Neural networks involved in nausea in adult humans: A systematic review.

Nausea is a common clinical symptom, poorly managed with anti-emetic drugs. To identify potential brain regions which may be therapeutic targets we systematically reviewed brain imaging in subjects reporting nausea. The systematic review followed PRISMA statements with methodological quality (MINORS) and risk of bias (ROBINS-I) assessed. Irrespective of the nauseagenic stimulus the common (but not only) cortical structures activated were the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the anterior insula (AIns) with some evidence for lateralization (Left-IFG, Right-AIns, Right-ACC). Basal ganglia structures (e.g., putamen) were also consistently activated. Inactivation was rarely reported but occurred mainly in the cerebellum and occipital lobe. During nausea, functional connectivity increased, mainly between the posterior and mid- cingulate cortex. Limitations include, a paucity of studies and stimuli, subject demographics, inconsistent definition and measurement of nausea. Structures implicated in nausea are discussed in the context of knowledge of central pathways for interoception, emotion and autonomic control. Comparisons are made between nausea and other aversive sensations as multimodal aversive conscious experiences.

Handgrip strength and respiratory disease mortality: Longitudinal analyses from SHARE.

BACKGROUND: While the association between handgrip strength and all-cause mortality is more deeply explored, no previous studies have been specifically focused on handgrip strength and respiratory disease mortality. The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between handgrip strength and respiratory disease mortality in a large representative sample. METHODS: Individuals aged 50 or over from 27 European countries and Israel participated in this longitudinal study. Data on handgrip strength and all-cause and respiratory disease mortality were retrieved from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) waves 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7. We estimated the sub hazard ratios (SHRs) for respiratory disease mortality using a Fine-Gray sub-distribution method with both time-varying exposure and covariates and mortality due to other causes as competing risk. Furthermore, we assessed dose-response associations of handgrip strength (modelled as a continuous exposure) with respiratory disease mortality using restricted cubic splines and estimated hazard ratios (HRs). RESULTS: We included 60,883 men and 74,904 women with a mean age of 63.6 (SD 9.7) years at study entry. During a median (interquartile range) of 7.4 years of follow-up 565 (0.4%) participants died due to respiratory diseases. The increase of 1 single kg of handgrip strength showed a 6% incidence reduction on respiratory disease mortality (SHR, 0.94; 95%CI, 0.92-0.96) after adjusting for potential confounders. Furthermore, each kg increase of handgrip strength reduced respiratory disease mortality risk in a dose-response fashion and a significant threshold for values of 41 kg (HR, 0.49; 95%CI, 0.26-0.92) and higher was identified. CONCLUSIONS: Higher handgrip strength is associated with lower mortality due to respiratory disease. Intervention studies are needed to determine whether strength training in respiratory disease patients can prevent premature mortality.

Conductas sexuales de riesgo y búsqueda consciente de infección por VIH/SIDA (bug-chasing): una revisión narrativa desde la Psicología / Sexual risk behaviours and conscious search for HIV/AIDS infection (bug-chasing): A narrative review from Psychology

Las conductas sexuales de riesgo han sido estudiadas con mayor frecuencia en los últimos años. El término ba-rebacking hace referencia al sexo anal sin protección referido a hombres que mantienen relaciones sexuales con otros hombres, aunque el término se ha hecho extensible al sexo sin protección en general, incluyendo también a mujeres. Dentro de los barebackers, hay una población de hombres denominados bug-chasers. La práctica del bug-chasinghace referencia a la búsqueda activa y consciente de infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Las personas seropositivas que transmiten el virus reciben el nombre de give-givers (“entregadores del regalo”). La presente revisión narrativa tuvo como objetivo principal conceptualizar y caracterizar estas poblaciones centrándose, además, en la evaluación de las principales teorías motivacionales que intentan explicar el fenómeno del bug-chasing. Un objetivo secundario fue analizar el papel de algunas variables de interés tales como la adicción al sexo, la auto-humillación, las preferencias de prácticas sexuales, preferencias de búsqueda de pareja, abuso de sustancias, la autoidentificación o los roles sexuales en bug-chasers y su comparación con barebackers y give-givers. Se necesita mayor investigación para dar respuestas a distintos interrogantes todavía presentes en el actual estado de la cuestión (AU)

Sexual risk behaviours have been studied increasingly in recent years. The term barebacking refers to unprotected anal sex referring to men who have sex with other men although the term has been extended to unprotected sex in general, including women as well. Within barebackers, there is a population of men called bug-chasers. The practice of bug-chasing involves the active and conscious pursuit of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. HIV-positive people who transmit the virus are called give-givers. The main aim of this narrative review was to conceptualize and characterize these populations, focusing also on the evaluation of the main motivational theories that try to explain the bug-chasing phenomenon. The secondary aim was to analyze the role of some variables of interest such as sex addition, self-humiliation, sexual practice preferences, partner search preferences, substance abuse, self-identification or sexual roles in bug-chasers and their comparison with barebackers and give-givers. Further research is needed to provide an-swers to various questions still present in the current state of the art (AU)