[Nutritional value of meals in the diets of women with normal and excessive body weight]. / Wartosc odzywcza posilków w dietach kobiet o prawidlowej i nadmiernej masie ciala.

The study objective was to assess the number and type of the consumed meals during the day and to make a comparison between their energetic and nutritional value in the diets of women with normal and excessive body weight. A questionnaire study was conducted in a group of 346 women aged 18-79 years (mean 41.1 +/- 13.1 years). Normal body weight was noted in 145 women (42%), whereas overweight or obesity in 201 women (58%). The study questionnaire contained questions concerning eating habits, e.g., the number of routinely consumed meals and snacks between them. A 24 h dietary recall was taken of the day preceding the examination in order to perform a quantitative evaluation of daily food rations. Taking into consideration the division into meals, the evaluation referred to the energetic value and the content of basic dietary nutrients (proteins, fats and carbohydrates) as well as cholesterol and cellulose, using the computer program Diet 2.0 designed in the Institute of Food and Feeding in Warsaw In the two compared groups, a three-meal model predominated and the afternoon snack was most frequently missed. As many as 56% of women with normal body weight and 71% of women with excessive body weight admitted irregular eating between meals. The proportion in energy delivery from the respective meals was disturbed and nutritional abnormalities were found, especially in overweight and obese women.

[Quantitative assessment of daily food rations of obese persons]. / Ocena ilosciowa calodziennych racji pokarmowych osób otylych.

The aim of the study was to assess the energetic and nutritional values of diets in obese subjects (BMT > or = 30 kg/m2). A total of 261 patients of the Obesity Treatment Centre (201 women - BMI = 32.9 +/- 6.2 kg/m2 and 60 men-BMI = 33.4 +/- 5.3 kg/m2) were enrolled in the study. The mean age of women was 45.8 +/- 12.2 years, men 48.8 +/- 13.5 years. Daily food rations were performed using the 24h dietary recall referring to the day preceding the examination. Although the rations were shown to have a satisfactory energetic value they were improperly balanced with respect to protein and fat. Food rations of the study patients were characterized by excessive intake of animal protein, total fat, saturated fatty acids and dietary cholesterol, especially in men. Insufficient intakes of vegetable protein, total carbohydrates and dietary fibre were noted in the study patients of both sexes.

[Assessment of selected vitamins content in daily food rations of obese patients]. / Ocena zawartosci wybranych witamin w calodziennej racji pokarmowej pacjentów otylych.

The study objective was to evaluate the content of chosen vitamins soluble in fats (A, E) and in water (B1, B2 B6, B12, C, niacin, folic acid) in daily food rations of obese subjects, who are not on a reducing diet (201 obese women - BMI = 32.9 +/- 6.2 kg/ m2 and 60 men - BMI = 33.4 +/- 5.3 kg/m2). The mean age was 45.8 +/- 12.2 years for women and 48 +/- 13.5 years for men. Dietary habits were assessed using the 24 h dietary recall method. Computer program DIETA2 was used to evaluate the vitamin content in daily food rations. Vitamin intake was compared with safe levels for subjects with low physical activity. Low intake were observed in the consumption of vitamin B1 in women and B2 in men. Daily food rations of patients with excessive body mass (both women and men) met safe level daily requirements for vitamin E, niacin, folic acid, riboflavin (women), vitamin B6 (men). High intakes of vitamin A, B12, and C were noted both among obese women and men.

[Assessment of realization of a reducing diet by obese women during treatment of excessive body mass]. / Ocena diety redukujacej stosowanej przez otyle kobiety w trakcie leczenia nadmiernej masy ciala.

The study objective was to evaluate the realization of the reducing diet recommended in the treatment of overweight or obesity (1500 kcal) with regard to the caloric value and the content of basic nutrients, vitamins and bioelements. The study was conducted on a group of 48 women. Daily food rations were evaluated based on a week's dietary register. Results were averaged in each patient and compared to the norms worked out by the Institute of Food and Feeding in Warsaw for subjects with low physical activity. The mean energetic value of the diets was found to meet the requirements. Approximately 50% of the obese women consumed high-protein, low-fat and low-carbohydrate food rations. The analysis of vitamin content in daily food rations showed insufficient intake of vitamin E (in 89.6% of women), thiamin (83.3%), riboflavin (93.7%), niacin (60.4%), vitamin B6 (87.5%), folic acid (89.6%) and vitamin C (72.9%). Vitamin A intake was higher than the recommended norm in 47.9% of women. The lowest realization was noted in the case of potassium (64.6% of rations below the norm), calcium (100% below the norm), magnesium (64.6% below the norm). However, dietary sodium and phosphate content in most obese women exceeded the norms. The intake was too low in the case of iron (in 91.7%), zinc (in 97.9%) and copper (in 100%). It seems that long-term compliance with such a diet requires additional individual supplementation.

[Chosen dietary habits in a cohort of students of the Medical University of Bialystok in the years 2000-2003]. / Wybrane nawyki zywieniowe kohorty studentów Akademii Medycznej w Bialymstoku w latach 2000-2003.

The aim of the study was to estimate chosen dietary habits of a cohort of students in the years 2000-2003. The frequency of the intake of chosen groups of food products, the number of meals and snacks between meals were considered. The highest percentage of both male and female students involved in the questionnaire investigations in the study period consumed three meals a day. The number of students having snacks between meals (every third person) did not change during that period. However, the decrease was observed in drinking by students one glass of milk a day. In the years 2000-2003, the reduction in the frequency of consumption of whole-grain breads and cereals in female students and its increase in male students was noted. The number of men consuming meat and its products was increased. More than half of the students of both sexes consumed fish once a week and this tendency was maintained for the whole study period. An increase was noted in the percentage of female students consuming vegetable salads and in the percentage of male students eating fruit.

[Hair vanadium content and nutritional status of students of the Medical University of Bialystok]. / Zawartosc wanadu we wlosach a stan odzywienia studentów Akademii Medycznej w Bialymstoku.

The aim of the study was to determine the vanadium content in the hair of students of the Medical University of Bialystok and to find out whether its level in the organism measured basing on its hair content correlates with the nutritional status. The study involved 134, 127 and 125 students in the years 2000-2003, respectively. Hair vanadium content was determined using the atomic absorption spectrophotometry method with atomization in a graphite cuvette (ET AAS) on a Hitachi Z-5000 apparatus. The nutritional status was evaluated based on the body mass index BMI. Higher vanadium content was detected in the hair of female students compared to male students. Negative correlation was noted between vanadium content in the hair of female students and their nutritional status.

[Risk factors for cholecystolithiasis in obesity and at normal weight]. / Czynniki ryzyka kamicy zólciowej u osób otylych i z nalezna masa ciala.

Obesity is a known risk factor of cholecystolithiasis. The potential causes of increased incidence of cholecystolithiasis in people with obesity (overweight) and in those with normal body mass are considered. The study involved 100 patients with diagnosed cholecystolithiasis hospitalized in one of the randomly selected hospitals in Bialystok and its vicinity. The questionnaire technique was used to evaluate risk factors of cholecystolithiasis. It was found that women, irrespective of body mass, were 2.7 times more often hospitalized due to this ailment than men. Of the patients examined, 71% had overweight or obesity. Women with normal body mass suffered from cholecystolithiasis at the younger age than the obese or overweight ones. The comparison of risk factors of cholecystolithiasis between the obese (overweight) patients and those with normal body mass revealed a significantly more frequent familial incidence of type 2 diabetes and cholecystolithiasis. Patients with cholecystolithiasis, irrespective of body mass, were characterized by low intake of dark bread and wholemeal products, raw fruit and vegetables, and pulses. Obese women with cholecystolithiasis significantly more frequently consumed milk and yoghurt, meat and its products, lard, bacon and sweets than women with normal body mass. Obese men (with overweight) significantly more frequently consumed high-fat foods than the slim ones.

[Obesity as a risk factor of breast carcinoma in woman]. / Otylosc jako czynnik ryzyka nowotworu sutka u kobiet.

The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between selected risk factors and the incidence of breast carcinoma in women living in the province of Podlasie, with special regard to obesity. The study involved 90 patients with breast carcinoma and 96 without the cancer. A questionnaire was used to evaluate risk factors of the disease. The mean age was 55 years in the carcinoma group and 53 years in the control group. Increased body mass was an essential risk factor of the cancer, which was statistically confirmed by multifactorial analysis. Statistically significant differences were also associated with family history of breast and other cancers, abortions, childlessness, early menarche and late menopause. Multidimensional regression analysis was performed with the application of the logistic model. Statistically significant factors included the history of cigarette smoking, abortions, overweight or obesity (high BMI index), family history of cancers (of the breast and other). The outcome of the multifactorial analysis allows for the assumption that the accumulation of these five factors in one patient increases the risk of breast carcinoma 9.45 times.

[Qualitative evaluation of the students diet with normal body mass and overweight at the Medical University in Bialystok]. / Ocena jakosciowa jadlospisów studentów Akademii Medycznej w Bialymstoku z nalezna masa ciala i nadwaga.

The aim of the study was the qualitative evaluation of the diets of students of the Medical University of Bialystok with normal body mass compared with the menu of those with overweight and obesity. The study performed in the autumn-winter period of 2000/2003 involved 358 students (266 women and 92 men). Overweight was noted in 25 female students and in 35 male students. The mean age was 22.0 +/- 1.5 years. The way of nutrition was qualitatively assessed based on the frequency of consumption of chosen food products and point method according to Starzynska (classifying the menu as good, sufficient, hardly sufficient, bad). Hardly sufficient diet was found to dominate in both students with normal and excessive body mass. Statistically significant differences were observed in the intake of chosen food products between female and male students. Women more often than men ate cottage cheese and whole-grain bread, while men consumed meat, meat products, potatoes and alcoholic drinks more frequently. Moreover, lower percentage of people with excessive body mass (both men and women) fullfiled the criteria of proper nutrition. Men with overweight had fewer meals, more seldom ate vegetables and fruit compared to those with normal body mass. The diet of women with overweight was characterized by a fewer number of meals a day and lower consumption of milk products, vegetables and fruit (especially fresh).

[Chosen environmental factors and their effect on the incidence of overweight and obesity in the population of Podlasie Region]. / Ocena wybranych czynników srodowiskowych wplywajacych na wystepowanie nadwagi i otylosci w populacji zamieszkujacej Podlasie.

The study was conducted to evaluate chosen environmental factors that may contribute to overweight or obesity among the population of Podlasie. Socio-economic status, physical activity and the use of condiments and medications were assessed. The investigations, treated as preliminary, used questionnaire technique and involved 150 volunteers (132 women and 18 men), aged 18-69 years (women; mean 37.4 +/- 12.50) and 18-62 (men; mean 30.0 +/- 11.03). In the majority of subjects the first symptoms of obesity appeared in childhood and puberty. Overweight was familial in 69.6% of women and in 77.7% of men (statistically significant risk factor), which could reflect genetic load or similar lifestyle. Frequency and type of recreational and sports activity were evaluated. Over 77% of the subjects examined declared little and inadequately matched physical activity. The knowledge of health state was unsatisfactory and obesity was considered only in cosmetic terms. Prophylactic actions should intend to educate the whole society, propagate healthy lifestyle and to increase physical activity. People with overweight and obesity should tend to normalise body mass and thus to improve metabolic parameters and general feeling.