Pharmacist-led medication for pain in France: What population are we talking about? Results of the Optymed study.

OBJECTIVES: Self-medication for alleviating pain is very prevalent in most countries. While safe self-medication is supposed to be dependent on both patient's behaviour and pharmacist's counselling, little is known about the context of the delivery of analgesics available without prescription. The primary objective of the study was to define sociodemographic profiles and behaviours of patients seeking non-prescribed analgesics in French community pharmacies. Secondary objectives included the assessment of pharmacist management and identification of risk-associated patients. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, national and multicentre study, including adults who asked for a prescription-free medication for acute or chronic physical pain. Information was collected through separate patient and healthcare professional (HCP) questionnaires. RESULTS: The analysis was based on 1215 and 1271 patient and HCP questionnaires, respectively, collected from 164 pharmacies. The patient population consisted in women and men (ratio 6:4), mainly (71%) under 60 years old. Headaches, rheumatologic and musculoskeletal pains were the most frequent reasons for getting analgesics, with a median pain intensity of 6 on a scale graded from 0 (no pain) to 10 (intolerable pain). The main reasons guiding self-medication were time saving, a well-known pain and a well-known product. The mean time allocated to delivery was 4.7minutes. Indications, dose and posology were almost systematically addressed by the pharmacy staff, while contra-indications, drug-drug interaction or safety were mentioned in around two-third of cases. The proportion of patients identified at risks due to an inappropriate context of self-medication was 15.5%. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: This study shows a great heterogeneity of the population asking for non-prescribed analgesics in French community pharmacies. While pharmacists were able to identify patients at risks, a significant part may have 'slipped through the net'. The results support further studies to better define patient care pathway and optimize pharmacist-led medication.

High Q factor InP photonic crystal nanobeam cavities on silicon wire waveguides.

High-quality (Q) factor indium phosphide (InP)-based 1D photonic crystal nanobeam cavities are fabricated on silicon on insulator waveguides. Through the optimization of the fabrication process, the intrinsic Q factor of these fully encapsulated nanocavities is demonstrated to attain values higher than 100,000. Experimental and numerical investigations are carried out on the impact, on the Q factor, of the strength of the evanescent wave coupling between the cavity and the waveguide. We reveal that this coupling can result in a modification of the electromagnetic field distribution in the resonant mode, which gives rise up to a factor 4 reduction in the intrinsic Q factor for the structures under study.

Subduing surface recombination for continuous-wave operation of photonic crystal nanolasers integrated on Silicon waveguides.

Detrimental surface recombination of carriers in InP-based photonic crystal nanobeams containing quantum wells is reduced by employing chemical treatment followed by silica encapsulation. Carrier lifetime is shown to recover to 2.63ns close to the bulk value. This enables us to obtain optically pumped room-temperature continuous-wave nanolasers at 1.55µm integrated onto Silicon on insulator waveguide platform with a threshold of 8µW.