Scale of psychological pain: Spanish adaptation of the Psychache Scale in young adults.

INTRODUCTION: Psychological pain is understood as an intolerable and disturbing mental state characterized by an internal experience of negative emotions. This study was aimed at making a Spanish adaptation of the Psychache Scale by Holden and colleagues in a sample of young adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The scale evaluates psychological pain as a subjective experience. It is composed of 13 items with a Likert-type response format. Following the guidelines of the International Tests Commission for the adaptation of the test, we obtained a version conceptually and linguistically equivalent to the original scale. Through an online questionnaire, participants completed the psychological pain scale along with other scales to measure depression (BDI-II), hopelessness (Beck's scale of hopelessness) and suicide risk (Plutchik suicide risk scale). The participants were 234 people (94 men, 137 women and three people who identified as a different sex) from 18 to 35 years old. RESULTS: The EFA showed a one-factor solution, and the FCA revealed adequate indexes of adjustment to the unifactorial model. It also showed good reliability of the test scores. The evidence of validity of the scale in relation to the other variables showed high, positive and statistically significant correlations with depression, hopelessness, suicidal ideation and suicidal risk. CONCLUSION: In summary, this Spanish adaptation of the Psychache Scale could contribute to improving the evaluation of both the patient with suicide risk and the effectiveness of psychological therapy, as well as suicidal behaviour prevention and intervention.

Escala de dolor psicológico: adaptación de la Psychache Scale al español en jóvenes adultos / Scale of psychological pain: Spanish adaptation of the Psychache Scale in young adults

Introducción: El dolor psicológico es entendido como un estado mental intolerable y perturbador caracterizado por una experiencia interna de emociones negativas. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo realizar una adaptación al contexto español de la escala de dolor psicológico de Holden et al. en adultos jóvenes.Material y métodos: La escala evalúa el dolor psicológico como experiencia subjetiva. Está compuesta por 13 ítems con un formato de respuesta tipo Likert. Siguiendo las directrices de la International Tests Commission para la adaptación de test, obtuvimos una versión equivalente conceptual y lingüísticamente a la escala original. A través de un cuestionario online los participantes completaron la escala de dolor psicológico junto a otras escalas para medir depresión (BDI-II), desesperanza (escala de desesperanza de Beck) y riesgo suicida (escala de riesgo suicida de Plutchik). Los participantes fueron 234 personas (94 hombres, 137 mujeres y 3 personas de otro sexo) de 18 a 35 años.Resultados: El AFE mostró una solución de un factor y el AFC reveló adecuados índices de ajuste del modelo unifactorial. También mostró una buena fiabilidad de las puntuaciones del test, y evidencias favorables de validez de la escala en relación con la depresión, desesperanza, ideación suicida y riesgo suicida (correlaciones altas, positivas y estadísticamente significativas).Conclusión: La adaptación al español de la escala de dolor psicológico puede contribuir a mejorar la evaluación tanto del paciente con riesgo suicida como la eficacia de la terapia psicológica, así como la prevención e intervención del comportamiento suicida. (AU)

Introduction: Psychological pain is understood as an intolerable and disturbing mental state characterized by an internal experience of negative emotions. This study was aimed at making a Spanish adaptation of the Psychache Scale by Holden and colleagues in a sample of young adults.Material and methods: The scale evaluates psychological pain as a subjective experience. It is composed of 13 items with a Likert-type response format. Following the guidelines of the International Tests Commission for the adaptation of the test, we obtained a version conceptually and linguistically equivalent to the original scale. Through an online questionnaire, participants completed the psychological pain scale along with other scales to measure depression (BDI-II), hopelessness (Beck's scale of hopelessness) and suicide risk (Plutchik suicide risk scale). The participants were 234 people (94 men, 137 women and three people who identified as a different sex) from 18 to 35 years old.Results: The EFA showed a one-factor solution, and the FCA revealed adequate indexes of adjustment to the unifactorial model. It also showed good reliability of the test scores. The evidence of validity of the scale in relation to the other variables showed high, positive and statistically significant correlations with depression, hopelessness, suicidal ideation and suicidal risk.Conclusion: In summary, this Spanish adaptation of the Psychache Scale could contribute to improving the evaluation of both the patient with suicide risk and the effectiveness of psychological therapy, as well as suicidal behaviour prevention and intervention. (AU)

Frustrated interpersonal needs as a motivational moderator in the integrated motivational-volitional model.

A theoretical assumption of the integrated motivational-volitional (IMV) model positions perceived burdensomeness (PB) and thwarted belongingness (TB) as moderators on the entrapment-suicidal ideation/intention relationship. The present study analyzed the expected combined effects of PB × TB on the relationship between entrapment and suicidal ideation/intention. Data were collected using an online questionnaire (N = 644) selected by sex, age, and education level. The PB × TB × Entrapment interaction was statistically significant, according to a moderating effect. A high degree of frustration of interpersonal needs enhances the entrapment-suicidal ideation/intention relationship.

Adaptación al español de las escalas de derrota y atrapamiento en jóvenes adultos: propiedades psicométricas / Adaptation to spanish of the scales of defeat and entrapment in young adults: psychometric properties

Resumen: Antecedentes: El Modelo Integrado Motivacional-Volitivo contempla la ideación suicida como una reacción psicológica a una situación que se percibe como una derrota junto a la percepción de estar atrapado/a y sin posible escape ni rescate. Objetivo: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo adaptar al contexto español y analizar las propiedades psicométricas de dos escalas, una para medir derrota y otra para medir atrapamiento. Método: Doscientas treinta y cuatro personas de 18-35 años (58,6% mujeres) completaron un cuestionario online. Resultados: El análisis de la estructura interna mostró una solución bifactorial para la escala de derrota y una solución unifactorial para la escala de atrapamiento, ambas con adecuados índices de ajuste. Además, mostraron buena fiabilidad de las puntuaciones de los test y evidencias favorables de validez. Conclusiones: Disponer de ambas escalas adaptadas contribuye a mejorar la evaluación del riesgo suicida, así como a orientar la intervención y realizar aportaciones en el campo de la suicidología.

Abstract: Background: The Integrated Motivational-Volitional Model contemplates suicidal ideation as a psychological reaction to a situation that is perceived as a defeat along with the perception of being trapped and without possible escape or rescue. Aim: The present study aims to adapt to the Spanish context and analyze the psychometric properties of two scales, one to measure defeat and another to measure entrapment. Method: Two hundred and thirty-four people aged 18-35 years (58.6% women) completed an online questionnaire. Results: The analysis of the internal structure showed a bifactorial solution for the scale of defeat and a unifactorial solution for the scale of entrapment, both with adequate adjustment indexes. In addition, they showed good reliability of the test scores and favorable evidence of validity. Conclusions: Having both scales adapted helps to improve the assessment of suicide risk, as well as to guide the intervention and make contributions in the field of suicide.

Experiential Avoidance in the Context of the Integrated Motivational-Volitional Model of Suicidal Behavior.

Background: According to the integrated motivational-volitional model of suicide, the perception of defeat and entrapment are the variables involved in the development of suicidal ideation. However, entrapment is not an inevitable consequence of feeling defeated. This transition is moderated by a set of variables relating to the ability to resolve the state of defeat. Aim: We aimed to study the potential moderating role of experiential avoidance in the relationship between defeat and entrapment in young adults. Method: A sample of 644 participants residing in Spain (51.2% female; Mage = 25.91, SDage = 5.14; range = 18-35 years old), selected by sex, age, and education level quotas, completed an online questionnaire consisting of: Defeat Scale; Entrapment Scale; and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II; and other sociodemographic variables. Results: Defeat and experiential avoidance had a statistically significant effect on entrapment. The interaction variable (defeat × experiential avoidance) was also statistically significant according to a moderating effect. Limitations: Due to the cross-sectional design, we could not establish causal associations between the variables. Conclusion: People who experience a high degree of defeat and experiential avoidance are more likely to progress to a state of entrapment, being more vulnerable to having suicidal ideation.

Suicidal Ideation Profiles in Patients with Fibromyalgia Using Transdiagnostic Psychological and Fibromyalgia-Associated Variables.

Several studies have emphasized the heterogeneity of fibromyalgia patients. Furthermore, fibromyalgia patients are considered a high-risk suicide group. The ideation-to-action framework proposes a set of transdiagnostic psychological factors involved in the development of suicidal ideation. The present study aims to explore the existence of different subgroups according to their vulnerability to suicidal ideation through these transdiagnostic psychological variables and a set of variables typically associated with fibromyalgia. In this cross-sectional study, 151 fibromyalgia patients were assessed through the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Plutchik Suicide Risk Scale, Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire, Defeat Scale, Entrapment Scale, Psychache Scale, and Beck Hopelessness Scale. A K-means cluster analysis identified two clusters, one (45.70%) according to a low vulnerability, and a second (54.30%) with a high vulnerability to suicidal ideation. These clusters showed statistically significant differences in suicidal ideation and suicide risk. However, no differences were observed in most socio-demographic variables. In conclusion, fibromyalgia patients who present a clinical condition characterized by a moderate-high degree of physical dysfunction, overall disease impact and intensity of fibromyalgia-associated symptoms, along with a high degree of perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, defeat, entrapment, psychological pain and hopelessness, form a homogeneous group at high risk for suicidal ideation.

Scale of psychological pain: Spanish adaptation of the Psychache Scale in young adults. / Escala de dolor psicológico: adaptación de la Psychache Scale al español en jóvenes adultos.

INTRODUCTION: Psychological pain is understood as an intolerable and disturbing mental state characterized by an internal experience of negative emotions. This study was aimed at making a Spanish adaptation of the Psychache Scale by Holden and colleagues in a sample of young adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The scale evaluates psychological pain as a subjective experience. It is composed of 13 items with a Likert-type response format. Following the guidelines of the International Tests Commission for the adaptation of the test, we obtained a version conceptually and linguistically equivalent to the original scale. Through an online questionnaire, participants completed the psychological pain scale along with other scales to measure depression (BDI-II), hopelessness (Beck's scale of hopelessness) and suicide risk (Plutchik suicide risk scale). The participants were 234 people (94 men, 137 women and three people who identified as a different sex) from 18 to 35 years old. RESULTS: The EFA showed a one-factor solution, and the FCA revealed adequate indexes of adjustment to the unifactorial model. It also showed good reliability of the test scores. The evidence of validity of the scale in relation to the other variables showed high, positive and statistically significant correlations with depression, hopelessness, suicidal ideation and suicidal risk. CONCLUSION: In summary, this Spanish adaptation of the Psychache Scale could contribute to improving the evaluation of both the patient with suicide risk and the effectiveness of psychological therapy, as well as suicidal behaviour prevention and intervention.

Is it advisable to include negative attributes to assess the stereotype content? Yes, but only in the morality dimension.

Competence, morality and sociability dimensions have shown to be essential to measure stereotypes. Theoretically, the attributes associated with the negative pole of morality are more reliable and have shown to have higher evaluative weight. However, the current research usually employs only positive attributes to measure each dimension. Since the advantages of the inclusion of negative morality are clear it would be interesting to know about the effects of the inclusion of such type of attributes (i.e., it is good or bad for the measurement). The purpose of this study is to examine if the addition of negative items makes possible to improve the stereotype content measures. This study compares the differences between scales with various compositions of positive and negative items of stereotypes to predict three related variables: anger, fear and a semantic differential of evaluation. The study was carried out with a sample of 550 Spaniards. The data found highlights the importance of using attributes of the negative pole of morality in studying stereotypes. Their use was able to explain the intergroup emotional responses and the semantic differential more efficiently.

Actitudes hacia gitanos e inmigrantes africanos: un estudio comparativo / No disponible

El objetivo principal de esta investigación era conocer las actitudes de la población autóctona de un municipio de Almería hacia tres grupos étnicos con alta presencia en el lugar de la investigación: inmigrantes magrebíes, inmigrantes subsaharianos y gitanos. 105 participantes (56.2% mujeres y 43.8% hombres), cuyas edades oscilan entre 18 y 62 años (Media=38.99; dt= 12.45). respondieron a un cuestionario a través del cual se medía el componente afectivo y cognitivo de la actitud. la consideración social percibida de estos grupos, la atribución de las diferencias entre el propio grupo y los exogrupos. y la percepción del número de miembros de los exogrupos presentes en la zona. Los resultados muestran que el colectivo peor evaluado es el de los inmigrantes magrebíes, seguido por los gitanos y los inmigrantes subsaharianos. Se observa una evolución negativa en las actitudes hacia los inmigrantes magrebíes en comparación con estudios anteriores, mientras que las actitudes hacia los subsaharianos se mantienen moderadamente positivas. Se discuten posibles explicaciones psicosociales de estos resultados (AU)

The main objective of this research was to study the altitudes of the local population towards three ethnic groups with a considerably high presence in a town in Almería (Southern Spain): North-African immigrants, black immigrants and gypsies. The participants were l05 subjects (56.2% female and 43.8% male), ages 18 to 62 (Mean=38.99; sd=l2.45). We designed a questionnaire to measure the affective and cognitive components of attitude, the perceived social consideration of these groups, the attribution of in-group and out-group differences and the perceived number of people that belong to these out-groups in the area. The North African immigrants obtained the worst rating whereas black immigrants received the best. Gypsies were rated between these two groups. We also observe a negative evolution of the attitudes towards North-African immigrants in comparison to previous studies in this area. Attitudes towards black immigrants remained moderately positive. Possible psychosocial explanations for these results are discussed (AU)

Fiabilidad y evidencias de validez de la Escala de Percepción de Amenaza Exogrupal (EPAE) / Reliability and validity evidence of the Out-group Threat Perception Scale (OTPS)

El objetivo del trabajo es estudiar las propiedades psicométricas de una nueva escala (Escala de Percepción de Amenaza Exogrupal, EPAE), destinada a medir la percepción de amenaza exogrupal, una variable psicosocial estrechamente relacionada con actitudes negativas hacia los exogrupos que la elicitan. Participaron en el estudio 302 personas españolas que respondían a un cuestionario sobre inmigrantes marroquíes (N= 102), rumanos (N= 101) o ecuatorianos (N= 99). Los análisis de los ítems y de fiabilidad demostraron una buena consistencia interna de la escala. Los análisis factoriales mostraron dos dimensiones independientes: amenaza realista y amenaza simbólica. Los análisis de correlaciones mostraron que la EPAE estaba significativamente relacionada con otras variables psicosociales. Estos resultados sugieren que la EPAE es una medida fiable y válida y puede constituir un instrumento de gran utilidad para el estudio de las relaciones intergrupales en nuestro país (AU)

This study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of a new scale: the Out-group Threat Perception Scale (OTPS). The OTPS was designed to measure the perception of out-group threat, an important psychosocial variable that is closely related to negative attitudes towards out-groups. Three hundred and two Spanish participants responded to the OTPS in reference to the following out-groups: Moroccans (N= 102), Romanians (N= 101) and Ecuadorian immigrants (N= 99). The reliability and item analyses showed that the scale had good internal consistency. Factor analyses yielded two independent dimensions: Realistic Threat and Symbolic Threat. Correlational analyses showed that the OTPS correlated significantly with several psychosocial variables. The present findings suggest that the OTPS is a reliable and valid measure, and it can be a useful instrument to study intergroup relationships in our country (AU)

[Reliability and validity evidence of the Out-group Threat Perception Scale (OTPS)]. / Fiabilidad y evidencias de validez de la Escala de Percepción de Amenaza Exogrupal (EPAE).

This study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of a new scale: the Out-group Threat Perception Scale (OTPS). The OTPS was designed to measure the perception of out-group threat, an important psychosocial variable that is closely related to negative attitudes towards out-groups. Three hundred and two Spanish participants responded to the OTPS in reference to the following out-groups: Moroccans (N= 102), Romanians (N= 101) and Ecuadorian immigrants (N= 99). The reliability and item analyses showed that the scale had good internal consistency. Factor analyses yielded two independent dimensions: Realistic Threat and Symbolic Threat. Correlational analyses showed that the OTPS correlated significantly with several psychosocial variables. The present findings suggest that the OTPS is a reliable and valid measure, and it can be a useful instrument to study intergroup relationships in our country.

Bienestar psicológico y variables relacionadas en una muestra de mujeres / Psychological and related variables in a sample of women

El bienestar psicológico de las mujeres y surelación con otras variable psicológicas ha despertado interés en las investigaciones con perspectiva de género. Este trabajo tiene como uno de sus objetivos evaluar la autoeficacia, la autoestima, el bienestar psicológico, la inclusión de la pareja en el yo y la satisfacción de la pareja en una muestra de107 mujeres de la provincia de Almería, así como conocer las relaciones entre dichas variables. Nuestros resultados muestran que las mujeres participantes muestran niveles adecuados en estas variables, encontramos relación entre la autoeficacia y el bienstar psicológico y la inclusión de la pareja en el "yo" con la satisfacción de la relación(AU)

Psychological well-being of women regarding to other psychological Variable has sparked interest in the research with a gender perspective. This work has as one of its objectives to evaluate the efficacy, self-esteem, psychological well-being, including the couple in self and partner satisfaction in a sample of women de107 Almeria and understand the relationships between these variables. Our results show that female participants showed adequate levels in these variables, found no relationship between self-efficacy and psychological Bienstar and the inclusion of the couple in the "I" to the satisfaction of the relationship(AU)

[Transformational and transactional leadership: An analysis of the factor structure of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) in a Spanish sample]. / Liderazgo transformacional y liderazgo transaccional: un análisis de la estructura factorial del Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) en una muestra española.

The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) has been one of the most commonly used instruments to assess leadership in organizational settings for the last two decades. However, the factor structure proposed by the MLQ authors has received some criticism. The aim of this work is to examine the fit indices of several alternative factor models suggested by the literature. In order to accomplish this objective, we conducted confirmatory factor analyses in a sample of 954 participants using a Spanish version of the MLQ. Results show that the model that produces the better fit with the data consists of four factors: transformational leadership, developmental/transactional leadership, corrective leadership and avoidant/passive leadership. This model is parsimonious and consistent with the MLQ literature.

Liderazgo transformacional y liderazgo trasaccional: un análisis de la estructura factorial del Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) en una muestra española / Transformational and transactional leadership: an analysis of the factor structure of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) in a Spanish sample

El Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) es, desde hace dos décadas, uno de los instrumentos más utilizados para medir el liderazgo en el ámbito organizacional. Sin embargo, la estructura factorial propuesta por los autores del cuestionario ha recibido diversas críticas. El objetivo de este trabajo es comprobar el ajuste de dicha estructura factorial y de otros posibles modelos alternativos utilizando una versión española del MLQ. Para ello, se aplicó el análisis factorial confirmatorio a los resultados obtenidos en una muestra de 954 participantes. Los resultados revelan que el modelo que mejor ajuste presenta es el que está formado por cuatro factores: liderazgo transformacional, liderazgo facilitador del desarrollo/transaccional, liderazgo correctivo y liderazgo pasivo/evitador. Este modelo es parsimonioso y teóricamente coherente(AU)

The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) has been one of the most commonly used instruments to assess leadership in organizational settings for the last two decades. However, the factor structure proposed by the MLQ authors has received some criticism. The aim of this work is to examine the fit indices of several alternative factor models suggested by the literature. In order to accomplish this objective, we conducted confirmatory factor analyses in a sample of 954 participants using a Spanish version of the MLQ. Results show that the model that produces the better fit with the data consists of four factors: transformational leadership, developmental/transactional leadership, corrective leadership and avoidant/passive leadership. This model is parsimonious and consistent with the MLQ literature(AU)

Actitudes de aculturación y prejuicio: la perspectiva de autóctonos e inmigrantes / Prejudice and attitudes of acculturation: perspectives of autochthonous and immigrants

Este trabajo forma parte de una investigación más amplia sobre el proceso de aculturación a través de un nuevo modelo de aculturación. El objetivo es estudiar el prejuicio mutuo de dos grupos en la provincia de Almería (autóctonos e inmigrantes africanos) y conocer la relación entre esta variable y la actitud de aculturación preferida por ambas poblaciones. Se aplicó un cuestionario con diferentes escalas a cuatro grupos de personas residentes en municipios con altas tasas de inmigración africana (más del 10% de la población total): magrebíes, subsaharianos y españoles que evaluaban a inmigrantes magrebíes y a inmigrantes subsaharianos. Los resultados muestran que, en ambas poblaciones, las puntuaciones más bajas en prejuicio hacia el exogrupo las obtienen quienes prefieren la integración, mientras que las más altas proceden de quienes prefieren la exclusión/marginación

This study is framed in a wider research on the acculturation process through a new acculturation model. The aim of this paper is to analyse the mutual prejudice between ethnic groups in contact and its relation to their preferred acculturation attitude. A questionnaire composed by various scales was given to four groups of people living in municipalities with high rate of African immigrants in Almería: Maghrebis, Sub-Saharans, Spaniards who evaluated the Maghreb out-group and Spaniards who responded on the Sub-Saharan out-group. The results obtained indicate a relation between prejudice and acculturation attitude, as the lowest scores in prejudice are hold in each group by people preferring integration, whilst the highest ones come from those who bow to exclusion/marginalisation

[Prejudice and attitudes of acculturation: perspectives of autochthonous and immigrants]. / Actitudes de aculturación y prejuicio: la perspectiva de autóctonos e inmigrantes.

This study is framed in a wider research on the acculturation process through a new acculturation model. The aim of this paper is to analyse the mutual prejudice between ethnic groups in contact and its relation to their preferred acculturation attitude. A questionnaire composed by various scales was given to four groups of people living in municipalities with high rate of African immigrants in Almería: Maghrebis, Sub-Saharans, Spaniards who evaluated the Maghreb out-group and Spaniards who responded on the Sub-Saharan out-group. The results obtained indicate a relation between prejudice and acculturation attitude, as the lowest scores in prejudice are hold in each group by people preferring integration , whilst the highest ones come from those who bow to exclusion/marginalisation.

Actitudes hacia gitanos e inmigrantes africanos: un estudio comparativo / Attitudes towards African Immigrants and Gypsies: A Comparative Study

El objetivo principal de esta investigación era conocer las actitudes de la población autóctona de un municipio de Almería hacia tres grupos étnicos con alta presencia en el lugar de la investigación: inmigrantes magrebíes. Inmigrantes subsaharianos y gitanos. 105 participantes (56.2% mujeres y 43.8% hombres), cuyas edades oscilan entre 18 y 62 años (Media=38.99; dt=12.45), respondieron a un cuestionario a través del cual se medía el componente afectivo y cognitivo de la actitud, la consideración social percibid a de estos grupos, la atribución de las diferencias entre el propio grupo y los exogrupos, y la percepción del número de miembros de los exogrupos presentes en la lona. Los resultados muestran que el colectivo peor evaluado es el de los inmigrantes magrebíes, seguido por los gitanos y los inmigrantes subsaharianos. Se observa una evolución negativa en las actitudes hacia los inmigrantes magrebíes en comparación con estudios anteriores, mientras que las actitudes hacia los subsaharianos se mantienen moderadamente positivas. Se discuten posibles explicaciones psicosociales de estos resultados (AU)

The main objective of this research was to study the attitudes of the local population towards three ethnic groups with a considerably high presence in a town in Almería (Southern Spain): North-African immigrants, black immigrants and gypsies. The participants were 105 subjects (56.2% female and 43.8% male), ages 18 to 62 (Mean=38.99; sd=12.45). We designed a questionnaire to measure the affective and cognitive components of attitude, the perceived social consideration of these groups, the attribution of in-group and out-group differences and the perceived number of people that belong to these out-groups in the area. The North-African immigrants obtained the worst rating whereas black immigrants received the best. Gypsies were rated between these two groups. We also observe a negative evolution of the attitudes towards North-African immigrants in comparison to previous studies in this area. Attitudes towards black immigrants remained moderately positive. Possible psychosocial explanations for these results are discussed (AU)