of poor patient compliance with the prescribed course of antibiotic therapy. Increasing palatability might enhance administration compliance. We assessed the acceptability of EFEX tablets, a new oral marbofloxacin formulation for cats. The objective of this study was to compare EFEX to two commercial formulations of marbofloxacin: MARBOCYL P palatable tablets and MARBOCYL Vet tablets. Acceptance tests were run in experimental conditions in 24 cats to compare the spontaneous intake and full consumption of the three pharmaceutical products. The results indicated that EFEX was more palatable than MARBOCYL Vet (0.001
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Comportamento Animal , Fluoroquinolonas/administração & dosagem , Administração Oral , Animais , Gatos , Química Farmacêutica , Estudos Cross-Over , Feminino , Masculino , ComprimidosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: ∆(9) -Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active constituent of Cannabis sativa, exerts its biological effects in part through the G-protein-coupled CB1 and CB2 receptors, which were initially discovered in brain and spleen tissue, respectively. However, THC also has CB1/2 receptor-independent effects. Because of its immune-inhibitory potential, THC and related cannabinoids are being considered for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. Here we investigated the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of THC and the role of CB1 and CB2 receptors. METHODS: We evaluated the impact of topically applied THC on DNFB-mediated allergic contact dermatitis in wild-type and CB1/2 receptor-deficient mice. We performed immunohistochemical analyses for infiltrating immune cells and studied the influence of THC on the interaction between T cells, keratinocytes and myeloid immune cells in vitro. RESULTS: Topical THC application effectively decreased contact allergic ear swelling and myeloid immune cell infiltration not only in wild-type but also in CB1/2 receptor-deficient mice. We found that THC (1) inhibited the production of IFNγ by T cells, (2) decreased the production of CCL2 and of IFNγ-induced CCL8 and CXL10 by epidermal keratinocytes and (3) thereby limited the recruitment of myeloid immune cells in vitro in a CB1/2 receptor-independent manner. CONCLUSIONS: Topically applied THC can effectively attenuate contact allergic inflammation by decreasing keratinocyte-derived pro-inflammatory mediators that orchestrate myeloid immune cell infiltration independent of CB1/2 receptors. This has important implications for the future development of strategies to harness cannabinoids for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/administração & dosagem , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/patologia , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/prevenção & controle , Dinitrofluorbenzeno/toxicidade , Dronabinol/administração & dosagem , Receptor CB1 de Canabinoide , Receptor CB2 de Canabinoide , Administração Tópica , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Dronabinol/farmacologia , Interferon gama/antagonistas & inibidores , Interferon gama/biossíntese , Queratinócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Queratinócitos/imunologia , Queratinócitos/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Cultura Primária de Células , Receptor CB1 de Canabinoide/deficiência , Receptor CB1 de Canabinoide/genética , Receptor CB1 de Canabinoide/fisiologia , Receptor CB2 de Canabinoide/deficiência , Receptor CB2 de Canabinoide/genética , Receptor CB2 de Canabinoide/fisiologiaRESUMO
The Parsons Visual Acuity Test (PVAT) is a non-verbal picture based visual acuity test designed for the difficult-to-test preschool child, school age child and adult with handicapping conditions. It is designed primarily for vision screening of the exceptional child and adult with special needs. Since visual acuity measures are quite important in these populations, a comparative study between the PVAT and standard Snellen acuity were designed and completed. There was no significant difference in acuity measures at near, however, the validity of the distance PVAT visual acuity measure was not supported in this study. Implications of the findings and cautions for the use of this test in screening and clinical situations for exceptional children and adults are discussed.
Assuntos
Criança com Deficiência Intelectual , Programas de Rastreamento , Testes Visuais/normas , Acuidade Visual , Adolescente , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Testes Visuais/instrumentação , Testes Visuais/métodosRESUMO
This study describes a new visual acuity test for preschool and exceptional children. It is independent of verbal responses, uses a forced-choice testing procedure, incorporates the psychometric design advantages of the Landolt ring, and can be administered at 3m (10 ft) in 5 to 7 minutes. The results support its construct validity in accurately measuring visual acuity levels and its clinical applicability for preschool and exceptional children.