Determining the affinities of high-affinity antibodies using KinExA and surface plasmon resonance.

Accurate and efficient affinity measurement techniques are essential for the biophysical characterization of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, one of the fastest growing drug classes. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is widely used for determining antibody affinity, but does not perform well with extremely high affinity (low picomolar to femtomolar range) molecules. In this study, we compare the SPR-based Carterra LSA and the kinetic exclusion assay (KinExA) for measuring the affinities of 48 antibodies generated against the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain. These data reveal that high-affinity antibodies can be generated straight from selections using high-quality in vitro library platforms with 54% correspondence between affinities measured using LSA and KinExA. Generally, where there was a 2-fold or greater difference between LSA and KinExA, KinExA reported that affinities were tighter. We highlight the differences between LSA and KinExA, identifying the benefits and pitfalls of each in terms of dynamic range and throughput. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time that single-point screening with KinExA can significantly improve throughput while maintaining a strong correlation with full binding curve equilibrium measurements, enabling the accurate rank-ordering of clones with exceptionally tight binding properties.

Insights into next generation sequencing guided antibody selection strategies.

Therapeutic antibody discovery often relies on in-vitro display methods to identify lead candidates. Assessing selected output diversity traditionally involves random colony picking and Sanger sequencing, which has limitations. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) offers a cost-effective solution with increased read depth, allowing a comprehensive understanding of diversity. Our study establishes NGS guidelines for antibody drug discovery, demonstrating its advantages in expanding the number of unique HCDR3 clusters, broadening the number of high affinity antibodies, expanding the total number of antibodies recognizing different epitopes, and improving lead prioritization. Surprisingly, our investigation into the correlation between NGS-derived frequencies of CDRs and affinity revealed a lack of association, although this limitation could be moderately mitigated by leveraging NGS clustering, enrichment and/or relative abundance across different regions to enhance lead prioritization. This study highlights NGS benefits, offering insights, recommendations, and the most effective approach to leverage NGS in therapeutic antibody discovery.

4-(3-Phenyl-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide, a Novel Carbonic Anhydrase and Wnt/ß-Catenin Signaling Pathway Dual-Targeting Inhibitor with Potent Activity against Multidrug Resistant Cancer Cells.

We synthesized new pyrrole and indole derivatives as human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) inhibitors with the potential to inhibit the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. The presence of both N1-(4-sulfonamidophenyl) and 3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) substituents was essential for strong hCA inhibitors. The most potent hCA XII inhibitor 15 (Ki = 6.8 nM) suppressed the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway and its target genes MYC, Fgf20, and Sall4 and exhibited the typical markers of apoptosis, cleaved poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase, and cleaved caspase-3. Compound 15 showed strong inhibition of viability in a panel of cancer cells, including colorectal cancer and triple-negative breast cancer cells, was effective against the NCI/ADR-RES DOX-resistant cell line, and restored the sensitivity to doxorubicin (DOX) in HT29/DX and MDCK/P-gp cells. Compound 15 is a novel dual-targeting compound with activity against hCA and Wnt/ß-catenin. It thus has a broad targeting spectrum and is an anticancer agent with specific potential in P-glycoprotein overexpressing cell lines.

High throughput purification of monoclonal recombinant antibodies using a Protein-A coated membrane plate system.

The therapeutic use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) ranges from cancer treatment to immune-mediated conditions, covering infectious and cardiovascular disorders, among others. The development of improved methods for therapeutic antibody discovery has accelerated the identification of numerous mAbs: a discovery campaign can be deeply mined, resulting in hundreds, even thousands, of potential antibody leads for a given target of interest. High throughput mAb expression and purification methods are required for the rapid validation of those leads. In this work, we describe the implementation of a Protein-A coated membrane plate system, the Purexa™ AHT membrane plate, for robust preparative purification of hundreds of recombinant mAbs, without the need for automation. The high efficiency (>80%) recovery generated sufficient mAb for downstream screening analyses such as ELISA and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). This new system allows the functional validation of hundreds of lead antibodies from discovery campaigns in a timely manner regardless of operational size.

Dbx2, an Aging-Related Homeobox Gene, Inhibits the Proliferation of Adult Neural Progenitors.

In the adult mouse brain, the subventricular zone (SVZ) underlying the lateral ventricles harbours a population of quiescent neural stem cells, which can be activated (aNSCs) to initiate proliferation and generate a neurogenic lineage consisting of transit amplifying progenitors (TAPs), neuroblasts (NBs) and newborn neurons. This process is markedly reduced during aging. Recent studies suggest that the aged SVZ niche decreases the pool of proliferating neural/stem progenitor cells (NSPCs), and hence adult neurogenesis, by causing transcriptomic changes that promote NSC quiescence. The transcription factors that mediate these changes, however, remain unclear. We previously found that the homeobox gene Dbx2 is upregulated in NSPCs of the aged mouse SVZ and can inhibit the growth of NSPC cultures. Here, we further investigate its role as a candidate transcriptional regulator of neurogenic decline. We show that Dbx2 expression is downregulated by Epidermal Growth Factor receptor signaling, which promotes NSPC proliferation and decreases in the aged SVZ. By means of transgenic NSPC lines overexpressing Dbx2, we also show that this gene inhibits NSPC proliferation by hindering the G2/M transition. Furthermore, we exploit RNA sequencing of transgenic NSPCs to elucidate the transcriptomic networks modulated by Dbx2. Among the top hits, we report the downregulation of the molecular pathways implicated in cell cycle progression. Accordingly, we find that Dbx2 function is negatively correlated with the transcriptional signatures of proliferative NSPCs (aNSCs, TAPs and early NBs). These results point to Dbx2 as a transcription factor relaying the anti-neurogenic input of the aged niche to the NSPC transcriptome.

Novel N-(Heterocyclylphenyl)benzensulfonamide Sharing an Unreported Binding Site with T-Cell Factor 4 at the ß-Catenin Armadillo Repeats Domain as an Anticancer Agent.

Despite intensive efforts, no inhibitors of the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway have been approved so far for the clinical treatment of cancer. We synthesized novel N-(heterocyclylphenyl)benzenesulfonamides as ß-catenin inhibitors. Compounds 5-10 showed strong inhibition of the luciferase activity. Compounds 5 and 6 inhibited the MDA-MB-231, HCC1806, and HCC1937 TNBC cells. Compound 9 induced in vitro cell death in SW480 and HCT116 cells and in vivo tumorigenicity of a human colorectal cancer line HCT116. In a co-immunoprecipitation study in HCT116 cells transfected with Myc-tagged T-cell factor 4 (Tcf-4), compound 9 abrogated the association between ß-catenin and Tcf-4. The crystallographic analysis of the ß-catenin Armadillo repeats domain revealed that compound 9 and Tcf-4 share a common binding site within the hotspot binding region close to Lys508. To our knowledge, compound 9 is the first small molecule ligand of this region to be reported. These results highlight the potential of this novel class of ß-catenin inhibitors as anticancer agents.

Direct selection of functional fluorescent-protein antibody fusions by yeast display.

Antibodies are important reagents for research, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Many examples of chimeric proteins combining the specific target recognition of antibodies with complementing functionalities such as fluorescence, toxicity or enzymatic activity have been described. However, antibodies selected solely on the basis of their binding specificities are not necessarily ideal candidates for the construction of chimeras. Here, we describe a high throughput method based on yeast display to directly select antibodies most suitable for conversion to fluorescent chimera. A library of scFv binders was converted to a fluorescent chimeric form, by cloning thermal green protein into the linker between VH and VL, and directly selecting for both binding and fluorescent functionality. This allowed us to directly identify antibodies functional in the single chain TGP format, that manifest higher protein expression, easier protein purification, and one-step binding assays.

Simulated Microgravity Modulates Focal Adhesion Gene Expression in Human Neural Stem Progenitor Cells.

We analyzed the morphology and the transcriptomic changes of human neural stem progenitor cells (hNSPCs) grown on laminin in adherent culture conditions and subjected to simulated microgravity for different times in a random positioning machine apparatus. Low-cell-density cultures exposed to simulated microgravity for 24 h showed cell aggregate formation and significant modulation of several genes involved in focal adhesion, cytoskeleton regulation, and cell cycle control. These effects were much more limited in hNSPCs cultured at high density in the same conditions. We also found that some of the genes modulated upon exposure to simulated microgravity showed similar changes in hNSPCs grown without laminin in non-adherent culture conditions under normal gravity. These results suggest that reduced gravity counteracts the interactions of cells with the extracellular matrix, inducing morphological and transcriptional changes that can be observed in low-density cultures.

Pandemic's silver lining.

The intense international focus on the COVID-19 pandemic has provided a unique opportunity to use a wide array of novel tools to carry out scientific studies on the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The value of these comparative studies extends far beyond their consequences for SARS-CoV-2, providing broad implications for health-related science. Here we specifically discuss the impacts of these comparisons on advances in vaccines, the analysis of host humoral immunity, and antibody discovery. As an extension, we also discuss potential synergies between these areas.Abbreviations: CoVIC: The Coronavirus Immunotherapeutic Consortium; EUA: Emergency Use Authorization.

Simultaneous affinity maturation and developability enhancement using natural liability-free CDRs.

ABBREVIATIONS: CDR: complementarity determining region; FACS: fluorescence-activated cell sorting; ka: association rate; kd: dissociation rate; KD: dissociation constant; scFv: single-chain variable fragment; SPR: surface plasmon resonance.

A pandemic-enabled comparison of discovery platforms demonstrates a naïve antibody library can match the best immune-sourced antibodies.

As a result of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic numerous scientific groups have generated antibodies against a single target: the CoV-2 spike antigen. This has provided an unprecedented opportunity to compare the efficacy of different methods and the specificities and qualities of the antibodies generated by those methods. Generally, the most potent neutralizing antibodies have been generated from convalescent patients and immunized animals, with non-immune phage libraries usually yielding significantly less potent antibodies. Here, we show that it is possible to generate ultra-potent (IC50 < 2 ng/ml) human neutralizing antibodies directly from a unique semisynthetic naïve antibody library format with affinities, developability properties and neutralization activities comparable to the best from hyperimmune sources. This demonstrates that appropriately designed and constructed naïve antibody libraries can effectively compete with immunization to directly provide therapeutic antibodies against a viral pathogen, without the need for immune sources or downstream optimization.

Drug-like antibodies with high affinity, diversity and developability directly from next-generation antibody libraries.

Therapeutic antibodies must have "drug-like" properties. These include high affinity and specificity for the intended target, biological activity, and additional characteristics now known as "developability properties": long-term stability and resistance to aggregation when in solution, thermodynamic stability to prevent unfolding, high expression yields to facilitate manufacturing, low self-interaction, among others. Sequence-based liabilities may affect one or more of these characteristics. Improving the stability and developability of a lead antibody is typically achieved by modifying its sequence, a time-consuming process that often results in reduced affinity. Here we present a new antibody library format that yields high-affinity binders with drug-like developability properties directly from initial selections, reducing the need for further engineering or affinity maturation. The innovative semi-synthetic design involves grafting natural complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) from human antibodies into scaffolds based on well-behaved clinical antibodies. HCDR3s were amplified directly from B cells, while the remaining CDRs, from which all sequence liabilities had been purged, were replicated from a large next-generation sequencing dataset. By combining two in vitro display techniques, phage and yeast display, we were able to routinely recover a large number of unique, highly developable antibodies against clinically relevant targets with affinities in the subnanomolar to low nanomolar range. We anticipate that the designs and approaches presented here will accelerate the drug development process by reducing the failure rate of leads due to poor antibody affinities and developability.Abbreviations: AC-SINS: affinity-capture self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy; CDR: complementarity-determining region; CQA: critical quality attribute; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunoassay; FACS: fluorescence-activated cell sorting; Fv: fragment variable; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HCDR3: heavy chain CDR3; IFN2a: interferon α-2; IL6: interleukin-6; MACS: magnetic-activated cell sorting; NGS: next generation sequencing; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; SEC: size-exclusion chromatography; SPR: surface plasmon resonance; TGFß-R2: transforming growth factor ß-R2; VH: variable heavy; VK: variable kappa; VL: variable light; Vl: variable lambda.

Human Immunodeficiency Viruses Pseudotyped with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins Infect a Broad Spectrum of Human Cell Lines through Multiple Entry Mechanisms.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), enters cells through attachment to the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) via the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the surface/spike (S) protein. Several pseudotyped viruses expressing SARS-CoV-2 S proteins are available, but many of these can only infect hACE2-overexpressing cell lines. Here, we report the use of a simple, two-plasmid, pseudotyped virus system comprising a SARS-CoV-2 spike-expressing plasmid and an HIV vector with or without vpr to investigate the SARS-CoV-2 entry event in various cell lines. When an HIV vector without vpr was used, pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 viruses produced in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) were able to infect only engineered hACE2-overexpressing cell lines, whereas viruses produced under serum-free conditions were able to infect a broader range of cells, including cells without hACE2 overexpression. When an HIV vector containing vpr was used, pseudotyped viruses were able to infect a broad spectrum of cell types regardless of whether viruses were produced in the presence or absence of FBS. Infection sensitivities of various cell types did not correlate with mRNA abundance of hACE2, TMPRSS2, or TMPRSS4. Pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 viruses and replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 virus were equally sensitive to neutralization by an anti-spike RBD antibody in cells with high abundance of hACE2. However, the anti-spike RBD antibody did not block pseudotyped viral entry into cell lines with low abundance of hACE2. We further found that CD147 was involved in viral entry in A549 cells with low abundance of hACE2. Thus, our assay is useful for drug and antibody screening as well as for investigating cellular receptors, including hACE2, CD147, and tyrosine-protein kinase receptor UFO (AXL), for the SARS-CoV-2 entry event in various cell lines.

A single donor is sufficient to produce a highly functional in vitro antibody library.

Antibody complementarity determining region diversity has been considered to be the most important metric for the production of a functional antibody library. Generally, the greater the antibody library diversity, the greater the probability of selecting a diverse array of high affinity leads. According to this paradigm, the primary means of elevating library diversity has been by increasing the number of donors. In the present study we explored the possibility of creating an in vitro antibody library from a single healthy individual, showing that the number of lymphocytes, rather than the number of donors, is the key criterion in the production of a diverse and functional antibody library. We describe the construction of a high-quality phage display library comprising 5 × 109 human antibodies by applying an efficient B cell extraction protocol from a single donor and a targeted V-gene amplification strategy favoring specific antibody families for their improved developability profiles. Each step of the library generation process was followed and validated by next generation sequencing to monitor the library quality and diversity. The functionality of the library was tested using several therapeutically relevant targets for which a vast number of different antibodies with desired biophysical properties were obtained.

Exploiting next-generation sequencing in antibody selections - a simple PCR method to recover binders.

Antibody discovery using invitro display technologies such as phage and/or yeast display has become acornerstone in many research and development projects, including the creation of new drugs for clinical use. Traditionally, after the selection phase, random clones are isolated for binding validation and Sanger sequencing. More recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has allowed deeper insight into the antibody population after aselection campaign, enabling the identification of many more specific binders. However, this approach only provides the DNA sequences of potential binders, the properties of which need to be fully elucidated by obtaining corresponding clones and expressing them for further validation. Here we present arapid novel method to harvest potential clones identified by NGS that uses asimple PCR and yeast recombination approach. The protocol was tested in selections against three different targets and was able to recover clones at an abundance level that would be impractical to identify using traditional methods.

Recombinant Antibodies against Mycolactone.

In the past, it has proved challenging to generate antibodies against mycolactone, the primary lipidic toxin A of Mycobacterium ulcerans causing Buruli ulcer, due to its immunosuppressive properties. Here we show that in vitro display, comprising both phage and yeast display, can be used to select antibodies recognizing mycolactone from a large human naïve phage antibody library. Ten different antibodies were isolated, and hundreds more identified by next generation sequencing. These results indicate the value of in vitro display methods to generate antibodies against difficult antigenic targets such as toxins, which cannot be used for immunization unless inactivated by structural modification. The possibility to easily generate anti-mycolactone antibodies is an exciting prospect for the development of rapid and simple diagnostic/detection methods.

Rapid purification of billions of circulating CD19+ B cells directly from leukophoresis samples.

The study of the biology and function of B cells, or the dissection and in vitro creation of enormous recombinant antibody repertoires, requires the isolation of large numbers of pure CD19+ B cells. The StraightFrom® Leukopak CD19 MicroBead Kit was recently introduced as a fast and robust kit to isolate human CD19+ B cells. This uses paramagnetic microbeads conjugated to high-affinity anti-CD19 monoclonal antibodies to bind B cells in leukapheresis (Leukopak) samples. The overall purity of the isolated cells, together with the characterization of the different CD19+ subclasses, was assessed by flow cytometry using a recombinant (REAffinity) antibody panel, revealing that the method allowed the recovery of over 93% of CD19+ B cells without any pre-purification step. This enables the relatively straightforward purification of all the circulating CD19+ B cells in a single donor.