RESUMO
In Brazil, the production of mules with a comfortable gait primarily involves the breeding of marching saddle mules. This is achieved by crossing gaited Pêga donkeys with horses from the Mangalarga Marchador and Campolina breeds. The DMRT3:g.22999655C>A SNP is implicated in regulating gait phenotypes observed in various horse breeds, including the batida (CC) and picada (CA) gaits found in these horse breeds. We aimed to determine if genotypes influenced gait type in 159 mules and 203 donkeys genotyped for the DMRT3 SNP by PCR-RFLP analysis. About 47% of mules had the CC-genotype, while 53% had the CA-genotype. Donkeys predominantly had the CC-genotype (97%), and none had AA. Both CC- and CA-genotypes were evenly distributed among mules with the batida or picada gaits. In donkeys, the CC-genotype frequencies were consistent regardless of gait type. However, the CA-genotype was more common in picada-gaited donkeys than in batida-gaited donkeys. The prevalence of CA mules and the rare presence of the non-reference allele in donkeys align with previous findings in Mangalarga Marchador and Campolina horses. This suggests that the non-reference allele likely originated from the mares involved in donkey crosses. Our results also imply that factors beyond this variant, such as other genes and polymorphisms, influence gait traits in equids.
RESUMO
Some horse breeds are highly selected for athletic activities. The athletic potential of each animal can be measured by its performance in sports. High athletic performance depends on the animal capacity to produce energy through aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways, among other factors. Transmembrane proteins called monocarboxylate transporters, mainly the isoform 1 (MCT1) and its ancillary protein CD147, can help the organism to adapt to physiological stress caused by physical exercise, transporting lactate and H+ ions. Horse breeds are selected for different purposes so we might expect differences in the amount of those proteins and in the genotypic frequencies for genes that play a significant role in the performance of the animals. The study of MCT1 and CD147 gene polymorphisms, which can affect the formation of the proteins and transport of lactate and H+, can provide enough information to be used for selection of athletic horses increasingly resistant to intense exercise. Two other candidate genes, the PDK4 and DMRT3, have been associated with athletic potential and indicated as possible markers for performance in horses. The oxidation of fatty acids is highly effective in generating ATP and is controlled by the expression of PDK4 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 4) in skeletal muscle during and after exercise. The doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 3 (DMRT3) gene encodes an important transcription factor in the setting of spinal cord circuits controlling movement in vertebrates and may be associated with gait performance in horses. This review describes how the monocarboxylate transporters work during physical exercise in athletic horses and the influence of polymorphisms in candidate genes for athletic performance in horses.(AU)
Algumas raças de equinos são altamente selecionadas para atividades desportivas. O potencial atlético de cada animal pode ser medido pelo seu desempenho nas competições equestres. Um alto potencial atlético depende, entre outros fatores, da capacidade do animal de produzir energia através dos metabolismos aeróbio e anaeróbio. As proteínas transmembrana chamadas transportadores de monoxarboxilato, principalmente a isoforma 1 (MCT1) e sua proteína auxiliar CD147, podem ajudam o organismo a se adaptar ao estresse fisiológico causado pelo exercício físico, transportando íons lactato e H+. Algumas raças de equinos são selecionadas para diferentes objetivos, portanto é provável que existam diferenças nas quantidades de transportadores monocarboxilatos e na frequência genotípica dos seus respectivos genes. O estudo de polimorfismos nos genes das proteínas MCT1 e CD147, afetando a sua formação e o transporte dos íons lactato e H+, podem fornecer informações suficientes para a seleção de equinos com capacidade de serem altamente treinados e resistentes a intensos exercícios. Dois outros genes candidatos que têm sido relacionados com potencial atlético e utilizados como possíveis marcadores para desempenho em equinos são o PDK4 e o DMRT3. A oxidação de ácidos graxos é altamente efetiva para produção de ATP e é controlada pela expressão do gene PDK4 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 4) no musculo esquelético durante e após do exercício físico. O gene DMRT3 (doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 3) codifica um importante fator de transcrição no controle dos movimentos em vertebrados e pode ser associado com a marcha em algumas raças de equinos. Esta revisão descreve como agem os transportadores de monocarboxilatos durante o exercício físico em equinos atletas e qual a influência de alguns polimorfismos em genes candidatos para o desempenho atlético em equinos.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Estudos de Associação Genética , Cavalos/genética , Cavalos/fisiologia , Lactatos/análise , Fadiga Muscular , Polimorfismo Genético , Estresse FisiológicoRESUMO
Babesiosis is one of the most important diseases affecting livestock agriculture worldwide. Animals from the subspecies Bos taurus indicus are more resistant to babesiosis than those from Bos taurus taurus. The genera Babesia and Plasmodium are Apicomplexa hemoparasites and share features such as invasion of red blood cells (RBC). The glycoprotein Duffy is the only human erythrocyte receptor for Pasmodium vivax and a mutation which abolishes expression of this glycoprotein on erythrocyte surfaces is responsible for making the majority of people originating from the indigenous populations of West Africa resistant to P. vivax. The current work detected and quantified the Duffy antigen on Bos taurus indicus and Bos taurus taurus erythrocyte surfaces using a polyclonal antibody in order to investigate if differences in susceptibility to Babesia are due to different levels of Duffy antigen expression on the RBCs of these animals, as is known to be the case in human beings for interactions of Plasmodium vivax-Duffy antigen. ELISA tests showed that the antibody that was raised against Duffy antigens detected the presence of Duffy antigen in both subspecies and that the amount of this antigen on those erythrocyte membranes was similar. These results indicate that the greater resistance of B. taurus indicus to babesiosis cannot be explained by the absence or lower expression of Duffy antigen on RBC surfaces.
As doenças infecciosas e parasitárias causam perdas importantes em vários setores da produção da pecuária mundial. Estima-se que mais de 600 milhões de bovinos de países tropicais e subtropicais estejam expostos à infecção por Babesia sp. gerando grande prejuízo econômico. Os gêneros Babesia e Plasmodium são hemoparasitas pertencentes ao filo Apicomplexa e apresentam características comuns no processo de invasão eritrocitária. A babesiose bovina causada por Babesia bigemina e Babesia bovis apresenta sinais clínicos similares a malária humana causada por Plasmodium vivax e Plasmodium falciparum. A glicoproteína Duffy é a única receptora para o P. vivax em humanos. A maioria dos indivíduos negros africanos é resistente a este parasita devido a uma mutação que provoca a ausência de expressão desta glicoproteína na superfície das hemácias. Tendo em vista este fato, e que animais da subespécie Bos taurus taurus são mais susceptíveis à babesiose quando comparados à animais Bos taurus indicus, objetivou-se neste trabalho a detecção e quantificação do antígeno Duffy na superfície dos eritrócitos de bovinos empregando para tal, anticorpo policlonal que permitisse investigar se as diferenças na susceptibilidade são devido a diferentes níveis de expressão do antígeno Duffy nas hemácias. Ensaios de ELISA mostraram que o anticorpo produzido foi capaz de reconhecer o antígeno Duffy presente nas hemácias bovinas e a análise quantitativa não demonstrou diferença significativa na presença do mesmo. Estes resultados sugerem que a resistência maior dos zebuínos à babesiose não se deve à ausência de expressão, ou à presença em menor quantidade do antígeno Duffy na superfície de suas hemácias.
Assuntos
Babesiose/veterinária , Bovinos/parasitologia , Eritrócitos/fisiologia , Glicoproteínas/isolamento & purificação , Anticorpos/isolamento & purificação , AntígenosRESUMO
Diversity in 26 microsatellite loci from section Caulorrhizae germplasm was evaluated by using 33 accessions of A. pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Gregory and ten accessions of Arachis repens Handro. Twenty loci proved to be polymorphic and a total of 196 alleles were detected with an average of 9.8 alleles per locus. The variability found in those loci was greater than the variability found using morphological characters, seed storage proteins and RAPD markers previously used in this germplasm. The high potential of these markers to detect species-specific alleles and discriminate among accessions was demonstrated. The set of microsatellite primer pairs developed by our group for A. pintoi are useful molecular tools for evaluating Section Caulorrhizae germplasm, as well as that of species belonging to other Arachis sections.
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The bush dog (Speothos venaticus) is a South American canid, included in the IBAMA (Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources) official list of animals threatened with extinction, in the vulnerable category. As a preservation and conservation strategy, specimens kept in captivity by Brazilian Institutions are monitored by a management plan. In order to characterize and analyze the genetic variability of bush dog specimens, a cytogenetic analysis was carried out, and microsatellite data were also obtained through the use of 15 primers, originally developed for the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). All tested primers showed transferability and amplified fragment sizes similar to those described for the canine genome. From the total number of primers, eight were tested, and presented two polymorphic regions. Regarding cytogenetic analysis, one of the animals had chromosomal mosaicism, disqualifying it as a reproducer to form stocks. Thus, we concluded that the genetic evaluation of wild animals kept in captivity provides data that can help with the practice of exchange between different institutions, avoiding problems in the reproductive capacity of the breeding stock.
O cachorro-vinagre (Speothos venaticus) é um canídeo sul americano que está na lista oficial do Ibama de animais ameaçados de extinção, na categoria vulnerável. Como estratégia de preservação e conservação, os espécimes mantidos em cativeiro por instituições brasileiras são acompanhados por um plano de manejo. Visando a caracterização genética e posterior análise de variabilidade genética de exemplares de cachorro-vinagre, foi feita a análise citogenética e testou-se a transferabilidade de 15 primers de regiões microssatélites desenvolvidos para o cachorro doméstico (Canis familiaris) para esta espécie de canídeo. Todos os primers testados mostraram transferabilidade, com fragmentos amplificados de tamanhos semelhantes aos descritos para o genoma canino. Do total de primers, oito foram testados em 25 animais cativos e, dentre estes, duas regiões apresentaram polimórficas. Em relação à análise citogenética, um dos animais analisados apresentou mosaicismo cromossômico, desqualificando-o para utilização como reprodutor na formação de plantéis. Os demais exemplares apresentaram padrão cariotípico esperado para a espécie. Desta forma, concluiu-se que a avaliação genética de animais silvestres criados em cativeiro fornece dados que podem auxiliar com a prática de intercâmbio entre animais de diferentes instituições, evitando o comprometimento na capacidade reprodutiva do plantel.
Assuntos
Cromossomos , Extinção Biológica , Repetições de Microssatélites , MosaicismoRESUMO
Leptin, thyroglobulin and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase play important roles in fat metabolism. Fat deposition has an influence on meat quality and consumers' choice. The aim of this study was to determine allele and genotype frequencies of polymorphisms of the bovine genes, which encode leptin (LEP), thyroglobulin (TG) and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT1). A further objective was to establish the effects of these polymorphisms on meat characteristics. We genotyped 147 animals belonging to the Nelore (Bos indicus), Canchim (5/8 Bos taurus + 3/8 Bos indicus), Rubia Gallega X Nelore (1/2 Bos taurus + 1/2 Bos indicus), Brangus Three-way cross (9/16 Bos taurus + 7/16 Bos indicus) and Braunvieh Three-way cross (3/4 Bos taurus + 1/4 Bos indicus) breeds. Backfat thickness, total lipids, marbling score, ribeye area and shear force were fitted, using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of the SAS software. The least square means of genotypes and genetic groups were compared using Tukey's test. Allele frequencies vary among the genetic groups, depending on Bos indicus versus Bos taurus influence. The LEP polymorphism segregates in pure Bos indicus Nelore animals, which is a new finding. The T allele of TG is fixed in Nelore, and DGAT1 segregates in all groups, but the frequency of allele A is lower in Nelore animals. The results showed no association between the genotypes and traits studied, but a genetic group effect on these traits was found. So, the genetic background remains relevant for fat deposition and meat tenderness, but the gene markers developed for Bos taurus may be insufficient for Bos indicus.
Assuntos
Animais , Tecido Adiposo , Bovinos/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Genótipo , Leptina/genética , Carne , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Interpretação Estatística de DadosRESUMO
The growth hormone 1 gene (GH1) is a candidate gene for body weight and weight gain in cattle since it plays a fundamental role in growth regulation. We investigated the GH1 gene AluI and DdeI restriction enzyme polymorphisms, located 149 bp apart in the cattle genome, as possible markers of the production potential of Canchim crossbreed cattle, a 5/8 Charolais (Bos taurus) and 3/8 Nelore (Bos indicus) breed developed in Brazil, by evaluating the birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight and plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentration of 7 month to 10 months old Canchim calves (n = 204) of known genealogy and which had been genotyped for the AluI and DdeI markers. Our results showed significant effect (p < 0.05) between the homozygous DdeI+/DdeI+ polymorphism and the estimated breeding value for weaning weight (ESB-WW), while the AluI leucine homozygous (L/L) and leucine/valine (L/V) heterozygous polymorphisms showed no significant effect on the traits studied. The restriction sites of the two enzymes led to the formation of haplotypes which also exerted a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the ESB-WW, with the largest difference being 8.5 kg in favor of the homozygous L plus DdeI+/L plus DdeI+ genotype over the heterozygous L plus DdeI-/V plus DdeI+ genotype.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos/genética , Hormônio do Crescimento , Polimorfismo Genético , Brasil , Marcadores Genéticos , Genótipo , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
The objectives of the present study were to estimate the allele and genotype frequencies of the GH1/Alu I and POU1F1/Hinf I polymorphisms in beef cattle belonging to different genetic groups and to determine the effects of these polymorphisms on growth and carcass traits in cattle submitted to feedlot management, an intensive production model. Genotyping was performed on 384 animals, including 79 Nellore, 30 Canchim (5/8 Charolais + 3/8 Zebu), 30 Simmental x Nellore crossbred and 245 Angus x Nellore crossbred cattle. Body weight, weight gain, dressing percentage, Longissimus dorsi area and backfat thickness were fitted using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of the SAS program and the least square means of the genotypes were compared using the F test. The results showed significant associations between the LL genotype of the GH1/Alu I polymorphism and higher weight gain and body weight at slaughter (p < 0.05). The POU1F1/Hinf I polymorphism did not have any effect on the growth and carcass traits analyzed.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Bovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Hormônio do CrescimentoRESUMO
Within about 30 years the Brazilian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) herd will reach approximately 50 million head as a result of the great adaptive capacity of these animals to tropical climates, together with the good productive and reproductive potential which make these animals an important animal protein source for poor and developing countries. The myostatin gene (GDF8) is important in the physiology of stock animals because its product produces a direct effect on muscle development and consequently also on meat production. The myostatin sequence is known in several mammalian species and shows a high degree of amino acid sequence conservation, although the presence of non-silent and silent changes in the coding sequences and several alterations in the introns and untranslated regions have been identified. The objective of our work was to characterize the myostatin coding regions of B. bubalis (Murrah breed) and to compare them with the Bos taurus regions looking for variations in nucleotide and protein sequences. In this way, we were able to identify 12 variations at DNA level and five alterations on the presumed myostatin protein sequence as compared to non double-muscled bovine sequences.
Assuntos
Animais , Búfalos/genética , Fatores de Regulação Miogênica , Proteína MyoD , Fator de Crescimento Transformador betaRESUMO
The objective of the present study was to estimate the allele and genotype frequencies of the CSN3/HinfI and LGB/HaeIII gene polymorphisms in beef cattle belonging to different genetic groups, and to determine the effects of these polymorphisms on growth and carcass traits in these animals, which are submitted to an intensive production model. Genotyping was performed on 79 Nelore, 30 Canchim (5/8 Charolais + 3/8 Zebu) and 275 crossbred cattle originating from the crosses of Simmental (n = 30) and Angus (n = 245) sires with Nelore females. Body weight, weight gain, dressing percentage, longissimus dorsi area and backfat thickness were fitted using the GLM procedure, and least square means of the genotypes were compared by the F test. The results showed that the CSN3/HinfI and LGB/HaeIII polymorphisms did not have any effect on growth or carcass traits (p > 0.05).
Assuntos
Animais , Caseínas , Bovinos/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Alelos , Bovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , GenótipoRESUMO
A presente investigação teve como objetivos: analisar animais presentes em diferentes criações de javalis no estado de São Paulo, com o intuito de auxiliar a identificação de javalis "puros" assim como javalis híbridos provenientes do cruzamento com o suíno doméstico, para tanto foram utilizadas avaliação do fenótipo dos animais, análises citogenéticas e da técnica molecular de RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA).O estudo do número de cromossomos nas células diplóides em 104 animais destinados a análise citogenética e fenotípica, revelou polimorfismo de 2n=36, 37 e 38 cromossomos. Por meio da técnica de bandamento GTG foi possível identificação da translocação Robertsoniana entre os cromossomos 15 e 17 como responsável por esse polimorfismo. Todavia, somente com a análise citogenética isolada, não foi possível determinar se a origem desse polimorfismo é decorrente das hibridações com o suíno doméstico ou se são características inerentes ao javali. Contudo, quando associado a análise citogenética com as características fenotípicas, foi possível identificar a existência de hibridações. A análise citogenética nos animais submetidos a técnica de RAPD, revelou 2n=36 cromossomos nos 16 javalis assim como 2n=38 cromossomos nos 11 suínos e, por meio dessa técnica, foram possíveis agrupamentos, separando o suíno doméstico, javali e um possível híbrido revelando-se uma técnica com potencial no auxílio da identificação de híbridos
Assuntos
Animais , Citogenética , Fenótipo , Técnica de Amplificação ao Acaso de DNA Polimórfico , Sus scrofaRESUMO
Paternity misidentification is harmful due to the reduction in annual genetic earnings of the population and because it endangers an efficient genetic improvement program. The objectives of the present study was to evaluate nine microsatellites in Paternity Testing and to investigate misidentification paternity frequency in families of Gyr breed bovines population. In the present experiment blood samples from forty Gir breed families ( bull / cow / calf ), registered pure breed in the Zebu Breeders Brazilian Association (ABCZ) were used. The most part of the microsatellites used in this work were recommended by the International Society of Animal Genetics (ISAG). The genomic DNA extraction was performed from whole blood samples. The microsatellites TGLA122, TGLA126, BM1824, BMS2533, SPS115, ETH3, ETH10, ETH225 and POTCHA were amplified by PCR. The amplification products were separated by electrophoresis in denaturing polyacrylamide gel. from the obtained data, allele frequencies, Gene Diversity, Polymorphism Informative Content and Probability of Exclusion for each microsatellite marker were calculated. the genotype frequencies, Heterozygosity, Combined Probability of Exclusion and Probability of Paternity have also been calculated in the considered families. The Combined Exclusion Probability for all microsatellites was around 0.9789. The Paternity Testing results showed misidentification in eleven of the 40 studied families, that means, 27.5 percent of the sample. The Paternity Probability ranged from 0.8691 to 0.9999, and the mean was 0.9512
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , DNA , PaternidadeRESUMO
The objective of the present study was to develop a methodology that would permit sexing bovine meat ready for commercialization. A male-specific primer sequence was used, followed by analysis of the amplified product. The method proved to be efficient for sex verification and is of practical utility in the prevention of fraud in beef sale