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1.
Biomolecules ; 11(6)2021 06 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34202969

RESUMO

Leptin is an important regulator of basal metabolism and food intake, with a pivotal role in obesity. Leptin exerts many different actions on various tissues and systems, including cancer, and is considered as a linkage between metabolism and the immune system. During the last decades, obesity and leptin have been associated with the initiation, proliferation and progression of many types of cancer. Obesity is also linked with complications and mortality, irrespective of the therapy used, affecting clinical outcomes. However, some evidence has suggested its beneficial role, called the "obesity paradox", and the possible antitumoral role of leptin. Recent data regarding the immunotherapy of cancer have revealed that overweight leads to a more effective response and leptin may probably be involved in this beneficial process. Since leptin is a positive modulator of both the innate and the adaptive immune system, it may contribute to the increased immune response stimulated by immunotherapy in cancer patients and may be proposed as a good actor in cancer. Our purpose is to review this dual role of leptin in cancer, as well as trying to clarify the future perspectives of this adipokine, which further highlights its importance as a cornerstone of the immunometabolism in oncology.


Assuntos
Imunidade Adaptativa , Imunoterapia , Leptina/imunologia , Proteínas de Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/terapia , Animais , Humanos , Obesidade/imunologia
2.
Rev. esp. patol ; 53(2): 88-99, abr.-jun. 2020. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-194649

RESUMO

Proponemos una visión ampliada de la enfermedad oncológica, fundamentada en un enfoque sistémico de la biología, del estado de salud y de la enfermedad. Tras la revisión previa del microambiente tumoral y la emergencia de nuevos biomarcadores, dedicamos este tercer artículo a la aplicación práctica de esos principios al mundo de la Patología, a través de la identificación, evaluación y análisis cuantitativo de nuevos factores pronósticos y predictivos (Immunoscore, TIME) y el uso clínico de los nuevos y prometedores enfoques de tratamiento oncológico, como la inmunoterapia, mucho más respetuosos con el organismo y que actúan a través de sus propias capacidades de curación. Nace así una propuesta de clasificación y estadificación oncológicas, en manos del patólogo integrador y al servicio de nuevas posibilidades de intervención terapéutica, basadas en la evolución natural del conocimiento científico hacia un campo emergente de aplicación clínica que incluye y a la vez trasciende una concepción puramente genética del cáncer


We propose a comprehensive approach to oncological disease, based on a systemic consideration of biology, health and disease. Our two previous review articles focused on tumour microenvironment and the discovery of new biomarkers; here we discuss the practical application of these principles to pathology, through the identification, evaluation and quantitative analysis of new prognostic and predictive factors (Immunoscore, TIME). We also consider the clinical use of promising, better tolerated treatments, such as immunotherapy. The integrative pathologist now has access to the latest improved oncology stratification tools designed to identify effective treatment strategies, based on the natural evolution of clinical and scientific knowledge that transcend the gene-centric theory of cancer


Assuntos
Humanos , Assistência Integral à Saúde , Biomarcadores Tumorais , Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Neoplasias/terapia , Microambiente Tumoral , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/patologia , Prognóstico
3.
Rev. esp. patol ; 52(4): 222-233, oct.-dic. 2019. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-191942

RESUMO

El mundo de la Patología cobra sentido de la mano de la Oncología Clínica, donde técnicas y tratamientos, biomarcadores y anticuerpos, comparten el objetivo de hallar nuevas posibilidades de intervención, más eficaces, menos agresivas y más integrales. En esta búsqueda, la evidencia muestra como la mecánica tisular afecta la carcinogénesis y como la heterogeneidad tumoral depende de la alteración metabólica del estroma y del efecto Warburg de las células malignas, regulado directamente por PD-1 y diana del tratamiento inmunoterápico. Proliferación y apoptosis dependen de la disfunción mitocondrial de la célula tumoral que determina el grado de quimio- y radiorresistencia. El estado de la microbiota intestinal determina la respuesta inmune, la estructura del microambiente del tumor y la respuesta al tratamiento oncológico, y el receptor de la vitamina D permite la reprogramación del estroma tumoral. En la actualidad, la colaboración entre los mundos de la investigación básica y clínica establece como zonas de desarrollo próximo el estudio del microambiente tumoral y la mecanoterapia molecular, el metabolismo y la inmunoterapia, la mitocondria y la oncogénesis, la microbiota y la quimioterapia, el eje psiconeuroendocrino y el desequilibrio homeostático, la epigenética y las posibilidades de reprogramación del fenotipo tumoral. De todos estos campos de conocimiento surgen nuevos biomarcadores, pronósticos y predictivos, que revisamos en este artículo al servicio de nuevas posibilidades de intervención terapéutica


Pathology and clinical oncology work hand in hand so that techniques and treatments, biomarkers and antibodies share the common goal of identifying integral new treatment regimens that are more effective and less aggressive. Evidence shows how tissue mechanics affect carcinogenesis and that tumor heterogeneity depends on metabolic stromal alteration and the Warburg effect of malignant cells, regulated directly by PD-1, becoming a target for immunotherapy. Proliferation and apoptosis depend on mitochondrial dysfunction in tumor cells, determining the grade of chemo/radio-resistance. The status of intestinal microbiota regulates immune response, tumor microenvironment structure and oncologic treatment response, whilst the Vitamin D receptor allows reprogramming of tumor stroma. Current collaboration between basic and clinical research paves the way for future investigation into areas such as tumor microenvironment and molecular mechanotherapy, metabolism and immunotherapy, mitochondria and oncogenesis, microbiota and chemotherapy, psychoneuroendocrine axis and homeostatic imbalance, epigenetics and reprogramming possibilities of the tumor phenotype. We review new prognostic and predictive biomarkers emerging from these fields of knowledge, opening up new therapeutic possibilities


Assuntos
Humanos , Neoplasias/patologia , Terapia de Alvo Molecular/métodos , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/imunologia , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Microambiente Tumoral , Proteínas de Neoplasias/análise , Neuroimunomodulação/imunologia , Protocolos Antineoplásicos/classificação
4.
Cancer Lett ; 461: 112-122, 2019 Oct 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31325528

RESUMO

Cancer cells all share the feature of being immersed in a complex environment with altered cell-cell/cell-extracellular element communication, physicochemical information, and tissue functions. The so-called tumour microenvironment (TME) is becoming recognised as a key factor in the genesis, progression and treatment of cancer lesions. Beyond genetic mutations, the existence of a malignant microenvironment forms the basis for a new perspective in cancer biology where connections at the system level are fundamental. From this standpoint, different aspects of tumour lesions such as morphology, aggressiveness, prognosis and treatment response can be considered under an integrated vision, giving rise to a new field of study and clinical management. Nowadays, somatic mutation theory is complemented with study of TME components such as the extracellular matrix, immune compartment, stromal cells, metabolism and biophysical forces. In this review we examine recent studies in this area and complement them with our own research data to propose a classification of stromal changes. Exploring these avenues and gaining insight into malignant phenotype remodelling, could reveal better ways to characterize this disease and its potential treatment.


Assuntos
Matriz Extracelular/imunologia , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/patologia , Células Estromais/imunologia , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Animais , Humanos
5.
Rev. esp. patol ; 52(2): 92-102, abr.-jun. 2019. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-182695

RESUMO

El grupo de enfermedades al que nos referimos como «cáncer» comparte una estructura biológica conformada por un ecosistema complejo, donde se han alterado las relaciones intercelulares, los campos de información, el desarrollo y la función tisular. Más allá de las alteraciones genéticas de la célula tumoral, la demostración de un ecosistema alterado, con sus interconexiones a nivel sistémico, abre una nueva perspectiva de la biología y del comportamiento del cáncer. Diversas facetas del tumor, su morfología, clasificación, agresividad clínica, pronóstico y respuesta al tratamiento aparecen ahora bajo una visión integral que ofrece un nuevo horizonte de estudio, investigación y manejo clínico. La Teoría de la Mutación Somática en cáncer, vigente desde hace más de 100 años, se ve hoy completada por el estudio del microambiente tumoral, la matriz extracelular, las células estromales, la respuesta inmune, la inervación, la nutrición, la mitocondria, el metabolismo, el fluido intersticial, las propiedades mecánicas y electromagnéticas del tejido, y muchas otras áreas de conocimiento emergente, que abren la puerta a un ejercicio de reprogramación del fenotipo tumoral a través de la modificación de las claves ofrecidas por este nuevo paradigma. Su reconocimiento permite pasar de considerar el proceso oncológico como un problema celular a una alteración supracelular basada en la desorganización de los tejidos, inmersos en las relaciones del sistema complejo que conforma un ser vivo


The group of diseases that we call cancer share a biological structure formed by a complex ecosystem, with altered intercellular communication, information fields, development and tissue function. Beyond the genetic alterations of the tumor cell, the demonstration of an altered ecosystem, with interconnections at systemic levels, opens up a new perspective on cancer biology and behavior. Different tumor facets, such as morphology, classification, clinical aggressiveness, prognosis and response to treatment now appear under a comprehensive vision that offers a new horizon of study, research and clinical management. The Somatic Mutation Theory in cancer, in force for more than one hundred years, is now completed by the study of the tumor microenvironment, the extracellular matrix, the stromal cells, the immune response, the innervation, the nutrition, the mitochondria, the metabolism, the interstitial fluid, the mechanical and electromagnetic properties of the tissue and many other areas of emerging knowledge; thus opening the door to a reprogramming exercise of the tumor phenotype through the modification of the keys offered by this new paradigm. Its recognition makes it possible to go from considering the oncological process as a cellular problem to a supracellular alteration based on the disorganization of tissues, immersed in the relationships of the complex system of the living being


Assuntos
Humanos , Neoplasias/classificação , Gradação de Tumores/métodos , Microambiente Tumoral , Técnicas de Reprogramação Celular/tendências , Matriz Extracelular/patologia , Taxa de Mutação
6.
Rev. esp. patol ; 52(1): 33-44, ene.-mar. 2019. ilus, tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-182665

RESUMO

El cáncer de origen desconocido se define como un grupo heterogéneo de tumores que se manifiestan con metástasis y para los que no se ha conseguido identificar su localización original. Sus características biológicas y forma de diseminación difieren del resto de tumores primarios, lo que hace que puedan considerarse como una entidad independiente. Aunque se han planteado varias hipótesis sobre su origen, la explicación más plausible sobre su agresividad y quimiorresistencia parece estar relacionada con la inestabilidad cromosómica. Dependiendo del tipo de estudio llevado a cabo, el cáncer de origen desconocido puede llegar a suponer entre el 2-9% de todos los pacientes con cáncer, principalmente entre los 60-75 años. En este artículo se revisan los principales estudios clínicos, patológicos y moleculares llevados a cabo para el análisis y determinación del origen del cáncer de origen desconocido, así como las principales estrategias terapéuticas y de manejo del paciente, tanto a nivel clínico como de anatomía patológica


Cancer of unknown primary is defined as a heterogeneous group of tumours that present with metastasis, and in which attempts to identify the original site have failed. They differ from other primary tumours in their biological features and how they spread, which means they can be considered a separate entity. There are several hypotheses regarding their origin, but the most plausible explanation for their aggressiveness and chemoresistance seems to involve chromosomal instability. Depending on the type of study done, cancer of unknown primary can account for 2-9% of all cancer patients, mostly 60-75 years old. This article reviews the main clinical, pathological and molecular studies conducted to analyse and determine the origin of cancer of unknown primary. The main strategies for patient management and treatment, by both clinicians and pathologists, are also addressed


Assuntos
Humanos , Neoplasias Primárias Desconhecidas/diagnóstico , Imuno-Histoquímica/métodos , Biópsia/métodos , Patologia Molecular/métodos , Diagnóstico por Imagem/métodos , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , DNA de Neoplasias/análise , Genes Neoplásicos/genética , Antígenos de Neoplasias/análise , Neoplasias Primárias Desconhecidas/terapia
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