RESUMO
BACKGROUND: In 2012, Botswana introduced 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13) to its childhood immunization program in a 3+0 schedule, achieving coverage rates of above 90% by 2014. In other settings, PCV introduction has been followed by an increase in carriage or disease caused by non-vaccine serotypes, including some serotypes with a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance. METHODS: We characterized the serotype epidemiology and antibiotic resistance of pneumococcal isolates cultured from nasopharyngeal samples collected from infants (≤12 months) in southeastern Botswana between 2016 and 2019. Capsular serotyping was performed using the Quellung reaction. E-tests were used to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations for common antibiotics. RESULTS: We cultured 264 pneumococcal isolates from samples collected from 150 infants. At the time of sample collection, 81% of infants had received at least one dose of PCV-13 and 53% had completed the three-dose series. PCV-13 serotypes accounted for 27% of isolates, with the most prevalent vaccine serotypes being 19F (n = 20, 8%), 19A (n = 16, 6%), and 6A (n = 10, 4%). The most frequently identified non-vaccine serotypes were 23B (n = 29, 11%), 21 (n = 12, 5%), and 16F (n = 11, 4%). Only three (1%) pneumococcal isolates were resistant to amoxicillin; however, we observed an increasing prevalence of penicillin resistance using the meningitis breakpoint (2016: 41%, 2019: 71%; Cochran-Armitage test for trend, p = 0.0003) and non-susceptibility to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (2016: 55%, 2019: 79%; p = 0.04). Three (1%) isolates were multi-drug resistant. CONCLUSIONS: PCV-13 serotypes accounted for a substantial proportion of isolates colonizing infants in Botswana during a four-year period starting four years after vaccine introduction. A low prevalence of amoxicillin resistance supports its continued use as the first-line agent for non-meningeal pneumococcal infections. The observed increase in penicillin resistance at the meningitis breakpoint and the low prevalence of resistance to ceftriaxone supports use of third-generation cephalosporins for empirical treatment of suspected bacterial meningitis.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Infecções Pneumocócicas , Vacinas Pneumocócicas , Sorogrupo , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Humanos , Streptococcus pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classificação , Botsuana/epidemiologia , Lactente , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Infecções Pneumocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Feminino , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Masculino , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Sorotipagem , Nasofaringe/microbiologia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Coformulated bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide is a single-tablet regimen and was efficacious and well tolerated in children and adolescents with HIV (aged 6 years to <18 years) in a 48-week phase 2/3 trial. In this study, we report data from children aged at least 2 years and weighing 14 kg to less than 25 kg. METHODS: We conducted this open-label, multicentre, multicohort, single-arm study in South Africa, Thailand, Uganda, and the USA. Participants were virologically suppressed children with HIV, aged at least 2 years, weighing 14 kg to less than 25 kg. Participants received bictegravir (30 mg), emtricitabine (120 mg), and tenofovir alafenamide (15 mg) once daily, switching to bictegravir (50 mg), emtricitabine (200 mg), and tenofovir alafenamide (25 mg) upon attaining a bodyweight of at least 25 kg. The study included pharmacokinetic evaluation at week 2 to confirm the dose of coformulated bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide for this weight band by comparing with previous adult data. Primary outcomes were bictegravir area under the curve over the dosing interval (AUCtau) and concentration at the end of the dosing interval (Ctau) at week 2, and incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events and laboratory abnormalities until the end of week 24 in all participants who received at least one dose of bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02881320. FINDINGS: Overall, 22 participants were screened (from Nov 14, 2018, to Jan 11, 2020), completed treatment with bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide (until week 48), and entered an extension phase. The geometric least squares mean (GLSM) ratio for AUCtau for bictegravir was 7·6% higher than adults (GLSM ratio 107·6%, 90% CI 96·7-119·7); Ctau was 34·6% lower than adults (65·4%, 49·1-87·2). Both parameters were within the target exposure range previously found in adults, children, or both". Grade 3-4 laboratory abnormalities occurred in four (18%) participants by the end week 24 and six (27%) by the end of week 48. Drug-related adverse events occurred in three participants (14%) by the end of week 24 and week 48; none were severe. No Grade 3-4 adverse events, serious adverse events, or adverse events leading to discontinuation occurred by the end of week 24 and week 48. INTERPRETATION: Data support the use of single-tablet coformulated bictegravir (30 mg), emtricitabine (120 mg), and tenofovir alafenamide (15 mg) for treatment of HIV in children aged at least 2 years and weighing 14 kg to less than 25 kg. FUNDING: Gilead Sciences.
Assuntos
Adenina , Alanina , Amidas , Fármacos Anti-HIV , Emtricitabina , Infecções por HIV , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis , Compostos Heterocíclicos de 4 ou mais Anéis , Piperazinas , Piridonas , Tenofovir , Tenofovir/análogos & derivados , Humanos , Emtricitabina/farmacocinética , Emtricitabina/administração & dosagem , Emtricitabina/uso terapêutico , Emtricitabina/efeitos adversos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Tenofovir/farmacocinética , Tenofovir/administração & dosagem , Tenofovir/efeitos adversos , Tenofovir/uso terapêutico , Criança , Masculino , Feminino , Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacocinética , Fármacos Anti-HIV/efeitos adversos , Fármacos Anti-HIV/administração & dosagem , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Pré-Escolar , Alanina/farmacocinética , Alanina/efeitos adversos , Compostos Heterocíclicos de 4 ou mais Anéis/farmacocinética , Compostos Heterocíclicos de 4 ou mais Anéis/efeitos adversos , Compostos Heterocíclicos de 4 ou mais Anéis/administração & dosagem , Amidas/farmacocinética , Adolescente , Piridonas/farmacocinética , Piridonas/efeitos adversos , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis/farmacocinética , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis/efeitos adversos , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis/administração & dosagem , Piperazinas/efeitos adversos , Piperazinas/farmacocinética , Adenina/análogos & derivados , Adenina/farmacocinética , Adenina/efeitos adversos , Adenina/administração & dosagem , Adenina/uso terapêutico , Tailândia , Estados Unidos , África do Sul , Combinação de Medicamentos , Uganda , Carga Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Globally, 150,000 new paediatric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections occurred in 2015. There remain complex challenges to the global elimination of paediatric HIV-1 infection. Thus, for the global community to achieve elimination of new paediatric HIV-1 infections, innovative approaches need to be explored. Immune-based approaches to prevention of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) may help fill some of the remaining gaps and provide new opportunities to achieve an AIDS-free generation. Immune-based interventions to prevent MTCT of HIV-1 may include paediatric HIV vaccines and passive immunization approaches. Recent discoveries providing evidence of robust immune responses to HIV in infants open new and exciting prospects for paediatric HIV vaccines. Moreover, successful vaccination of infants has a different set of requirements than vaccination of adults and may be easier to achieve. Proof-of-concept has been established over the last two decades that passively administered HIV-1 Env-specific monoclonal antibody (mAbs) can prevent chimeric simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) transmission to newborn nonhuman primates. There has been tremendous progress in isolating and characterizing broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV, and clinical testing of these antibodies for treatment and prevention in both infants and adults is a major effort in the field. Immune-based interventions need to be actively explored as they can provide critically important tools to address persistent challenges in MTCT prevention. It is a pivotal time for the field with active discussions on the best strategy to further reduce HIV infection of infants and accomplish the World Health Organization Fast-Track 2030 goals to eliminate new paediatric HIV infections.