RESUMO
Based on Shannon's communication theory, in the present paper, we provide the theoretical background to finding an objective measurement-the text-entropy-that can describe the quality of digital natural language documents handled with word processors. The text-entropy can be calculated from the formatting, correction, and modification entropy, and based on these values, we are able to tell how correct or how erroneous digital text-based documents are. To present how the theory can be applied to real-world texts, for the present study, three erroneous MS Word documents were selected. With these examples, we can demonstrate how to build their correcting, formatting, and modification algorithms, to calculate the time spent on modification and the entropy of the completed tasks, in both the original erroneous and the corrected documents. In general, it was found that using and modifying properly edited and formatted digital texts requires less or an equal number of knowledge-items. In information theory, it means that less data must be put on the communication channel than in the case of erroneous documents. The analysis also revealed that in the corrected documents not only the quantity of the data is less, but the quality of the data (knowledge pieces) is higher. As the consequence of these two findings, it is proven that the modification time of erroneous documents is severalfold of the correct ones, even in the case of minimal first level actions. It is also proven that to avoid the repetition of the time- and resource-consuming actions, we must correct the documents before their modification.
RESUMO
Word processing is one of the most popular digital activities. Despite its popularity, it is haunted by false assumptions, misconceptions, and ineffective and inefficient practices leading to erroneous digital text-based documents. The focus of the present paper is automated numbering and distinguishing between manual and automated numbering. In general, one bit of information on the GUI-the position of the cursor-is enough to tell whether a numbering is manual or automated. To decide how much information must be put on the channel-the teaching-learning process-in order to reach end-users, we designed and implemented a method that includes the analysis of teaching, learning, tutorial, and testing sources, the collection and analysis of Word documents shared on the internet or in closed groups, the testing of grade 7-10 students' knowledge in automated numbering, and calculating the entropy of automated numbering. The combination of the test results and the semantics of the automated numbering was used to measure the entropy of automated numbering. It was found that to transfer one bit of information on the GUI, at least three bits of information must be transferred during the teaching-learning process. Furthermore, it was revealed that the information connected to numbering is not the pure use of tools, but the semantics of this feature put into a real-world context.
RESUMO
This work was designed to investigate antithrombotic drug utilization and its link with the socioeconomic characteristics of specific population groups in Hungary by a comparative analysis of data for prescriptions by general practitioners and the redeemed prescriptions for antithrombotic drugs. Risk analysis capabilities were applied to estimate the relationships between socioeconomic status, which was characterized by quintiles of a multidimensional composite indicator (deprivation index), and mortality due to thromboembolic diseases as well as antithrombotic medications for the year 2016 at the district level in Hungary. According to our findings, although deprivation is a significant determinant of mortality due to thromboembolic diseases, clusters can be identified that represent exemptions to this rule: an eastern part of Hungary, consisting of two highly deprived counties, had significantly lower mortality than the country average; by contrast, the least-deprived northwestern part of the country, consisting of five counties, had significantly higher mortality than the country average. The fact that low socioeconomic status in general and poor adherence to antithrombotic drugs irrespective of socioeconomic status were associated with increased mortality indicates the importance of more efficient control of preventive medication and access to healthcare in all districts of the country to reduce mortality due to thromboembolic diseases.
