NORMAL VALUES OF ESOPHAGEAL 24-HOUR IMPEDANCE-PH AMBULATORY IN AN ARGENTINE COHORT OF HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS.

BACKGROUND: There are no data of reference values on 24-hour multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH (pH-MII) monitoring in Argentinian populations. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to obtain the normal values of pH-MII variables among healthy asymptomatic volunteers in a metropolitan Health Care Center of Argentina, and to compare them with data already published from other regions around the world. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was undertaken in a tertiary referral center in Buenos Aires. We enrolled healthy subjects and asked them to undergo esophageal pH-MII 24hours monitoring. pH-MII variables were recorded and described. RESULTS: Median reflux events was 20.5 (25-75%, 95%) interquartile range: (14-46, 50) and proximal reflux episodes was 2.5 (0-10, 11). Sixty percent were acid reflux episodes: 12 (5-29, 38), representing a relatively low value when compared to those reported in European, American and Chinese populations. CONCLUSION: Our study shows the first reference of normal values of gastroesophageal reflux in an Argentinian population. We found a total number of reflux events and a total number of proximal reflux events lower than what was reported until this date by other authors.

Valores normais de impedância-pHmetria de 24 horas em uma coorte de voluntários saudáveis na Argentina / Normal values of esophageal 24-hour impedance-ph ambulatory in an argentine cohort of healthy volunteers

ABSTRACT Background There are no data of reference values on 24-hour multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH (pH-MII) monitoring in Argentinian populations. Objective Our aim was to obtain the normal values of pH-MII variables among healthy asymptomatic volunteers in a metropolitan Health Care Center of Argentina, and to compare them with data already published from other regions around the world. Methods A cross-sectional study was undertaken in a tertiary referral center in Buenos Aires. We enrolled healthy subjects and asked them to undergo esophageal pH-MII 24hours monitoring. pH-MII variables were recorded and described. Results Median reflux events was 20.5 (25-75%, 95%) interquartile range: (14-46, 50) and proximal reflux episodes was 2.5 (0-10, 11). Sixty percent were acid reflux episodes: 12 (5-29, 38), representing a relatively low value when compared to those reported in European, American and Chinese populations. Conclusion Our study shows the first reference of normal values of gastroesophageal reflux in an Argentinian population. We found a total number of reflux events and a total number of proximal reflux events lower than what was reported until this date by other authors.

RESUMO Contexto Não há dados de valores de referência sobre o monitoramento de impedância intraluminal multicanal 24 horas e monitoramento de pH (pH-MII) em populações argentinas. Objetivo O objetivo foi obter os valores normais das variáveis pH-MII entre voluntários assintomáticos saudáveis em um centro metropolitano de saúde da Argentina, e compará-los com dados já publicados de outras regiões do mundo. Métodos Estudo transversal foi realizado em um centro de referência terciário em Buenos Aires. Foram recrutados indivíduos saudáveis para se submeterem ao monitoramento esofágico pH-MII 24 horas. As variáveis pH-MII foram registradas e descritas. Resultados A média de eventos de refluxo foi de 20,5 (25-75%, 95%) entre os episódios interquartis: (14-46, 50) e os episódios de refluxo proximal foram de 2,5 (0-10, 11). Sessenta por cento foram episódios de refluxo ácido: 12 (5-29, 38), representando um valor relativamente baixo quando comparado com os relatados em populações europeias, americanas e chinesas. Conclusão Nosso estudo mostra a primeira referência de valores normais de refluxo gastroesofágico em uma população argentina. Encontramos um número total de eventos de refluxo e um número total de eventos de refluxo proximal menor do que o relatado até esta data por outros autores.

Estudio de biomarcadores de inestabilidad microsatelital y blancos terapéuticos en cáncer colorrectal / Study of microsatellite instability biomarkers and therapeutic targets in colorectal cancer

INTRODUCCIÓN Si bien el testeo del status del sistema de reparación de errores tipo mismatch del ADN(MMR) es sumamente relevante en cáncer colorrectal (CCR) por sus implicancias pronósticas y predictivas, su implementación en nuestro sistema de salud ha sido parcial, desconociéndose su prevalencia en nuestras cohortes hospitalarias. Paralelamente, enmarcado en el desarrollo de nuevas terapias para CCR, el reposicionamiento de drogas, tales como la desmopresina y el propranolol, se rige como una alternativa costo-efectiva al desarrollo de novo de terapias antineoplásicas. OBJETIVOS determinar la prevalencia de deficiencia de MMR (dMMR) en muestras de CCR del Hospital "El Cruce" e integrar los resultados obtenidos con otros datos clínico-patológicos disponibles; y II) evaluar la expresión y el impacto pronóstico de las dianas terapéuticas de las drogas reposicionadas bajo estudio, los receptores AVPR2 y ADRB2 mediante estudios bioinformáticos. MÉTODOS El status MMR se evaluó mediante IHQ en un estudio ambispectivo en 133 muestras de CCR FFPE obtenidas de biopsias endoscópicas o muestras quirúrgicas. Para los estudios bioinformáticos se empleó la plataforma GEPIA2, usando bases clínicas de CCR (TCGA y GTEx). RESULTADOS Por primera vez se reportamos en nuestro país la prevalencia de CCR dMMR, con un valor de 9.77%, obteniéndose un patrón molecular de enzimas afectadas en línea con la literatura mprevia, confirmando su correlación con distintas variables clínicas de interés. Los datos se integraron men un registro digital basado en REDCap. Preliminarmente, se confirmó la expresión y el impacto pronóstico de AVPR2 y ADRB2 en tejido de CCR. DISCUSIÓN Se sientan las bases para profundizar los estudios de biomarcadores y blancos terapéuticos en CCR. La valoración de MMR podría conducir a un mejor manejo terapéutico y mestratificación del riesgo y deberían incluirse en el proceso de diagnóstico de todos los casos de CCR.

Inserción de prótesis metálicas autoexpandibles totalmente recubiertas en patología biliar benigna / Insertion of fully covered self-expanding metal stents in benign biliary diseases

Introducción: las enfermedades biliares benignas se han tratado, tradicionalmente, mediante la colocación de prótesis plásticas. Sin embargo, en la actualidad, las prótesis metálicas autoexpandibles totalmente recubiertas están ganando aceptación para el tratamiento de dichas patologías. Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia y las complicaciones de la inserción endoscópica temporal de prótesis metálicas totalmente recubiertas para el tratamiento de patologías biliares benignas. Materiales y métodos: estudio retrospectivo y observacional realizado a partir de una base de datos prospectiva en un centro de tercer nivel entre marzo de 2012 y mayo de 2016. Se incluyeron pacientes a los que se les colocó una prótesis metálica totalmente recubierta por patología benigna de la vía biliar. Se documentaron las indicaciones, las tasas de resolución, las de éxito técnico y los eventos adversos. Resultados: se incluyeron 31 pacientes a los que se insertaron 34 prótesis. Las indicaciones fueron las siguientes: 8 (25%) estenosis biliares poscolecistectomía, 11 (31%) coledocolitiasis de gran tamaño o múltiple, 3 (8,3%) fístulas biliares, 2 (6%) estenosis postrasplante hepático, 3 (8,3%) estenosis papilares, 2 (6%) perforaciones y 2 (6%) sangrados. La tasa de éxito global de resolución de la patológica fue del 88%: 87,5% (7/8) en estenosis poscolecistectomía, 73% (8/11) en litiasis gigante, y 100% en el resto de las indicaciones. Se retiraron mediante endoscopia 33 de las 34 tras un promedio de 133 días (rango 10-180 días). No se registraron complicaciones. Conclusión: las prótesis metálicas autoexpandibles totalmente recubiertas son una alternativa efectiva y segura en la resolución de patologías biliares benignas (AU)

Introduction: Benign biliary diseases are traditionally treated using plastic stents. However, fully covered self-expanding metal stents are currently gaining acceptance for the treatment of these pathologies. Objective: To assess the effectiveness and complications associated with the placement of temporary endoscopic fully covered self-expanding metal stents for the treatment of benign biliary diseases. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective and observational study using a prospective database from a tertiary care center from March 2012 to May 2016. Some patients that had a fully covered metal stent due to a benign biliary disease were also included. The indications, resolution, technical success rates and adverse events were documented. Results: 31 patients were included with a total of 34 stents inserted. The indications were as follows: 8 (25%) post cholecystectomy biliary stenoses, 11 (31%) large or multiple choledocholithiasis, 3 (8.3%) biliary fistulas, 2 (6%) post-liver transplant stenoses, 2 (8.3%) papillary stenoses, 2 (6%) perforations and 2 (6%) bleeds. The global resolution success rate of the stents for all pathologies was 88%, this included 87.5% (7/8) in post cholecystectomy stenoses, 73% (8/11) in large choledocholithiasis and 100% for the remaining indications. Thirty-three of 34 stents were removed after an average of 133 days (ranging from 10 to 180 days). No complications were registered. Conclusion: Fully covered self-expanding metal stents are an effective and reliable alternative for the resolution of benign biliary diseases (AU)

Insertion of fully covered self-expanding metal stents in benign biliary diseases.

INTRODUCTION: Benign biliary diseases are traditionally treated using plastic stents. However, fully covered self-expanding metal stents are currently gaining acceptance for the treatment of these pathologies. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness and complications associated with the placement of temporary endoscopic fully covered self-expanding metal stents for the treatment of benign biliary diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective and observational study using a prospective database from a tertiary care center from March 2012 to May 2016. Some patients that had a fully covered metal stent due to a benign biliary disease were also included. The indications, resolution, technical success rates and adverse events were documented. RESULTS: 31 patients were included with a total of 34 stents inserted. The indications were as follows: 8 (25%) post cholecystectomy biliary stenoses, 11 (31%) large or multiple choledocholithiasis, 3 (8.3%) biliary fistulas, 2 (6%) post-liver transplant stenoses, 2 (8.3%) papillary stenoses, 2 (6%) perforations and 2 (6%) bleeds. The global resolution success rate of the stents for all pathologies was 88%, this included 87.5% (7/8) in post cholecystectomy stenoses, 73% (8/11) in large choledocholithiasis and 100% for the remaining indications. Thirty-three of 34 stents were removed after an average of 133 days (ranging from 10 to 180 days). No complications were registered. CONCLUSION: Fully covered self-expanding metal stents are an effective and reliable alternative for the resolution of benign biliary diseases.

Reutilización de materiales de colangiografía endoscópica. Estudio prospectivo de minimización de costos / Reusing materials in endoscopic cholangiography. A prospective study on cost minimization

ANTECEDENTES: la colangiografía endoscópica enfrenta el desafío del control de costos en un área de constantes avances tecnológicos. La reutilización es el uso de un dispositivo médico más veces de las especificadas por el fabricante. Esta práctica se halla precedida por las maniobras de reprocesamiento y amparada por la legislación vigente. OBJETIVOS: cuantificar la reducción en el costo de los insumos y evaluar las complicaciones. Método: estudio prospectivo, descriptivo y análisis sobre minimización de costos comparando la reutilización de dispositivos médicos con el uso único de los mismos. RESULTADOS: durante un período de tres meses se realizaron 144 estudios. Con la estrategia de reutilización, se utilizaron: 9 papilótomos, 12 guías hidrofílica, 3 canastillas de Dormia, 4 balones extractor, 5 balones dilatadores y 2 cuchillos de precorte. Representó un costo total de U$ 10 943 (promedio de costo de materiales por cada estudio: U$ 76). Con la estrategia de uso único se hubieran utilizado: 144 papilótomos, 144 alambres guías, 24 canastillas de Dormia, 20 balones dilatadores, 72 balones extractores y 24 agujas de precorte. Esta estrategia hubiera generado un costo total de U$ 126 280 (promedio por estudio U$ 877). Al comparar los valores entre ambas estrategias observamos una minimización significativa en el costo (p< 0.001). No se registraron complicaciones. Conclusión: Con la estrategia de reutilización de los DM los costos se minimizaron significativamente sin generarse complicaciones

BACKGROUND: cost control is challenging endoscopic cholangiography in an area of constant technological advances. Reusing is using a medical device more times than what was specified by the manufacturer. This practice is preceded by reprocessing maneuvers and protected by the applicable laws. OBJECTIVES: to quantify the cost reduction of supplies and assess the complications. Method: a prospective descriptive study and an analysis of cost minimization by comparing the reuse and the single use of medical devices. Results: 144 studies were conducted during a period of three months. The reuse strategy included: 9 papillotomes, 12 hydrophilic guide wires, 3 Dormia baskets, 4 balloon extraction catheters, 5 balloon dilatation catheters and 2 pre-cut knives. It accounted for a total cost of USD 10,943 (average cost of materials per study: USD 76). The single-use strategy would have included: 144 papillotomes, 144 hydrophilic guide wires, 24 Dormia baskets, 20 balloon extraction catheters, 72 balloon dilatation catheters and 24 pre-cut needle knives. This strategy would have amounted to a total cost of USD 126,280 (average per study: USD 877). By comparing the values of both strategies, a significant minimization is seen in the cost (p< 0.001). No complications were seen. CONCLUSION: the strategy for reusing MD involveda significant minimization of costs without causing any complications.

Heterotopía Gástrica Rectal. Reporte de un Caso / Rectal Gastric Heterotopia. A Case Report

La mucosa gástrica heterotópica es una alteración caracterizada por la presencia de mucosa gástrica fuera del estómago siendo la ubicación más frecuente en esófago. La heterotopía gástrica del recto es un hallazgo infrecuente, con sólo 50 casos reportados hasta el momento, descripta por primera vez en 1939. A continuación, describimos un caso de heterotopía gástrica en recto haciendo una breve actualización de las manifestaciones, posibles etiologías y opciones terapéuticas.

Heterotopic gastric mucosa is an anomaly that is characterized by the appearance of gastric mucosa out of the stomach, usually in the esophagus. The gastric heterotopia in rectum is a rare finding -of which only 50 cases reported so far- that was first described in 1939. Below, we describe a case of gastric heterotopia in rectum briefly updating the manifestations, possible causes and therapeutic options.

Pancreatitis post-CPRE: ¿precorte temprano o prótesis pancreática?. Ensayo aleatorizado, multicéntrico y análisis de costo-efectividad / Post-ERCP pancreatitis: early precut or pancreatic duct stent? A multicenter, randomized-controlled trial and cost-effectiveness analysis

Introducción: la pancreatitis es la complicación más frecuente de la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE). La colocación de una prótesis pancreática es una medida preventiva. Hay evidencias, también, sobre el efecto protector que tendría la realización de un precorte temprano en los casos con canulación difícil. Objetivo: determinar y comparar el coste-efectividad entre la realización de precorte temprano y colocación de una prótesis pancreática en la prevención de pancreatitis post-CPRE. Métodos: estudio piloto, prospectivo, aleatorizado, multicéntrico y análisis de coste-efectividad entre precorte temprano (grupo A) y prótesis pancreática (grupo B) en la prevención de pancreatitis en pacientes de alto riesgo. Se incluyeron pacientes con canulación biliar dificultosa y otros factores de riesgo de pancreatitis. Se analizaron la efectividad y el coste de los procedimientos y sus complicaciones. Resultados: durante dos años se incluyeron 101 pacientes y se aleatorizaron 50 sujetos en el grupo de precorte y 51 sujetos en el grupo de prótesis. No hubo diferencias en las características demográficas de los participantes ni en las indicaciones del estudio. Se registraron dos pancreatitis leves en cada grupo. El coste fue de 1.242,6$ por paciente en el grupo A y 1.606,5$ por paciente en el grupo B. El coste del grupo B fue un 29,3% mayor (p < 0,0001). Conclusiones: el precorte temprano es más coste-eficaz que la prótesis pancreática en la prevención de pancreatitis post-CPRE (AU)

Background: Pancreatitis is the most frequent complication due to ERCP. Pancreatic duct stent placement has been described as a preventive measure. There is also evidence pointing towards the preventive effect that early precut may provide. Aim: To determine and compare the cost-effectiveness of an early precut approach versus pancreatic duct stent placement for the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Methods: This was a multicenter, randomized-controlled pilot study with a cost-effectiveness analysis performed between early precut (group A) and pancreatic duct stent (group B) for the prevention of pancreatitis in high-risk patients. Patients with a difficult biliary cannulation and at least one other risk factor for post-ERCP pancreatitis were enrolled and randomized to one of the treatment arms. Both effectiveness and costs of the procedures and their complications were analyzed and compared. Results: From November 2011 to November 2013, 101 patients were enrolled; 50 subjects were assigned to group A and 51 to group B. There were no significant differences in terms of baseline characteristics of patients between groups. Two cases of mild pancreatitis were observed in each group. The overall costs were U$ 1,242.6 per patient in group A and U$ 1,606.5 per patient in group B. The cost in group B was 29.3% higher (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Early precut showed a better cost-effectiveness profile when compared to pancreatic duct stent placement (AU)

Post-ERCP pancreatitis: early precut or pancreatic duct stent? A multicenter, randomized-controlled trial and cost-effectiveness analysis.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatitis is the most frequent complication due to ERCP. Pancreatic duct stent placement has been described as a preventive measure. There is also evidence pointing towards the preventive effect that early precut may provide. AIM: To determine and compare the cost-effectiveness of an early precut approach versus pancreatic duct stent placement for the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis. METHODS: This was a multicenter, randomized-controlled pilot study with a cost-effectiveness analysis performed between early precut (group A) and pancreatic duct stent (group B) for the prevention of pancreatitis in high-risk patients. Patients with a difficult biliary cannulation and at least one other risk factor for post-ERCP pancreatitis were enrolled and randomized to one of the treatment arms. Both effectiveness and costs of the procedures and their complications were analyzed and compared. RESULTS: From November 2011 to November 2013, 101 patients were enrolled; 50 subjects were assigned to group A and 51 to group B. There were no significant differences in terms of baseline characteristics of patients between groups. Two cases of mild pancreatitis were observed in each group. The overall costs were U$ 1,242.6 per patient in group A and U$ 1,606.5 per patient in group B. The cost in group B was 29.3% higher (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Early precut showed a better cost-effectiveness profile when compared to pancreatic duct stent placement.

Early precut is as efficient as pancreatic stent in preventing post-ERCP pancreatitis in high-risk subjects - A randomized study.

BACKGROUND: The most common adverse event of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is pancreatitis. Precut sphincterotomy has been regarded as a risk factor. Some authors have stated that early precut may actually reduce post-ERCP pancreatitis risk. However, early precut as a preventive measure has not been compared to other preventive measures, such as pancreatic duct stent placement. AIM: To compare the efficacy of early precut sphincterotomy versus pancreatic duct stent placement in high-risk subjects undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for the prevention of post-endoscopic cholangiopancreatography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a single-blinded, randomized trial that took place in two tertiary referral centers in Buenos Aires, from November 2011 to December 2013. ERCP subjects presented at least one of the following risk factors: female sex, age less than 40 years, clinical suspicion of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, previous pancreatitis, and/or common bile duct diameter of less than 8 mm. Only those who presented a difficult biliary cannulation were randomized into two groups: those who received early precut sphincterotomy and those in whom persistency of biliary cannulation was intended, with subsequent pancreatic duct stent placement after cholangiography was achieved. The incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis, as well as other adverse events incidence, was compared. RESULTS: Overall, 101 patients were enrolled, 51 in the pancreatic duct stent group and 50 in the early precut group. Pancreatitis rate was similar in both groups (3.92% vs 4%, p NS). In all cases, pancreatitis was classified as mild. There were no deaths registered. CONCLUSION: Early precut was associated with an incidence of adverse events similar to pancreatic duct stent placement.

Early precut is as efficient as pancreatic stent in preventing post-ERCP pancreatitis in high-risk subjects - A randomized study

Background: The most common adverse event of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is pancreatitis. Precut sphincterotomy has been regarded as a risk factor. Some authors have stated that early precut may actually reduce post-ERCP pancreatitis risk. However, early precut as a preventive measure has not been compared to other preventive measures, such as pancreatic duct stent placement. Aim: To compare the efficacy of early precut sphincterotomy versus pancreatic duct stent placement in high-risk subjects undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for the prevention of post-endoscopic cholangiopancreatography. Materials and methods: This was a single-blinded, randomized trial that took place in two tertiary referral centers in Buenos Aires, from November 2011 to December 2013. ERCP subjects presented at least one of the following risk factors: female sex, age less than 40 years, clinical suspicion of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, previous pancreatitis, and/or common bile duct diameter of less than 8 mm. Only those who presented a difficult biliary cannulation were randomized into two groups: those who received early precut sphincterotomy and those in whom persistency of biliary cannulation was intended, with subsequent pancreatic duct stent placement after cholangiography was achieved. The incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis, as well as other adverse events incidence, was compared. Results: Overall, 101 patients were enrolled, 51 in the pancreatic duct stent group and 50 in the early precut group. Pancreatitis rate was similar in both groups (3.92% vs. 4%, p NS). In all cases, pancreatitis was classified as mild. There were no deaths registered. Conclusion: Early precut was associated with an incidence of adverse events similar to pancreatic duct stent placement (AU)

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[Endoscopic ultrasound-guided choledocho-duodenostomy in advanced pancreatic cancer with duodenal obstruction]. / Colédoco-duodenostomía guiada por ecoendoscopía en cáncer de páncreas avanzado con obstrucción duodenal.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is considered the first-approach for biliary drainage. In cases of ERCP failure, patients are usually referred for percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage or surgical biliary bypass. In the last decade, the indications of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in the management of patients with pancreatic cancer have increased, and numerous cases of EUS-guided biliary drainage have been reported in patients with failures during the ERCP. Our goal is to report a patient with locally advanced pancreatic cancer who presented with painless jaundice and cholestasis with biliary and duodenal obstruction. A EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy was performed by placement of a self-expanding metal stent.

Colédoco-duodenostomía guiada por ecoendoscopia en cáncer de páncreas avanzado con obstrucción duodenal / Endoscopic ultrasound-guided choledocho-duodenostomy in advanced pancreatic cancer with duodenal obstruction

La colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) se considera el tratamiento de primera línea para el drenaje biliar en pacientes con cáncer de páncreas. En los casos de fracaso por CPRE, generalmente se realiza un drenaje biliar transparietohepático o una derivación biliar quirúrgica. En la última década, las indicaciones y la utilidad de la ecoendoscopia en pacientes con cáncer de páncreas han ido creciendo, y se han informado numerosos casos de drenajes biliares guiados por ecoendoscopia como una alternativa al drenaje biliar percutáneo o quirúrgico en fracasos en la CPRE. Nuestro objetivo es comunicar un caso con cáncer de páncreas localmente avanzado que se presentó con ictericia indolora y síndrome coledociano con obstrucción biliar y duodenal, en el que se realizó una colédoco-duodenostomía guiada por ecoendoscopia mediante la colocación de una prótesis metálica autoexpandible.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is considered the first-approach for biliary drainage. In cases of ERCP failure, patients are usually referred for percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage or surgical biliary bypass. In the last decade, the indications of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in the management of patients with pancreatic cancer have increased, and numerous cases of EUS-guided biliary drainage have been reported in patients with failures during the ERCP. Our goal is to report a patient with locally advanced pancreatic cancer who presented with painless jaundice and cholestasis with biliary and duodenal obstruction. A EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy was performed by placement of a self-expanding metal stent.

Esfinterotomía más dilatación con balones de grandes volúmenes versus esfinterotomía en la extracción de litiasis complejas: análisis prospectivo / Sphincterotomy plus large balloon dilation versus sphincterotomy alone for the extraction of complex lithiasis: a prospective analysis

ANTECEDENTES Y PROPÓSITO: la esfinterotomía mediana asociada a dilatación con balones de grandes volúmenes es una alternativa a la esfinterotomía amplia en la remoción de litiasis complejas pero no resulta claro cuál de las dos técnicas es más efectiva. Nosotros comparamos ambos métodos de manera prospectiva. MÉTODO: desde enero de 2012 hasta marzo de 2014 se incluyeron en forma consecutiva 133 pacientes con litiasis complejas. Al grupo A se le realizó esfinterotomía mediana asociada a dilatación con balones de grandes volúmenes y al grupo B esfinterotomía amplia. Se evaluaron las tasas de éxito en la extracción de litiasis, tasa de permeabilidad ductal, la utilización de litotripcia mecánica, dosis, tiempo y dosis por área de la radioscopia y complicaciones vinculadas al procedimiento. RESULTADOS: el grupo A tuvo 44 pacientes y el grupo B 69. La tasa de éxito global en la extracción fue de 86,4% en el grupo A y 70% en el grupo B (p = 0,069). En las litiasis gigantes la efectividad en la extracción fue de 89,3% en el grupo A y 58,6% en el grupo B (p = 0,019). El porcentaje de utilización de litotripcia mecánica fue de 15,9% y 30,4%, respectivamente (p = 0,142). La dosis total de radiación fue de 39,8 mGy vs. 26,2 mGy, respectivamente (p= 0,134). Se presentaron complicaciones en el 6,8% y 5,5% de los procedimientos de cada grupo sin diferencias significativas (p = 0,856). CONCLUSIÓN: la técnica de esfinterotomía con dilatación resulta más efectiva e igualmente segura que la esfinterotomía convencional en el manejo de la coledocolitiasis gigante

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Mid-size sphincterotomy associated with large balloon dilation is an alternative to wide sphincterotomy to remove complex lithiases. However, which of the two techniques is most effective remains unclear. Hence, we conducted this study to compare both methods prospectively. Method: Since January 2012 until March 2014, 133 consecutive patients with complex stones were included. Group A underwent mid-size sphincterotomy associated with large balloon dilation and group B underwent wide sphincterotomy alone. Success rates were assessed for: Extraction of stones, ductal patency rate, the use of mechanical lithotripsy, dose, time and dose per radioscopy area as well as procedure-related complications. Results: Group A comprised 44 patients and group B comprised 69 patients. Overall success rate for extraction was 86.4% in group A and 70% in group B (p = 0.069). In giant lithiasis, effective extraction was 89.3% in group A and 58.6% in group B (p = 0.019). Use of mechanical lithotripsy was 15.9% and 30.4%, respectively (p = 0.142). Total radiotherapy dose was 39.8 mGy vs. 26.2 mGy, respectively (p = 0.134). Complications occurred in 6.8% and 5.5% of the procedures in each group, without significant differences among them (p = 0.856). Conclusion: Sphincterotomy plus large balloon dilation is more effective and equally safe than conventional sphincterotomy for the management of giant main bile duct lithiasis

Tumores hiliares biliares: ¿drenaje endoscópico o percutáneo? Análisis prospectivo / Hilar bile duct tumors: endoscopic or percutaneous drainage? A prospective analysis

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO: existen dos técnicas válidas para el drenaje de los tumores hiliares: el abordaje endoscópico y el percutáneo. Nuestro objetivo primario fue reportar la efectividad y las complicaciones de estos procedimientos. MÉTODOS: análisis prospectivo observacional referido al manejo endoscópico y/o percutáneo de todos los tumores hiliares intervenidos en un hospital de tercer nivel desde octubre de 2011 a octubre de 2014. El grupo A representó a los pacientes abordados endoscópicamente, y el grupo B incluyó aquellos con drenaje percutáneo. Se analizaron las siguientes variables: tasa de drenaje biliar efectivo, tiempo de sobrevida y complicaciones. RESULTADOS: el grupo A tuvo 40 pacientes y el grupo B 22. La tasa de éxito global en lograr un drenaje biliar efectivo fue del 85% en el grupo A y del 90,9% en el grupo B (p = 0,78). En cinco pacientes se requirió un abordaje combinado. La efectividad del grupo A en el drenaje de pacientes con tumores tipo Bismuth IV fue del 58,3%, mientras que el grupo B alcanzó el 81,8% (p = 0,44). La sobrevida media de los pacientes no presentó diferencias estadísticas entre ambos grupos. En el grupo A la tasa de complicaciones alcanzó un 11,5% mientras que en el B fue de 2,94% (p = 0,41). CONCLUSIONES: el drenaje biliar endoscópico y el percutáneo son métodos efectivos en el tratamiento paliativo de los tumores hiliares. Sin embargo, en estenosis tipo Bismuth IV, el drenaje percutáneo resultó más efectivo y seguro

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Both the endoscopic and the percutaneous approach are widely accepted for the drainage of hilar tumors. Our primary objective was to report on the effectiveness and complications of these procedures. METHODS: Prospective observational analysis of the endoscopic and/or percutaneous management of all hilar tumors treated at a referral hospital from October 2011 until October 2014. Group A included patients treated endoscopically and group B included patients treated with percutaneous drainage. The following variables were assessed: Effective biliary drainage rate, survival time and complications. RESULTS: Group A comprised 40 patients and group B, 22 patients. Overall success rate in achieving effective biliary drainage was 85% in group A and 90.9% in group B (p = 0.78). Five patients required a combined approach. In group A, the rate of effective drainage in patients with Bismuth IV-type tumors was 58.3%, while it was 81.8% in patients in group B (p = 0.44). There was no difference in mean survival between both groups. For group A, complication rate was 11.5%, whereas it was 2.94% for group B (p = 0.41). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic and percutaneous biliary drainage are both effective methods for the palliative treatment of patients with hilar tumors. However, for Bismuth IV-type strictures, percutaneous drainage proved to be safer and more effective

[Sphincterotomy plus large balloon dilation versus sphincterotomy alone for the extraction of complex lithiasis: A prospective analysis]. / Esfinterotomía más dilatación con balones de grandes volúmenes versusesfinterotomía en la extracción de litiasis complejas: análisis prospective.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Mid-size sphincterotomy associated with large balloon dilation is an alternative to wide sphincterotomy to remove complex lithiases. However, which of the two techniques is most effective remains unclear. Hence, we conducted this study to compare both methods prospectively. METHOD: Since January 2012 until March 2014, 133 consecutive patients with complex stones were included. Group A underwent mid-size sphincterotomy associated with large balloon dilation and group B underwent wide sphincterotomy alone. Success rates were assessed for: Extraction of stones, ductal patency rate, the use of mechanical lithotripsy, dose, time and dose per radioscopy area as well as procedure-related complications. RESULTS: Group A comprised 44 patients and group B comprised 69 patients. Overall success rate for extraction was 86.4% in group A and 70% in group B (p = 0.069). In giant lithiasis, effective extraction was 89.3% in group A and 58.6% in group B (p = 0.019). Use of mechanical lithotripsy was 15.9% and 30.4%, respectively (p = 0.142). Total radiotherapy dose was 39.8 mGy vs. 26.2 mGy, respectively (p = 0.134). Complications occurred in 6.8% and 5.5% of the procedures in each group, without significant differences among them (p = 0.856). CONCLUSION: Sphincterotomy plus large balloon dilation is more effective and equally safe than conventional sphincterotomy for the management of giant main bile duct lithiasis.

[Hilar bile duct tumors: Endoscopic or percutaneous drainage? A prospective analysis]. / Tumores hiliares biliares: ¿drenaje endoscópico o percutáneo?Análisis prospective.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Both the endoscopic and the percutaneous approach are widely accepted for the drainage of hilar tumors. Our primary objective was to report on the effectiveness and complications of these procedures. METHODS: Prospective observational analysis of the endoscopic and/or percutaneous management of all hilar tumors treated at a referral hospital from October 2011 until October 2014. Group A included patients treated endoscopically and group B included patients treated with percutaneous drainage. The following variables were assessed: Effective biliary drainage rate, survival time and complications. RESULTS: Group A comprised 40 patients and group B, 22 patients. Overall success rate in achieving effective biliary drainage was 85% in group A and 90.9% in group B (p = 0.78). Five patients required a combined approach. In group A, the rate of effective drainage in patients with Bismuth IV-type tumors was 58.3%, while it was 81.8% in patients in group B (p = 0.44). There was no difference in mean survival between both groups. For group A, complication rate was 11.5%, whereas it was 2.94% for group B (p = 0.41). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic and percutaneous biliary drainage are both effective methods for the palliative treatment of patients with hilar tumors. However, for Bismuth IV-type strictures, percutaneous drainage proved to be safer and more effective.

[Quality and competence in endoscopic cholangiography. Towards certainty]. / Calidad y competencia en colangiografía endoscópica. Rumbo a lo seguro.

INTRODUCTION: The American Society of Gastroenterology (ASGE) and the American College of Gastroenterolog (ACG) have established indicators to recognize high-quality studies in endoscopic retrograde cholagiopancreatography (ERCP). The indicators were: a) Pre-procedure: adequate indication, informed consent, assessment of the degree of difficulty of the procedure and antibiotic prophylaxis. b) Intraprocedure: cannulation, choledocholithiasis extraction and stents placement rates. c) Postprocedure: full documentation and complications rates. METHODS: Between October 2010 and October 2012 we performed a retrospective, descriptive, observational and self-evaluative study to assess the compliance with ERCP quality indicators proposed by the ASGE. RESULTS: Preprocedural indicators were evaluated in 734 studies. Cannulation, choledocolithiasis extraction and stents placement under the hiliar bifurcation rates were 96.2%, 95.4% and 100%, respectively. The complication rate was 5.6% and the mortality was 0.27%. The severity of complications was evaluated according to the classification of Masci (30 mild, 7 moderate and 4 severe). CONCLUSIONS: Quality is a basic tool that allows the comparison between our actions and the indicators already predetermined as suitable. The appropriate indication is an indicator to improve. We believe that 12% of registered normal studies could be due to a difficult accessibility to magnetic resonance cholangiography in our health system. Achievement of the internationally validated indicators place us as a high-quality endoscopic cholagiography unit and as a training center with appropriate expertise.

[Colorectal cancer: epidemiologic characteristics in a hospital center of Rosario, Argentina]. / Cáncer colorrectal: características epidemiológicas en un centro endoscópico hospitalario de Rosario, Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: To obtain clinical and epidemiological information that could be relevant for the purpose of screening and diagnostic strategies in colorectal cancer (CRC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive, observational study was performed during a three year-period at the Hospital Provincial del Centenario in Rosario, Argentina. A population of symptomatic patients referred for colonoscopic examination was evaluated after the histopathologic diagnosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma was made. A total of 1.543 colonoscopies was evaluated. Relevant information was retrieved from clinical records, and endoscopic, pathologic and tomography examinations. RESULTS: Eighty six cases of CRC were diagnosed, with an incidence rate of CRC in the study population of 5.6%. Eighty six percent of patients were older than 50 years. Seventy five percent of tumors were located in the sigmoid colon and rectum. Synchronic lesions were found in 5.8% of tumor cases. Type 2 stenotic lesions were preferentially found in the left colon, whereas the site of most type 1 lesions was within the right colon. Most tumors (89.70%) were moderately well-differentiated adenocarcinomas. The most frequent site of metastases was the liver (64%). CONCLUSIONS: In this population of symptomatic patients, 75% of colorectal tumors were found in the sigmoid colon and rectum, with 5.8% of cases showing a second, synchronous tumor. More than 80% of neoplastic lesions occurred in patients aged 50 or older and almost 90% were moderately well-differentiated adenocarcinomas. These data suggest guidelines for a proper strategy to prevent CRC.