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1.
Sci Total Environ ; 673: 44-53, 2019 Jul 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30986681

RESUMO

The Occoquan Reservoir is part of an indirect potable reuse system where a water reclamation plant (WRP) discharges a nitrified product water to prevent the onset of anaerobic conditions in the bottom sediments during the summer months. The elongated narrow shape of the reservoir combined with water temperature gradients in the inlet results in density currents that enhance the transport of nitrate from the surface to the bottom waters. The morphology of the reservoir also causes a longitudinal change in the ratio of water volume to sediment area, herein defined as the effective depth (ZED). Field observations revealed that first-order nitrate removal rate coefficients (k) varied inversely with ZED, suggesting that the upper reaches of the reservoir have a higher potential for nitrate removal compared to the areas closer to the dam. A similar relationship between k (d-1) and ZED was confirmed during laboratory experiments. Differences in k values were attributed mainly to the change in the nitrate supply rate as a result of the increase in water volume flowing over a specific sediment area, which limited nitrate transport to the sediments. The low variability found between the mass transfer coefficients for nitrate (Coefficient of Variation = 0.25) suggested a nearly constant biotic nitrogen removal and confirmed that k values were mainly affected by changes in ZED. Finally, similarities in k values between field and laboratory samples with similar ZED values suggested that different segments of natural systems may be properly downscaled to laboratory-sized configurations for analytical purposes by means of the ZED concept.

2.
Rev. esp. med. legal ; 43(4): 162-165, oct.-dic. 2017.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-167693

RESUMO

A propósito de una consulta realizada por un profesional, relacionada con la práctica de intubación orotraqueal de cadáveres con fines formativos, el Comité de Ética Asistencial (CAE) del Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla ha considerado de especial relevancia la contextualización del proceso, tanto a nivel temporal como de infraestructura (tipo de centro sanitario); y sus principales reflexiones y conclusiones, se pretenden dar a conocer. Primero, que existe un vacío legal a este respecto, que provoca interpretaciones legales sin base fundada. Segundo, se recomienda que atendiendo al principio de autonomía de las personas, así como a la dignidad de las mismas, se debiera obtener un consentimiento informado para la realización de dichas prácticas; y, en el caso de no poder obtenerse, se recomienda que el alumno se abstenga de realizar el procedimiento (AU)


With regard to a query raised by a professional, related to the practice of the orotracheal intubation of bodies for training purposes, the Healthcare Ethics Committee (HEC) of the Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla has considered the contextualisation of the process to be particularly relevant, both in terms of time and infrastructure (type of health centre); and it is intended to publicise its main reflections and conclusions. First, there is a legal loophole in this respect, leading to legal interpretations which are not well-founded. Second, it is recommended that by following the principle of individual autonomy and the dignity of individuals, it should be possible to obtain informed consent to carry out such practices. In the event that the informed consent cannot be obtained, it is recommended that students refrain from performing the procedure (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Cadáver , Medicina Legal/educação , Intubação Intratraqueal/métodos , Intubação Intratraqueal , Bioética/educação , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido/legislação & jurisprudência , Ensino/educação , Ensino/legislação & jurisprudência
3.
Water Res ; 110: 288-296, 2017 03 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28033522

RESUMO

Mercury bioaccumulation in aquatic biota poses a widespread threat to human and environmental health. Methylmercury (MeHg), the toxic form of mercury, tends to build up under anaerobic conditions in the profundal zones of lakes. In this study we performed a two-year assessment of spatial and temporal patterns of dissolved oxygen, nitrate, MeHg, manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) in Occoquan Reservoir, a large run-of-the-river drinking water reservoir in Virginia, USA. A tributary to the reservoir receives input of nitrate-rich tertiary-treated wastewater that enhances the oxidant capacity of bottom water. Multiple lines of evidence supported the hypothesis that the presences of nitrate and/or oxygen in bottom water correlated with low MeHg in bottom water. Bottom water MeHg was significantly lower in a nitrate-rich tributary (annual mean of 0.05 ng/L in both 2012 and 2013) compared to a nitrate-poor tributary (annual mean of 0.58 ng/L in 2012 and 0.21 ng/L in 2013). The presence of nitrate and oxygen in bottom water corresponded with significantly lower bottom water MeHg at an upstream station in the main reservoir (0.05 versus 0.11 ng/L in 2013). In 2012 the reservoir exhibited a longitudinal gradient with nitrate and oxygen decreasing and MeHg and Mn increasing downstream. In both study years, there was a clear threshold of oxygen equivalent (3-5 mg/L), a metric that combines the oxidant capacity of nitrate and oxygen, above which MeHg (<0.05 ng/L), Mn (<0.3 mg/L) and Fe (<0.5 mg/L) were low. Results indicated that the addition of nitrate-rich tertiary-treated wastewater to the bottom of anaerobic reservoirs can reduce MeHg concentrations, and potentially decrease mercury bioaccumulation, while increasing the safe water yield for potable use.


Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental , Água , Mercúrio , Compostos de Metilmercúrio , Virginia , Poluentes Químicos da Água
4.
Water Environ Res ; 86(2): 123-33, 2014 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24645542

RESUMO

To manage water quality in the Occoquan Reservoir, Virginia, a water reclamation facility discharges nitrified product water that reduces the release of undesirable substances (e.g., phosphorus, iron, and ammonia) from sediments during periods of hypolimnetic anoxia. Results showed that when the oxidized nitrogen (OxN) concentration input to the reservoir was lower than 5 mg N/L during periods of anoxia following thermal stratification, nitrate was depleted in the upper reaches of the reservoir resulting in the release of ammonia and orthophosphate from the sediments downstream. When the OxN input to the reservoir was operationally increased to a concentration greater than 10 mg-N/L, orthophosphate release was suppressed. Introducing OxN to the system decreased sediment ammonia release but did not eliminate it. By discharging reclaimed water that contained nitrate levels greater than 10 mg N/L, reservoir water quality was protected and the discharged nitrate was converted to nitrogen gas as it moved downstream.


Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Nitratos/química , Amônia/química , Fosfatos/química , Virginia , Qualidade da Água
5.
Water Environ Res ; 83(6): 507-14, 2011 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21751709

RESUMO

Excessive amounts of monovalent cations are known to cause deterioration in settling and dewatering properties of activated sludge. In this study, variations in the feeding pattern to a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) were evaluated to determine if the feed pattern could influence effluent quality and sludge characteristics under high monovalent cation concentrations. Data showed that deflocculation caused by high concentrations of sodium could be mitigated by using a feed cycle where the influent to the SBR was provided over a period of 1 minute. In contrast, when the feed was provided over 4 hours, deterioration in settling and effluent water quality was observed, as reflected by an increase in effluent suspended solids, effluent chemical oxygen demand, and capillary suction time.


Assuntos
Esgotos/química , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Sódio/química , Fatores de Tempo , Água/química , Microbiologia da Água , Poluentes Químicos da Água/química
6.
Rev. cuba. med ; 49(3)jul.-sep. 2010.
Artigo em Espanhol | CUMED | ID: cum-49533

RESUMO

Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo retrospectivo, en el Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico "Hermanos Ameijeiras", desde el 1ro. de enero de 2007 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2008, para identificar las complicaciones infecciosas de los pacientes egresados del Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular. Se confeccionó un modelo de recogida de datos, obtenidos de las historias clínicas en el Departamento de Archivo y Estadística del hospital. Para el análisis de los datos se aplicaron medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión y se efectuó el cálculo de tasas y porcentajes. Se halló que de 1 516 pacientes egresados en el bienio, tuvieron complicaciones infecciosas 398 (tasa 26,2 Î 100 egresados). La tasa de infección nosocomial fue 38,3 por ciento. En el año 2008, las tasas de pacientes infectados (29,3 por ciento) y de infección nosocomial (41,8 por ciento) fueron superiores a las del 2007. El grupo de edad más afectado en pacientes con infecciones intrahospitalarias fue el de mayores de 60 a±os (55,0 por ciento) y el mayor porcentaje de enfermos fueron hombres (61,0 por ciento). Las tasas de infecciones nosocomiales más altas correspondieron al tractus respiratorio bajo (12,2 por ciento), sitio quirúrgico (12,0 por ciento) y torrente sanguíneo (6,9 por ciento). La tasa de infección de la herida quirúrgica limpia fue de 21,3 por ciento. La indicación de estudios microbiológicos fue de 72,8 por ciento en el bienio, con mayor utilización en el año 2008 (97,0 por ciento). Los gérmenes más frecuentemente aislados fueron Klebsiella (20,6 por ciento), Candida (13,1) y Acinetobacter (12,0 por ciento). En los pacientes infectados, el dispositivo principal utilizado fue el catéter venoso central (64,3 por ciento)(AU)


We performed an observational retrospective descriptive study at "Hermanos Ameijeiras" Clinical Surgical Hospital in the period from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2008 to identify infectious complications in patients discharged from the Cardiovascular Surgery Department. We drew up a data collection model for the data obtained from medical records at the Files and Statistics Department of the hospital. For data analysis we used central tendency and dispersion measurements, and estimated rates and percentages. It was found that of 1 516 patients discharged during the biennium, 398 had had infectious complications (26.2 Î 100 rate). The nosocomial infection rate was 38.3 percent. The rates of infected patients (29.3 percent) and nosocomial infection (41.8 percent) were higher in 2008 than in 2007. The most affected age group among patients with hospital acquired infections was 60 years and up (55.0 percent) and men constituted the highest percentage of ill patients (61.0 percent). Nosocomial infection rates were highest in the lower respiratory tract (12.2 percent), the surgical site (12.0 percent) and the bloodstream (6.9 percent). The rate of clean surgical wound infection was 21.3 percent. Indication of microbiological studies was 72.8 percent during the biennium, with increased use in 2008 (97.0 percent). The germs most commonly isolated were Klebsiella (20.6 percent), Candida (13.1 percent) and Acinetobacter (12.0 percent). In infected patients, the main device used was the central venous catheter (64.3 percent)(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Infecção Hospitalar/etiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/complicações , Estudos Observacionais como Assunto , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Retrospectivos
7.
Rev. cuba. med ; 49(3): 228-241, jul.-sep. 2010.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-584784

RESUMO

Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo retrospectivo, en el Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico "Hermanos Ameijeiras", desde el 1ro. de enero de 2007 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2008, para identificar las complicaciones infecciosas de los pacientes egresados del Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular. Se confeccionó un modelo de recogida de datos, obtenidos de las historias clínicas en el Departamento de Archivo y Estadística del hospital. Para el análisis de los datos se aplicaron medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión y se efectuó el cálculo de tasas y porcentajes. Se halló que de 1 516 pacientes egresados en el bienio, tuvieron complicaciones infecciosas 398 (tasa 26,2 Î 100 egresados). La tasa de infección nosocomial fue 38,3 por ciento. En el año 2008, las tasas de pacientes infectados (29,3 por ciento) y de infección nosocomial (41,8 por ciento) fueron superiores a las del 2007. El grupo de edad más afectado en pacientes con infecciones intrahospitalarias fue el de mayores de 60 a±os (55,0 por ciento) y el mayor porcentaje de enfermos fueron hombres (61,0 por ciento). Las tasas de infecciones nosocomiales más altas correspondieron al tractus respiratorio bajo (12,2 por ciento), sitio quirúrgico (12,0 por ciento) y torrente sanguíneo (6,9 por ciento). La tasa de infección de la herida quirúrgica limpia fue de 21,3 por ciento. La indicación de estudios microbiológicos fue de 72,8 por ciento en el bienio, con mayor utilización en el año 2008 (97,0 por ciento). Los gérmenes más frecuentemente aislados fueron Klebsiella (20,6 por ciento), Candida (13,1) y Acinetobacter (12,0 por ciento). En los pacientes infectados, el dispositivo principal utilizado fue el catéter venoso central (64,3 por ciento)


We performed an observational retrospective descriptive study at "Hermanos Ameijeiras" Clinical Surgical Hospital in the period from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2008 to identify infectious complications in patients discharged from the Cardiovascular Surgery Department. We drew up a data collection model for the data obtained from medical records at the Files and Statistics Department of the hospital. For data analysis we used central tendency and dispersion measurements, and estimated rates and percentages. It was found that of 1 516 patients discharged during the biennium, 398 had had infectious complications (26.2 Î 100 rate). The nosocomial infection rate was 38.3 percent. The rates of infected patients (29.3 percent) and nosocomial infection (41.8 percent) were higher in 2008 than in 2007. The most affected age group among patients with hospital acquired infections was 60 years and up (55.0 percent) and men constituted the highest percentage of ill patients (61.0 percent). Nosocomial infection rates were highest in the lower respiratory tract (12.2 percent), the surgical site (12.0 percent) and the bloodstream (6.9 percent). The rate of clean surgical wound infection was 21.3 percent. Indication of microbiological studies was 72.8 percent during the biennium, with increased use in 2008 (97.0 percent). The germs most commonly isolated were Klebsiella (20.6 percent), Candida (13.1 percent) and Acinetobacter (12.0 percent). In infected patients, the main device used was the central venous catheter (64.3 percent)


Assuntos
Humanos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/complicações , Infecção Hospitalar/etiologia , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Observacionais como Assunto , Estudos Retrospectivos
8.
Rev. cuba. med ; 47(3)jul.-sep. 2008. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | CUMED | ID: cum-38294

RESUMO

El sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica de las infecciones nosocomiales en el Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras se realiza con un enfoque selectivo, el empleo de indicadores de calidad asistencial permite establecer estrategias inmediatas de medidas de control. En el presente trabajo se describió el comportamiento de estos indicadores en 4 años de seguimiento, estratificado por tipo de procedimiento invasivo. Se aplicó un diseño de estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo. Se calcularon las tasas de incidencia y la densidad de incidencia por procedimientos invasivos. Se halló una tasa de infección nosocomial acumulada entre el 2000 y el 2004 de 3,1 por ciento por 100 pacientes egresados. Se comprobó que la sepsis del tracto respiratorio bajo fue la causa más frecuente de morbilidad con 32 por ciento, la tasa global de la herida quirúrgica fue de 1,4 por ciento; la neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica, de 4,2 por 1 000 días pacientes; la STU en pacientes con catéter vesical, de 2,2 por 1 000 días pacientes y la STS asociada a catéter venoso central se presentó en una tasa de 2,4 x 1 000 días pacientes. Las tasas de incidencia de infección nosocomial son comparables con los patrones internacionales, semejantes a las de los países con programas eficientes de control de infecciones nosocomiales(AU)


The system of epidemiological surveillance of nosocomial infections at Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital is applied with a selective approach. The use of health care quality indicators allows to establish immediate control strategies. In this paper, it is described the behavior of these indicators in 4 years of follow-up, stratified by type of invasive procedure. An observational, descriptive and retrospective study was conducted. The rates of incidence and the density of incidence by invasive procedures were calculated. A rate of nosocomial infection of 3.1 percent per discharged patient accumulated from 2000 to 2004 was found. It was proved that the sepsis of the lower respiratory tract was the most frequent cause of morbidity with 32 percent,the global rate of the surgical wound was 1.4 percent, pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation was 4.2 per 1 000 patient days, whereas UTI in patients with vesical catheter was 2.2 per 1 000 patient days. BSI associated with central venous catheter was present at a rate of 2.4 x 1 000 day patients. The rates of incidence of nosocomial infection are comparable with the international patterns and similar to those of the countries with efficient nosocomial infection control programs(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos Observacionais como Assunto
9.
Rev. cuba. med ; 47(3)jul.-sept. 2008. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-531328

RESUMO

El sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica de las infecciones nosocomiales en el Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras se realiza con un enfoque selectivo, el empleo de indicadores de calidad asistencial permite establecer estrategias inmediatas de medidas de control. En el presente trabajo se describió el comportamiento de estos indicadores en 4 años de seguimiento, estratificado por tipo de procedimiento invasivo. Se aplicó un diseño de estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo. Se calcularon las tasas de incidencia y la densidad de incidencia por procedimientos invasivos. Se halló una tasa de infección nosocomial acumulada entre el 2000 y el 2004 de 3,1 por ciento por 100 pacientes egresados. Se comprobó que la sepsis del tracto respiratorio bajo fue la causa más frecuente de morbilidad con 32 por ciento, la tasa global de la herida quirúrgica fue de 1,4 por ciento; la neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica, de 4,2 por 1 000 días pacientes; la STU en pacientes con catéter vesical, de 2,2 por 1 000 días pacientes y la STS asociada a catéter venoso central se presentó en una tasa de 2,4 x 1 000 días pacientes. Las tasas de incidencia de infección nosocomial son comparables con los patrones internacionales, semejantes a las de los países con programas eficientes de control de infecciones nosocomiales.


The system of epidemiological surveillance of nosocomial infections at Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital is applied with a selective approach. The use of health care quality indicators allows to establish immediate control strategies. In this paper, it is described the behavior of these indicators in 4 years of follow-up, stratified by type of invasive procedure. An observational, descriptive and retrospective study was conducted. The rates of incidence and the density of incidence by invasive procedures were calculated. A rate of nosocomial infection of 3.1 percent per discharged patient accumulated from 2000 to 2004 was found. It was proved that the sepsis of the lower respiratory tract was the most frequent cause of morbidity with 32 percent,the global rate of the surgical wound was 1.4 percent, pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation was 4.2 per 1 000 patient days, whereas UTI in patients with vesical catheter was 2.2 per 1 000 patient days. BSI associated with central venous catheter was present at a rate of 2.4 x 1 000 day patients. The rates of incidence of nosocomial infection are comparable with the international patterns and similar to those of the countries with efficient nosocomial infection control programs.


Assuntos
Humanos , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Observacionais como Assunto , Estudos Retrospectivos
10.
Rev. cuba. hig. epidemiol ; 46(1)ene.-abr. 2008. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | CUMED | ID: cum-36066

RESUMO

Objetivo: destacar la importancia de la vigilancia y control de las infecciones intrahospitalarias. Desarrollo: se expuso los antecedentes de los sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica en el mundo, las características de los principales diseños y se describió el sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica en Cuba que comenzando en 1983, recogía datos de todos los hospitales de más de 100 camas. Se expusieron otros aspectos como actualizaciones, metodología, definiciones, objetivos, premisas y propuestas de mejoras futuras en el sistema. Asimismo, se hicieron consideraciones de los métodos de vigilancia de estas infecciones en otros países. Conclusiones: el sistema de vigilancia por incidencia de las infecciones intrahospitalarias en el país está bien estructurado y cumple con sus objetivos, y su perfeccionamiento deberá ser realizado con la frecuencia requerida para conseguir un nivel de eficiencia acorde a las necesidades del sistema nacional de salud(AU)


Objective: to highlight the importance of the surveillance and control of intrahospital infections. Development: the antecedents of the epidemiological surveillance system in the world, as well as the characteristics of the main designs were exposed. The cuban epidemiological surveillance system that began in 1983 by collecting data of the hospitals with more than 100 beds was also described. Other aspects, such as updating, methodology, definitions, objectives, premises and proposals of future improvements in the system were dealt with. Likewise, considerations were made on the surveillance systems of these infections in other countries. Conclusions: the surveillance system by incidence of intrahospital infections in the country is well structured and fulfils its objectives. It should be performed with the frequency required to attain a level of efficiency according to the needs of the national health system(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Higiene/educação , Epidemiologia/educação , Educação de Pós-Graduação/métodos
11.
Rev. cuba. hig. epidemiol ; 46(1)ene.-abr. 2008. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-498368

RESUMO

Objetivo: destacar la importancia de la vigilancia y control de las infecciones intrahospitalarias. Desarrollo: se expuso los antecedentes de los sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica en el mundo, las características de los principales diseños y se describió el sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica en Cuba que comenzando en 1983, recogía datos de todos los hospitales de más de 100 camas. Se expusieron otros aspectos como actualizaciones, metodología, definiciones, objetivos, premisas y propuestas de mejoras futuras en el sistema. Asimismo, se hicieron consideraciones de los métodos de vigilancia de estas infecciones en otros países. Conclusiones: el sistema de vigilancia por incidencia de las infecciones intrahospitalarias en el país está bien estructurado y cumple con sus objetivos, y su perfeccionamiento deberá ser realizado con la frecuencia requerida para conseguir un nivel de eficiencia acorde a las necesidades del sistema nacional de salud.


Objective: to highlight the importance of the surveillance and control of intrahospital infections. Development: the antecedents of the epidemiological surveillance system in the world, as well as the characteristics of the main designs were exposed. The cuban epidemiological surveillance system that began in 1983 by collecting data of the hospitals with more than 100 beds was also described. Other aspects, such as updating, methodology, definitions, objectives, premises and proposals of future improvements in the system were dealt with. Likewise, considerations were made on the surveillance systems of these infections in other countries. Conclusions: the surveillance system by incidence of intrahospital infections in the country is well structured and fulfils its objectives. It should be performed with the frequency required to attain a level of efficiency according to the needs of the national health system.


Assuntos
Humanos , Educação de Pós-Graduação/métodos , Epidemiologia/educação , Higiene/educação
12.
Rev. panam. infectol ; 8(1): 39-44, ene.-mar. 2006. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-434435

RESUMO

Con el objetivo de determinar la magnitud de la prevalencia de infecciones nosocomiales (IN) en el sistema de hospitales cubanos, se realizó un estudio multicéntrico en 28 hospitales seleccionados aleatoriamente de un total de 119 hospitales de más de 50 camas, en el periodo comprendido del 5 de mayo al 11 del mismo mes del año 1997. La prevalencia general fue de 8,2%. De los 6152 pacientes evaluados, a 418 se le diagnosticó un total de 504 infecciones nosocomiales. Las tasas más altas de infección nosocomial fueron encontradas en las unidades de cuidados intensivos (24,6%), las unidades quirúrgicas (10,3%), unidades de quemados y unidades de Cirugía Cardiovascular. La herida quirúrgica fue la localización de la infección más prevalente (23%), seguida del tracto respiratorio bajo y alto, la piel y el tracto urinario. Los patógenos más frecuentemente aislados fueron E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Proteus y Pseudomonas. Nuestros resultados son comparables con estudios internacionales a excepción de las infecciones del tracto urinario. Se propone la realización de estudios en busca de factores de riesgo en los servicios más prevalentes, los grupos de pacientes más afectados, las operaciones de mayor riesgo y la frecuencia relativa de cada localización; así como de estudios cualitativos que pudieran ofrecer datos sobre el conocimiento, las actitudes y el comportamiento del personal hospitalario frente a las IN


Assuntos
Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Estudos Multicêntricos como Assunto , Cuba/epidemiologia , Enterobacter/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Prevalência , Proteus/isolamento & purificação , Pseudomonas/isolamento & purificação , Staphylococcus/isolamento & purificação
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