Geriatric Depression Scale - 30 assessments: face-to-face or telephone interviews for older people - a randomized crossover study.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The Geriatric Depression Scale - 30 (GDS-30) for detecting depressive disorders provides an objective and reliable outcome measure validated by many studies and scientific articles. The aim of the study was to compare the concordance of measurements using the GDS-30 conducted in face-to-face and telephone interviews. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study design was approved by the Bioethical Committee of the University of Rzeszów (Resolution No. 2022/075). Study participants were community-dwelling older people in south-eastern Poland, aged 60 years and over, with a normal cognitive status. They were divided into 2 groups, each examined with the Geriatric Depression Scale - 30 questionnaire. The first group (G1) was examined first by means of direct contact (A), and the second group (G2) by telephone (B). After an average period of 2 weeks, the study was repeated, this time swapping the method of contact: in G1 telephone contact (B) was used, in G2 face-to-face contact (A). RESULTS: The study involved a group of 225 people (128 women and 97 men), mean aged 68.2 years, randomly divided into the 2 groups (G1 and G2). Cohen's kappa coefficient analysis showed good (14 questions) to very good (16 questions) concordance for individual responses to questions. Analysis of Krippendorf's alpha coefficient values showed very good concordance for results on the whole questionnaire. Good concordance of the means of measurement was also confirmed by the Bland and Altman method, where more than 95% of the sample was within the 95% concordance limits. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Findings of the study showed that the GDS-30 questionnaire had a high compliance in both face-to-face and telephone surveys.

Minimal important difference of the 12-item World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) 2.0 in persons with chronic low back pain.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 12-item survey (WHODAS-12) is a questionnaire developed by the WHO to measure functioning across health conditions, cultures, and settings. WHODAS-12 consists of a subset of the 36 items of WHODAS-2.0 36-item questionnaire. Little is known about the minimal important difference (MID) of WHODAS-12 in persons with chronic low back pain (LBP), which would be useful to determine whether rehabilitation improves functioning to an extent that is meaningful for people experiencing the condition. Our objective was to estimate an anchor-based MID for WHODAS-12 questionnaire in persons with chronic LBP. METHODS: We analyzed data from two cohort studies (identified in our previous systematic review) conducted in Europe that measured functioning using the WHODAS-36 in adults with chronic LBP. Eligible participants were adults with chronic LBP with scores on another measure as an anchor to indicate participants with small but important changes in functioning over time [Short-form-36 Physical Functioning (SF36-PF) or Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)] at baseline and follow-up (study 1: 3-months post-treatment; study 2: 1-month post-discharge from hospital). WHODAS-12 scores were constructed as sums of the 12 items (scored 0-4), with possible scores ranging from 0 to 48. We calculated the mean WHODAS-12 score in participants who achieved a small but meaningful improvement on SF36-PF or ODI at follow-up. A meaningful improvement was an MID of 4-16 on ODI or 5-16 on SF36-PF. RESULTS: Of 70 eligible participants in study 1 (mean age = 54.1 years, SD = 14.7; 69% female), 18 achieved a small meaningful improvement based on SF-36 PF. Corresponding mean WHODAS-12 change score was - 3.22/48 (95% CI -4.79 to -1.64). Of 89 eligible participants in study 2 (mean age = 65.5 years, SD = 11.5; 61% female), 50 achieved a small meaningful improvement based on ODI. Corresponding mean WHODAS-12 change score was - 5.99/48 (95% CI - 7.20 to -4.79). CONCLUSIONS: Using an anchor-based approach, the MID of WHODAS-12 is estimated at -3.22 (95% CI -4.79 to -1.64) or -5.99 (95% CI - 7.20 to -4.79) in adults with chronic LBP. These MID values inform the utility of WHODAS-12 in measuring functioning to determine whether rehabilitation or other health services achieve a minimal difference that is meaningful to patients with chronic LBP.

Psychometric properties and validation of the polish version of the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ-Pol).

BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, intestinal disorders, mood swings, and sleep disturbances. To the best of our knowledge, the questionnaire used for assessing problems and difficulties in the functioning of people with FM has not been translated and adapted in Poland so far. The aim of the study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ-Pol). MATERIAL AND METHOD: The study covered 150 people with FM living in Poland. The measurement reliability, internal structure, repeatability, and validity of the Polish version of the FIQ were examined. RESULTS: The scale score reliability of the entire tool for the research group was very good. The alpha Cronbach's test result for the whole scale was 0.84. The repeatability of the scale measured by the test-retest method using the interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) was very good and amounted to 0.96. Internal structure suggested by FIQ-Pol authors was confirmed (Confirmatory factor analysis). After introducing modification indices for the entire scale, satisfactory parameter values were obtained, i.e.: RMSEA (0.06), CFI (0.97) and TLI (0.96). Theoretical validity was assessed by correlating the results of the Polish version of the FIQ with the results of the Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI). Both the FIQ-Pol total score and its domains showed strong positive correlations with BDI. CONCLUSION: The Polish FIQ is a reliable and valid tool to measure the functional disability and health status of Polish people with FM.

Enhanced Rehabilitation Outcomes of Robotic-Assisted Gait Training with EksoNR Lower Extremity Exoskeleton in 19 Stroke Patients.

BACKGROUND Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability, often resulting in impaired mobility and gait abnormalities, necessitating effective rehabilitation approaches. Robotic-assisted gait training (RAGT) offers precise control and intensive, task-specific training. The EksoNR exoskeleton shows potential in facilitating gait recovery. This study assesses the efficacy and tolerability of RAGT using EksoNR in the rehabilitation of 19 stroke patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS A prospective nonrandomized, observational study design was employed with a single group convenience sample. The study included 19 individuals post-stroke, who underwent a 4-week rehabilitation program. Baseline and post-rehabilitation assessments were conducted using selected International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) codes, gait exoskeleton parameters (number of steps, walking time, time of verticalization) obtained during the exoskeleton sessions, and the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG). RESULTS The study revealed statistically significant improvements in all analyzed ICF categories, except for D530 Toileting, indicating enhanced functioning. The most notable improvements in activity and participation were observed in the categories of D410 Changing basic body position (-0.84±0.60) and D450 Walking (-0.84±0.60). Additionally, gait analysis demonstrated significant enhancements in the number of steps (difference of 506.79±252.49), walking time (13.02±7.91), and time of verticalization (11.82±9.21) (p>0.001). The TUG test also showed a statistically significant improvement in mobility (p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS This study supports previous findings, demonstrating that RAGT using the EksoNR lower extremity exoskeleton improves gait and functional status in stroke patients, while being well tolerated. The results highlight the potential of this approach for improved rehabilitation outcomes.

Establishing score equivalence of the GDS-30 scale and International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health range, using Rasch analysis.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Depression is a common problem among older adults. The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS- 30) is a recommended tool for assessing the emotional state of the elderly. To-date, there are no data in literature on the description of GDS-30, according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). The aim of the study is to transform the data obtained using the GDS-30 scale into the common scale of the ICF by applying the Rasch measurement theory. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted based on the results of 775 measurements made on people aged 65 and over. The Rasch model with the unconstrained Rasch parameter was used for the study. RESULTS: The GDS-30 scale was transformed into the ICF scale, where 0 points on the ICF scale were assigned to 0 points on the GDS-30 scale, 1 on the ICF scale - 1-4 points on the GDS-30 scale, 2 on the ICF scale - 5-7 on the GDS-30, 3 on the ICF scale, and 8-19 points on the GDS-30, whereas 4 on the ICF scale, 20-30 points on the GDS-30. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the results showed that the GDS-30 scale can be reliably transferred to the universal ICF scale for the b152 Emotional functions code. The ability to transfer the results into the universal language of the ICF category provides a coding system for more efficient information management in health systems, allows for data aggregation, and offers the possibility to compare them. It is also invaluable for clinical practice and research, including creating meta-analyses.

Development of a clinical tool for rating categories of the ICF Rehabilitation Set in Polish practice.

Rehabilitation is considered a key health strategy in the 21st century. The aim of rehabilitation is to optimize the functioning of patients. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is a framework for describing and organizing information on functioning and disability. Current international efforts to implement ICF in rehabilitation practise include the implementation of ICF Core Sets and operationalize ICF tools for clinics. The aim of the study is to create simple, intuitive descriptions and an initial reference guide for the assessment of the ICF Rehabilitation Set in Polish practice. The development of the Polish version of ICF Rehabilitation Set involved the following steps: (1) identification of ICF Rehabilitation Set categories; (2) development simple, intuitive descriptions; (3) the drafting of the rating reference guide by a multidisciplinary panel following the process employed to develop the Japanese version. The Polish version of ICF Rehabilitation Set, the simple, intuitive descriptions for 29 categories and the rating reference guides were successfully developed. The Polish version of ICF Rehabilitation Set proposed by us is a reference framework for the harmonization of existing information on the functioning and disability of people participating in the rehabilitation process.

Development of the Polish Version of the ICF Core Set for the Environment of Older People.

INTRODUCTION: The percentage of older people in Polish society increases every year. The interaction between the individual health condition and the barriers in the environment of the elderly leads to the development of disability and the limitation of activity and participation in daily activities. AIM: This study was aimed at selecting the category of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) to assess the environment of older adults in Poland in the context of their daily functioning. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was designed to develop a user-friendly tool collecting ICF-based data on the living environment of older people, consisting of five phases: (1) the systematic review of the literature, (2) the empirical multicenter study, (3) the qualitative study based on interviews conducted among the elderly, (4) the experts' study-an assessment of selected codes from the perspective of experts, (5) the consensus conference. RESULTS: Consensus was reached for 20 ICF categories, creating a comprehensive core set for the assessment of the living environment of older people, which included six codes from chapter 1, Products and technology, three codes from chapter 2, Natural environment and human-made changes to the environment, four codes from chapter 3, Support and relationships, four codes from Chapter 4, Attitudes, and three codes from Chapter 5, Services, systems, and policies. CONCLUSIONS: The core set for the assessment of the living environment of older people living in Poland is a comprehensive and important set of 20 ICF codes that reflect the most important elements of the environment affecting the health and functioning of the elderly. This set can contribute to the optimal management of care services and support in the area of adapting the environment to the older population. The core set for environmental assessment was developed for use by medical and care facilities, as well as by social workers, who should also pay attention to the elements of the environment that affect the level of functioning of older people. In the future, it may also form the basis of national surveys and screening tests for the assessment of the living environment of older people. Optimizing and enhancing the surrounding environment can contribute to a greater degree of independence, even with existing health problems in the older population.

Determinants of Physical Activity in Older Adults in South-Eastern Poland.

The aim of our study is to assess factors determining the uptake of physical activity (PA) by older people living in south-eastern Poland. This is a cross-sectional study. The study included 858 older people aged 75 and over living in south-eastern Poland. PA was assessed by asking about the time spent on any at least moderate PA per week and about doing planned strengthening exercises to improve muscle strength and muscular endurance. Functional status, disability and quality of life in older people were also assessed. Logistic regression models were used to identify the factors related to PA. In the study group, only 25.64% performed a minimum of 150 min of moderate-intensity exercise, while strengthening exercises were performed by 22.49%. The most important factors influencing the uptake of PA were age, number of chronic diseases, place of residence, education, social activity, housing conditions, quality of life and health status. In summary, the study population represents a low level of PA uptake, with the majority not meeting the World Health Organization recommendations for PA uptake by older people. Our findings suggest individualized efforts to promote public health and increase PA among older people over 75 years of age.

Relationship between Selected Functional Performance Parameters and the Occurrence of Anaemia in Hospitalized Females and Males Aged 80 and More.

Anaemia is considered a factor that significantly increases the risk of disability and mortality in the elderly. Among the hospitalized elderly, the incidence of anaemia is higher than in the general population, which necessitates extensive diagnostics for anaemia in this group. The aim was to assess the relationship between the occurrence of anaemia in hospitalized females and males, aged 80 years and more, and selected determinants of motor fitness. The analysis covered 91 females and 57 males aged 80 and more. The study implemented haemoglobin level, handgrip strength, a lower limb strength, mobility and balance measurement. The analysis used the logistic regression model and the cut-off point was determined by ROC curve. A 1 kg increase in muscle strength reduced the risk of anaemia in a group of males by 12%. The value of handgrip strength from which anaemia can be predicted in a group of males is 24.4 kg. In the female group, no statistically significant correlations were found. There is a need to continue research in this area with the participation of a larger group of respondents to look for potential factors that may be related to anaemia, in order to find non-invasive diagnostic tools useful for elderly people.

The Use of Static Posturography Cut-Off Scores to Identify the Risk of Falling in Older Adults.

BACKGROUND: Falling is the most common accident that occurs in daily living and the second leading cause of unintentional injury death worldwide. The complexity of the risk factors associated with falling makes older people at risk of falling difficult to identify. The aim of the study was to identify the cut-off scores of standing posturography measures that can be used to predict the risk of falling in older adults. METHODS: This observational study involved 267 elderly people aged 65 to 85 years (73.99 SD 7.51) living in south-eastern Poland. The subjects were divided into two groups: a group with a high risk of falling and a group with a low risk of falling, based on their timed up-and-go test. Postural stability was assessed during eyes-open and eyes-closed trials using the two-plate stability platform CQ Stab 2P. RESULTS: The best accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were observed for the sway path, anterior-posterior sway path, and medial-lateral sway path with open and closed eyes. The clinical cut-off score to predict the risk of falling was 350.63 for the sway path with open eyes, 272.64 for the anterior-posterior sway path, and 159.63 for the medial-lateral sway path. The clinical cut-off score for sway path with closed eyes was 436.11. CONCLUSIONS: Static posturography screenings in clinical practice may also be useful for detecting typical balance changes in older adults.

Efficacy of Virtual Reality and Exergaming in Improving Balance in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common causes of neurological progressive disease and can lead to loss of mobility, walk impairment, and balance disturbance. Among several rehabilitative approaches proposed, exergaming and virtual reality (VR) have been studied in the recent years. Active video game therapy could reduce the boredom of the rehabilitation process, increasing patient motivation, providing direct feedback, and enabling dual-task training. Aim of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy of exergaming and VR for balance recovery in patients with MS. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were systematically searched from the inception until May 14, 2021 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) presenting: patients with MS as participants, exergaming and VR as intervention, conventional rehabilitation as comparator, and balance assessment [Berg Balance Scale (BBS)] as outcome measure. We also performed a meta-analysis of the mean difference in the BBS via the random-effects method. Out of 93 records, this systematic review included and analyzed 7 RCTs, involving a total of 209 patients affected by MS, of which 97 patients performed exergaming or VR and 112 patients underwent conventional rehabilitation. The meta-analysis reported a significant overall ES of 4.25 (p < 0.0001), showing in the subgroup analysis a non-significant ES of 1.85 (p = 0.39) for the VR and a significant ES of 4.49 (p < 0.0001) for the exergames in terms of the BBS improvement. Taken together, these findings suggested that balance rehabilitation using exergames appears to be more effective than conventional rehabilitation in patients affected by MS.

Psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the adult population in Poland - a cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: The study aimed to assess the emotional state, the occurrence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, as well as the quality of life of adults living in Poland during the first weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: The study was conducted on a group of 700 people aged 18 and over living in Poland. An anonymous online questionnaire was used in this cross-sectional study. The psychological impact of COVID-19 was measured using the Revised Event Impact Scale (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS - 21). The quality of life was assessed using the WHOQOL-BREF. RESULTS: In Poland, a high average level of post-traumatic stress was found as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, with at least the minimum level occurring in all surveyed people. There was also a high incidence of depression (48.00%), anxiety (39.29%), and stress (54.86) in the first phase of the pandemic. The average level of quality of life in Poland was the lowest for the physical domain and amounted to 49.56 (SD = 11.71). The standard of living in the psychological domain was 60.26 (SD = 13.14). CONCLUSIONS: The pandemic is having a significant impact on human mental health. The very high average levels of post-traumatic stress, stress, anxiety, and depression as well as low quality of life make it necessary to consider interventions that will favor the use of more adaptive defense mechanisms and build mental resilience during an infectious disease pandemic and its long-term consequences.

Reference values and factors associated with hand grip strength among older adults living in southeastern Poland.

Handgrip strength (HGS) is used as a biomarker for the state of health of older people, but the number of research publications containing the normative values of HGS in older adult populations is limited. The aim of the study was to define reference values and factors associated with HGS in older adults living in southeastern Poland. A cross-sectional study including 405 participants aged 65 and older was conducted. Handgrip strength for the dominant hand was assessed by the average of three trials using a JAMAR dynamometer. The sample was categorized into the following age groups: 65-69 years, 70-74 years, 75-79 years, 80-84 years, 85 and over. The average HGS was 19.98 kg (16.91 kg for women and 26.19 kg for men). There was a decrease in handgrip strength across the age range in both sexes. The average handgrip strength of the older people was 17.97 kg (14.47 kg for women and 25.66 kg for men) for those aged 80-85 and 16.68 kg (13.51 kg for women and 21.77 kg for men) in the group over 85 years old. In both sexes, marital status was an independent factor associated with reduced handgrip strength. In conclusion, this study described, for the first time, handgrip strength values for the southeastern Polish population aged ≥ 65 years according to age and gender.

Psychometric Properties and Validation of the Polish Version of the 12-Item World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 in Patients with Huntington's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Huntington's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that usually manifests in adulthood and is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The main aim of the study was to assess the psychometric properties of the 12-item WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) 2.0 in studying the level of disability in people with Huntington's disease. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study that covered 128 people with Huntington's disease living in Poland. We examined scale score reliability, internal consistency, convergent validity, and known-group validity. The disability and quality of life of people with Huntington's disease were also assessed. RESULTS: The scale score reliability of the entire tool for the research group was high. The Cronbach's α test result for the whole scale was 0.97. Cronbach's α for individual domains ranged from 0.95 to 0.79. Time consistency for the overall result was 0.99 and for particular domains ranged from 0.91 to 0.99, which confirmed that the scale was consistent over time. All of the 12-item WHODAS 2.0 domains negatively correlated with all of the Huntington Quality of Life Instrument (H-QoL-I) domains. All correlation coefficients were statistically significant at the level of p < 0.001. The results obtained in the linear regression model showed that with each subsequent point of decrease in BMI the level of disability increases by an average of 0.83 points on the 12-item WHODAS 2.0 scale. With each subsequent year of the disease, the level of disability increases by an average of 1.39 points. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study assessing disability by means of the WHODAS 2.0 in the HD patient population in Poland, and it is also one of the few studies evaluating the validity of the WHODAS 2.0 scale in assessing the disability of people with HD in accordance with the recommendations of DSM-5 (R). We have confirmed that the 12-item WHODAS 2.0 is an effective tool for assessing disability and changes in functioning among people with Huntington's disease.

Psychometric properties of the Polish version of the 36-item WHODAS 2.0 in patients with hip and knee osteoarthritis.

PURPOSE: To examine psychometric properties of the Polish version of the 36-item WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) in the population with hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: This was a longitudinal study with repeated measures during retest examinations. Subjects from a Polish Specialist Hospital (age = 68.3 ± 9.2years, 71% female, 44.2% knee OA, 55.8% hip OA) were tested three times. They completed the Polish version of the 36-item WHODAS 2.0, the SF-36 Health Survey 2.0, the Western Ontario and Macmaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index 3.1, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Numerical Rating Scale. RESULTS: The 36-item WHODAS 2.0-Polish version demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha for total = 0.94), and test-retest reliability (Total ICC2,1 = 0.98). High construct validity was found as 12 out of 15 a priori hypotheses (80%) were confirmed. Most domains and Total Scores in the 36-item WHODAS 2.0 (Total ES = - 0.62, SMR = - 1.09) showed a moderate degree of responsiveness. Minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for the Total WHODAS 2.0 was 3.29 in patients undergoing rehabilitation for knee or hip OA. CONCLUSIONS: The Polish version of the 36-item WHODAS 2.0 assesses disability according to ICF in a reliable, valid and responsive way. Therefore, it provides considerable support in clinical practice and national and international scientific research of patients with hip or knee OA.

An assessment of the work ability, disability and quality of life of working people of pre-retirement and retirement age in Poland - a cross-sectional pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work was to assess the work ability, health status, disability and quality of life of working people of pre-retirement and retirement age, as well as to analyze factors affecting the ability to perform work in older age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional pilot study was conducted in the Podkarpackie and Swietokrzyskie voivodeships, Poland, in randomly selected workplaces of intellectual nature. It was carried out by means of direct interviews in the workplace of the surveyed people, using the Work Ability Index, a questionnaire based on the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0, the WHO Quality of Life-BREF questionnaire, the Geriatric Depression Scale, and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The criteria for inclusion were: age 55-75 years and informed consent to participate in the study. Overall, 201 complete questionnaires were included in the analysis. Demographic data is presented using descriptive statistics measurements. The logistic regression model was used to identify factors related to work ability. RESULTS: The vast majority (69.66%) of employees performing intellectual work had moderate or poor work ability. The average level of general disability in the studied group was mild (20.65), and the quality of life was quite good (64.73). A significant problem among the surveyed people was a quite high average level of pain (VAS = 3.99), the occurrence of depression (73.63%), as well as musculoskeletal (64.18%) and cardiovascular diseases (52.24%). The most important factor contributing to a better work ability was the adaptation of the workplace to functional and healthrelated needs (OR = 7.79). Psychological well-being (OR = 1.12), cognitive performance (OR = 0.97) and a smaller number of chronic diseases (OR = 0.58) were also important factors. CONCLUSIONS: Preparation of elderly people for professional activity should be conducted in 2 different ways, i.e., by means of education and implementation of an active, healthy lifestyle, and increasing control over one's own health and factors determining it, as well as by the proper organization of working space, and quick access to treatment and rehabilitation, especially in the case of musculoskeletal and cardiovascular diseases. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2021;34(1):69-85.

Factors associated with disability and quality of life among the oldest-old living in community in Poland - a cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: In Poland, the number of the oldest-old people is increasing. The prevalence of health problems increases with age, which expands the cost of medical and social care. Therefore, there is a need to assess factors affecting the level of disability and quality of life in order to modify them. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out in a group of 498 people aged 80 and over who live in community in south-eastern Poland. The researchers collected socio-demographic and health data, the WHODAS 2.0 questionnaire was used to assess disability and functioning. Quality of life was studied using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. RESULTS: The general average level of disability was 37.41, with women having a higher level of general disability than men (38.94 vs. 33.94). The highest levels of disability occurred in areas such as mobility, life activity and participation. Statistically, a significantly higher level of disability develops in women who are older, with lower education, social involvement, not able to get help from other people and having more chronic diseases. In men, disability increased with age and greater number of chronic illnesses. The general quality of life of the study group was average (62.53) and comparable for both genders. The lowest quality of life was found in the domain of physical health. A significantly lower quality of life appeared in lonely people, with more chronic diseases, lower education, physical and social inactivity, as well as a lack of help from other people and non-adjustment to the environment. CONCLUSIONS: Factors affecting the disability and quality of life of the oldest-old people should be considered in developing senior health policy in Poland.

Cultural adaptation and validation of the Polish version of the physical activity scale for older people living in a community: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Polish clinicians and researchers face challenges in selecting physical activity tools appropriate and validated for older people. The aim of this study is to provide cultural adaptation and validation of the Polish version of the Physical Activity Scale for Elderly (PASE-P). METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 115 older adults living in south-eastern Poland. The original version of the scale has been translated into the Polish language following standardized translation procedures. Validation was evaluated by Pearson's rank correlation coefficients between PASE-P, the normal Timed Up and Go test and that with a cognitive task (TUG and TUG cog, respectively), grip strength, basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL and IADL, respectively), Five Times Sit to Stand (5x STS), 10-m Walk Test (10MWT), the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). RESULTS: The mean PASE-P was 91.54 (SD 71.15). Sufficient reliability of the test-retest of the PASE-P questionnaire components was found between the trials. The ICC test was strong and ranged from 0.988 to 0.778 for both major domains and the total scale score. A significant correlation was found between the total PASE-P score and the shorter TUG, TUG cog (r = - 0.514, p < 0.001; r = - 0.481, p < 0.001) and 10MWT (r = 0.472, p < 0.001). The total PASE-P score was also positively correlated with ADL and IADL (r = 0.337, p < 0.001; r = 0.415 p < 0.001), BBS (r = 0.537, p < 0.001) and 5xSTS (r = 0.558, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in the study confirm that the Polish version of the PASE scale is a valid and reliable tool for assessing the level of physical activity in older adults living in a community.

Psychometric Properties of the Polish Version of the 36-Item WHODAS 2.0 in Patients with Low Back Pain.

The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) is considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be a useful tool for assessing the functioning and disability of the general population as well as the effectiveness of the applied interventions. Until this study, no data regarding the validity of the 36-item WHODAS 2.0 in chronic low back pain (LBP) in Poland have been explored. This study was conducted on 92 patients suffering from chronic LBP admitted to the rehabilitation ward. The Polish version of the 36-item WHODAS 2.0, the Sf-36 Health Survey (SF-36), the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) questionnaires were applied to assess patients. The scale score reliability of the entire tool for the study population was very high. The Cronbach's alpha test result for the entire scale was 0.92. For the overall result of the WHODAS 2.0, the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC1,2) was 0.928, which confirmed that the scale was consistent over time. The total result and the vast majority of domains of the 36-item WHODAS 2.0 correlated negatively with domains of the SF-36 questionnaire; thus, a higher WHODAS 2.0 score was associated with a lower score on the SF-36 questionnaire. We found that the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for the total WHODAS 2.0 score in patients after rehabilitation for LBP was 4.87. Overall, the results indicated that the Polish version of the 36-item WHODAS is suitable for assessing health and disability status in patients with LBP.

Psychometric properties and validation of the polish version of the 12-item WHODAS 2.0.

BACKGROUND: The assessment of disability in a population is an important part of public health management. In this article, we examine the psychometric properties and validation of the Polish version of the 12-item World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. (12-item WHODAS 2.0). METHODS: A systematic random sample comprised 584 adult urban residents. The Polish version of the 12-item WHODAS 2.0 and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF, Short Form (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire were used to assess disability and quality of life, respectively. Basic sociodemographic data and selected health-related data (e.g., pain and depressive moods) were also collected. RESULTS: Good scale score reliability for the entire tool was confirmed in the study population (Cronbach's α = 0.90; Composite reliability = 0.95). In confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), satisfactory values of the fit indices were obtained (comparative fit index, CFI = 0.999; Tucker-Lewis Index, TLI = 0.999; root mean square error of approximation, RMSEA = 0.004; standardized root mean square residual, SRMR = 0.043, p = 0.454). Good consistency was noted over time (correlation coefficient = 0.88). The tool was found to have an appropriate level of validity. CONCLUSIONS: We found that the 12-item WHODAS is short and easy to use, and it is suitable for use in the form of an interview during screening tests. This tool is appropriate for measuring the health status, functioning, and disability of an average population. It may be more relevant for studying populations with health problems. The 12-item WHODAS can be used to successfully obtain information about the general level of disability in a population.