A scalable dynamic characterisation approach for water quality management in semi-enclosed seas and archipelagos.

In semi-enclosed seas, eutrophication may affect both the coastal waters and the whole sea. We develop and test a modelling approach that can account for nutrient loads from land as well as for influences and feedbacks on water quality across the scales of a whole semi-enclosed sea and its coastal zones. We test its applicability in the example cases of the Baltic Sea and one of its local archipelagos, the Archipelago Sea. For the Baltic Sea scale, model validation shows good representation of surface water quality dynamics and a generally moderate model performance for deeper waters. For the Archipelago Sea, management scenario simulations show that successful sea measures may have the most important effects on coastal water quality. This highlights the need to consistently account for whole-sea water-quality dynamics and management effects, in addition to effects of land drivers, in modelling for characterisation and management of local water quality.

Erosion rate study at the Allchar deposit (Macedonia) based on radioactive and stable cosmogenic nuclides (26Al, 36Cl, 3He, and 21Ne).

This paper focuses on constraining the erosion rate in the area of the Allchar Sb-As-Tl-Au deposit (Macedonia). It contains the largest known reserves of lorandite (TlAsS2), which is essential for the LORanditeEXperiment (LOREX), aimed at determining the long-term solar neutrino flux. Because the erosion history of the Allchar area is crucial for the success of LOREX, we applied terrestrial in situ cosmogenic nuclides including both radioactive (26Al and 36Cl) and stable (3He and 21Ne) nuclides in quartz, dolomite/calcite, sanidine, and diopside. The obtained results suggest that there is accordance in the values obtained by applying 26Al, 36Cl, and 21Ne for around 85% of the entire sample collection, with resulting erosion rates varying from several tens of m/Ma to ∼165 m/Ma. The samples from four locations (L-8 CD, L1b/R, L1c/R, and L-4/ADR) give erosion rates between 300 and 400 m/Ma. Although these localities reveal remarkably higher values, which may be explained by burial events that occurred in part of Allchar, the erosion rate estimates mostly in the range between 50 and 100 m/Ma. This range further enables us to estimate the vertical erosion rate values for the two main ore bodies Crven Dol and Centralni Deo. We also estimate that the lower and upper limits of average paleo-depths for the ore body Centralni Deo from 4.3 Ma to the present are 250-290 and 750-790 m, respectively, whereas the upper limit of paleo-depth for the ore body Crven Dol over the same geological age is 860 m. The estimated paleo-depth values allow estimating the relative contributions of 205Pb derived from pp-neutrino and fast cosmic-ray muons, respectively, which is an important prerequisite for the LOREX experiment.

Modeling water and nutrients fluxes in the Büyük Menderes drainage basin, Turkey.

Büyük Menderes catchment, located in the southwestern part of Turkey, is one of the most populated river basins in Turkey with 2.5 millions inhabitants. Due to increasing activities in agriculture and industrial sectors, water resources management in the basin is one of the biggest matters for the future. During the past decade, it has been observed a basinwide shift to larger monocultural, intensively operated farm units. Therefore, there is land use conversion from native lands to agriculture. The threat of nutrients pollution, nitrogen and phosphorus, has become a preoccupation since many lands and rivers undergo a eutrophication process. The discharge of nutrients from Büyük Menderes basin to the Aegean Sea through Büyük Menderes river also needs to be reduced in order to bring the eutrophication problems under lasting control. In this paper, the PolFlow model embedded in PCraster is applied to the catchment for quantifying water and substances fluxes for the five-year period, 1999-2004. The implementation of the model in the catchment allows describing the water balance and thus nutrient transport on the landscape surface but also through the soil and aquifer's layers. Modeling process is complicated by the transfer of nutrients from diffuse and point-source emissions, managed by retention and periodic release from storages within the catchment. Modeling diffuse and point-source nutrient emissions contribution to river loads can be improved by better knowledge about spatial and temporal distribution of this retention and release in the basin.

[Anatomical and functional outcome in nonoperative management of patients with fractures of the distal radial bone].

Tracking of anatomical and functional results obtained after non-surgical treatment of the distal radius included 115 patients in total, of whom 51 cases were available to be analysed and processed within this work. Tracking of the results was based upon Anatomical Score System and Gartland-Werley Score System. The final numerical results obtained through Anatomical Score were the following:excellent in 12 cases (23.52%), good in 30 cases (58.82%), satisfactory in 8 cases (15.68%), dissatisfactory in 1 case (1.96%). According to the Gartland-Werley Score System, the final results included: excellent in 19 cases (37.25%), good in 24 cases (47.00%), satisfactory in 7 cases (13.72%), dissatisfactory in 1 case (1.96%). This work also presents correlation between Residual Deformity score, Subjective Hardship score and Objective dysfunction, with the results obtained by Anatomical score and Gartland-Werley total score. The possibility of dissatisfactory results obtained by radiological screening followed by dissatisfactory outcome is described in literature; however, dissatisfactory screening results could be found in up to 31.7% of cases with satisfactory clinical findings. Our work records 15.7% of the latter cases. We might say that non-surgical treatment is not to be accepted as the only and exclusive approach to distal radius fracture. Thus, proper evaluation is mandatory.

[Comminuted intra-articular fractures of distal humerus treated with minimal fixation, one of treatment options].

Fractures of distal humerus on human skeleton are rare and intraarticular fractions of distal part of humerus occur even less freqvently, they comprise abouth 3% of fractures of humerus. However,these fractures can result in a functional deficiency of elbow joint and permanent disability. The main goal if our work was to present one of the surgical treatment options of this kind of fracture with minimal amount of fixation material. Treatment result were evaluated by Broberg-Morrey score system. Pilot study consisted of eight patient with comminuted type IV fracture of distal humerus during 2004-2005 time period. Comminuted fracture was fixed with minimal amount of material: a Kirchner needle and a screw. Patient treatment progress was evaluated initially and followed up after four, nine and twenty four months by B-M score after removal of cast and bone fixing material. The results of the B-M score after four months were: excellent in 0 patient, good in 2 patients, fair in 4 patients and poor in 2 patients. After physical therapy and follow up check- up at the end of nine months the result were: excellent in 3 patients, good in 3 patients, fair in 2 patients and no patients had shown poor result. This B-M score result was identical after 24 months follow up with minor deviations in range of motions of elbow, which did not influence the final result of B-M score.

[Late methylene blue appearance in urine after local treatment of cutaneous fistula in hip osteomyelitis as a first sign of renal failure].

Methylene blue is a dark green crystal. In medicine it is used as water or alcohol solution. Methaemoglobinemia, hypotension, septic shock are some of many diseases that are treated with methylene blue. In surgery methylene blue is used in diagnostic procedures such as a fistula detection or detection of the parathyroids glands, and for the delineation of certain body tissues during surgery. In patient with normal renal function methylene blue is appearing in urine in a few minutes after intravenous administration. In our patient who was 70-year-old we remarked interesting phenomena after we instillation methylene blue into the fistila channel during local treatment of hip osteomyelitis. Methylene blue appeared in urine two days after local treatment, coloring the urine light green and color elimination time was prolonged in few days. These parameters induced as to suspect in renal failure. That was prowed after urological, laboratory and radiology examination.

Excitatory action of hypocretin/orexin on neurons of the central medial amygdala.

The neurons of the lateral hypothalamus that contain hypocretin/orexin (hcrt/orx) are thought to promote arousal through the excitatory action they exert on the multiple areas to which they project within the CNS. We show here that the hcrt/orx peptides can also exert a strong action on the amygdala, a structure known for its implication in emotional aspects of behavior. Indeed, the hcrt/orx peptides, applied in acute rat brain slices, excite a specific class of "low threshold burst" neurons in the central medial (CeM) nucleus which is considered as a major output of the amygdala. These excitatory effects are postsynaptic, mediated by Hcrt2/OX2 receptors and result from the closure of a potassium conductance. They occur on a class of neurons that are also excited by vasopressin acting through V1a receptors. These results suggest that the hcrt/orx system can act through the amygdala to augment arousal and evoke the autonomic and behavioral responses associated with fear, stress or emotion.

Quantum smectic as a dislocation Higgs phase.

The theory describing quantum smectics in 2+1 dimensions, based on topological quantum melting is presented. This is governed by a dislocation condensate characterized by an ordering of Burger's vector and this "dual shear superconductor" manifests itself in the form of a novel spectrum of phononlike modes.

Nutrient transport scenarios in a changing Stockholm and Mälaren valley region, Sweden.

Norrström catchment, west of Stockholm, covers most of the Mälaren valley. Provision of drinking water from Lake Mälaren is an absolute precondition for continued growth in the region. Stockholm County's population is expected to increase by 600,000 people before 2030. Current climate change predictions anticipate significant temperature and precipitation increases. We implement the PolFlow model embedded in PCRaster for quantifying water and substances fluxes on the catchment scale over a 30-year time horizon. We formulate scenarios for changes in water quality and quantity due to climate change and population development. Results indicate a mild impact from climate change on surface flow rates but substantial effects on sub-surface residence times. Population development slightly affects nutrients loads. Using source apportionment and sensitivity analysis, we identify a number of critical parameters/processes to be further studied, in order for future results to be more reliable and usable in a water resources management context.

Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy for the A+B-->P reaction in transitional flows.

We study global decay of the bimolecular reaction A+B-->P as c(t) approximately t(-alpha) in a nonlinear transitional flow. A relationship is established between the decay exponent alpha, and a modified Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy, hr. We find that for dynamic conditions which induce relatively strong mixing, the decay exponent is alpha is proportional to ln psi(-Bhr) with B being a characteristic reactive mix-down time for the system, and psi is a space-time scaling parameter. Dynamic conditions which imply weak mixing lead to a degenerate dependence of alpha on hr. The proposed relationship between alpha on hr should be a useful link between the dynamical evolution of the flow field and reaction kinetics in vortex dominated flows.

Diencephalic neurons producing melanin-concentrating hormone are influenced by local and multiple extra-hypothalamic tachykininergic projections through the neurokinin 3 receptor.

As melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons express the neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3) in the rat diencephalon, their innervation by tachykininergic fibers, the origin of this innervation and the effect of a NK3 agonist on MCH mRNA expression were researched. The obtained results show that the tachykininergic system develops complex relationships with MCH neurons. Overall, MCH cell bodies appeared targeted by both NKB- and SP-inputs. These afferents have multiple hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic origins, but a local (intra-lateral hypothalamic area) origin from small interneurons was suspected as well. MCH cell bodies do not express NK1, but around 2.7% of the MCH neurons contained SP after colchicine injection. Senktide, a NK3 agonist, produced an increase of the MCH mRNA expression in cultured hypothalamic slices. This effect was reversed by two NK3 antagonists. Tachykinins enhance MCH mRNA expression, and, thus, may modulate the effect of MCH in functions such as feeding and reproductive behaviors in which this peptide has been experimentally involved.

New scaling law for the decay exponent of bimolecular reactions in unbounded transitional flows.

We propose a new scaling law for global kinetics of the stoichiometric reaction A+B-->P in unsteady, transitional flows. We find in the nonlinear flow regime the decay as approximately t(-alpha) where alpha is related to a space-time scaling parameter psi as alpha proportional, variant psi(m), for the considered parameter range m=0.067. In the linear flow regime, we find that the maximum is alpha approximately 2/3 for psi approximately 1. The proposed scaling law should be useful for linking dynamical subgrid processes with reaction kinetics in a variety of transitional flow systems.

Evidence of melanin-concentrating hormone-containing neurons supplying both cortical and neuroendocrine projections.

In the rat, melanin-concentrating hormone-containing projections are detected in the median eminence and in the neural lobe of the pituitary. After vascular injections of the retrograde tracers fluorogold or fastblue, melanin-concentrating hormone neurons are retrogradely labeled in the rostromedial zona incerta and adjacent perifornical region. These neurons may be the source of the melanin-concentrating hormone projections toward the median eminence and posterior pituitary, and may release their secretory products into the bloodstream. After fastblue injections in the cerebral cortex and vascular fluorogold injections, some melaninconcentrating hormone neurons contain both tracers, indicating that they send collaterals in the cerebral cortex and in the median eminence/posterior pituitary. No such collaterals have been described for the classical neuroendocrine systems. The melanin-concentrating hormone system is thought to play a role in arousal in correlation with specific goal oriented behaviors such as feeding or reproduction. Some MCH neurons may be involved in such functions by modulating directly cortical activity as well as being neuroendocrine.

Time of genesis determines projection and neurokinin-3 expression patterns of diencephalic neurons containing melanin-concentrating hormone.

Anatomical and functional evidence suggests that the diencephalic melanin-concentrating hormone- (MCH-) containing neurons do not form a homogeneous population. In this work, the expression of the neurokinin-3 receptor (NK3) has been researched in MCH neurons which have been retrogradely labelled following fast blue injections into either the spinal cord or the cerebral cortex. The birth-date of these cortically and spinally projecting cells has been determined using the bromodeoxyuridine method. The results obtained show that neurons projecting to the spinal cord are born early (E11) and most of them (78,7%) do not express NK3, but neurons that send axons to the cerebral cortex are born later (E12-E13) and most of them (84,8%) express NK3. Both neuronal types are largely intermingled in the lateral hypothalamic area proper. These results are discussed in terms of the functional organization of the MCH neuronal population.

Transport with multiple-rate exchange in disordered media.

We investigate transport of particles subject to exchange using the continuous-time random-walk framework. Transition is controlled by macroscale, and exchange by both macroscale and microscale disorder. A wide class of exchange mechanisms is represented using the multiple-rate exchange model. Particles are transported along random trajectories viewed as one-dimensional lattices. The solution of the transport problem is obtained in the form of the crossing-time density, h(t;L), at an exit surface L; h is dependent on two functions, g and f. g characterizes exchange controlled by microscale disorder. The joint density f is central for the solution as it relates the microscale and macroscale disorder along random trajectories. For the case of transition and exchange disorder, we show that power-law exponent eta (characterizing microscale disorder) and power-law exponents alpha(tau) and alpha(mu) (characterizing macroscale disorder), define two regions delimited by a line alpha(tau)=alpha(mu)(eta+1): One in which the asymptotic transport is dominated by transition, and one in which it is dominated by the exchange. For the case of transition disorder with uniform exchange, both transition and exchange can influence the late-time behavior of h(t). Microscale exchange processes will unconditionally influence the late-time behavior of h(t) only if eta<0. If eta>0, exchange will dominate at late time provided that transition is asymptotically Gaussian.

Significance of kinetics for sorption on inorganic colloids: modeling and experiment interpretation issues.

A two-site kinetic model for solute sorption on inorganic colloids is developed. The model quantifies linear first-order sorption on two types of sites ("fast" and "slow") characterized by two pairs of rates (forward and reverse). We use the model to explore data requirements for long-term predictive calculations of colloid-facilitated transport and to evaluate laboratory kinetic sorption data of Lu et al.. Five batch sorption data sets are considered with plutonium as the tracer and montmorillonite, hematite, silica, and smectite as colloids. Using asymptotic results applicable on the time scale of limited duration experiments, a robust estimation procedure is developed for the fast-site partitioning coefficient K(C) and the slow forward rate alpha. The estimated range of K(C) is 1.1-76 L/g, and the range for alpha is 0.0017-0.02 1/h. The fast reverse rate k(r) is estimated in the range 0.012-0.1 1/h. Comparison of one-site and two-site sorption interpretations reveals the difficulty in discriminating between the two models for montmorillonite and to a lesser extent for hematite. For silica and smectite, the two-site model clearly provides a better representation of the data as compared with a single site model. Kinetic data for silica are available for different colloid concentrations (0.2 g/L and 1 g/L). For the range of experimental conditions considered, alpha appears to be independent of colloid concentration.

Effect of heterogeneity on radionuclide retardation in the alluvial aquifer near Yucca Mountain, Nevada.

The U.S. Department of Energy is currently studying Yucca Mountain, Nevada, as a potential site for a geological high-level waste repository. In the current conceptual models of radionuclide transport at Yucca Mountain, part of the transport path to pumping locations would be through an alluvial aquifer. Interactions with minerals in the alluvium are expected to retard the downstream migration of radionuclides, thereby delaying arrival times and reducing ground water concentrations. We evaluate the effectiveness of the alluvial aquifer as a transport barrier using the stochastic Lagrangian framework. A transport model is developed to account for physical and chemical heterogeneities and rate-limited mass transfer between mobile and immobile zones. The latter process is caused by small-scale heterogeneity and is thought to control the macroscopic-scale retardation in some field experiments. A geostatistical model for the spatially varying sorption parameters is developed from a site-specific database created from hydrochemical measurements and a calibrated modeling approach (Turner and Pabalan 1999). Transport of neptunium is considered as an example. The results are sensitive to the rate of transfer between mobile and immobile zones, and to spatial variability in the hydraulic conductivity. Chemical heterogeneity has only a small effect, as does correlation between hydraulic conductivity and the neptunium distribution coefficient. These results illustrate how general sensitivities can be explored with modest effort within the Lagrangian framework. Such studies complement and guide the application of more detailed numerical simulations.

Organotypic culture of neuroepithelium attached to olfactory bulb from adult mouse as a tool to study neuronal regeneration after ZnSO4 neuroepithelial trauma.

Chemical destruction of the olfactory mucosa leads to a neuronal regeneration. A new organotypic culture model is perfected to improve the regenerating processes study. Explants of neuroepithelium attached to olfactory bulbs were removed from adult mice and cultured, 12 h after ZnSO4 intranasal application. After 3 days in culture, explants showed a necrosis in the olfactory epithelium and a thinning of the olfactory bulb nervous layer. From the fifth day of culture, and mostly the tenth, new cells showed positive immunoreactivity with the olfactory marker protein (OMP), meaning they were regenerating olfactory neurons. Simultaneously, OMP immunoreactivity increased in the nervous and glomerular layers of the olfactory bulb, indicating epithelio-bulbar reconnection. This organotypic culture model could allow further investigations on the regenerating process kinetic.

[The surgical anatomy of the sublingual gland]. / Anatomie chirurgicale de la glande sublinguale.

Because of its position, the sublingual gland is clinically important especially in the events of injuries and infections in the anterior part of the sublingual region. The morphology and relationships of this gland were studied by dissection methods applied on 80 fresh or formaldehyde fixed preparations of the mouth floor and of the tongue, which were partly (31 preparations) taken out together with the mandible. As for the shape of the gland, three main types were found: the cuneiform type which was the most frequent (71%), the pyramidal type which was less frequent (16%) and the fusiform type (13%) which comprised the case of a very elongated gland (up to 65 mm). The space in which the gland lied had four walls. Its internal wall consisted of the mylohyoid muscle and it comprised the hyoglossus muscle as well when the gland was very elongated. The inferior wall consisted of the mylohyoid muscle and sometimes it comprised also a narrow part of the superior surface of the geniohyoglossus muscle. An osseous depression on the internal side of the mandible represented the external wall of the sublingual gland space. The superior wall is clinically the most significant. It consists of the sublingual mucosa and a sublingual fold. This wall represents a main surgical access to the gland. In edentulous mandibles this mucous fold may be at the level of the upper mandibular border which may hinder the use of the lower dental prosthesis.

[Comparative study of concentrated blood derivatives of factor VIII]. / Uporedna ispitivanja koncentrovanih krvnih derivata F VIII.

The work presents results of the investigations of blood derivatives--F VIII concentrates: commercial cryoprecipitate, concentrate of intermediary purity and derivatives of high purity: Kriobulin--Immuno, Octobulin--Landerlan, Profilate--Alfa, Factor VIII--Behring, Hemofil--Hyland, Factorate--Armour Pharma, AHF--Kaote Cutter. The following parameters were investigated: VIII: C, VIIIR: Ag, total protein, protein electrophoresis, IgG, IgA and IgM immunoglobulins and anti-A and anti-B isoagglutinins. All derivatives except cyroprecipitate have considerably higher VIIIR: RAg value compared with VIII: C, which indicated inactivation of labile VIII: C component during concentrate preparation. Specific activity varied depending on purity of preparations, but ranged from 1,72 to 22. High isoagglutinin titer of anti-A was noted in preparations of high purity, as well as the presence of immunoglobulins. Despite considerable differences in vitro, all concentrated derivatives F VIII have similar immediate clinical effect and recovery from 0,87 to 1,36. All results indicate that new ways of derivative F VIII purification should be found with lower degree of contamination of other plasma proteins and less risk of hepatitis virus transmission. When certain indications are recognized, cryoprecipitate produced in our country in all blood transfusion services should be used.