Quiste del canal de Nuck, a propósito de un caso / Canal of Nuck cyst; a case report

El descenso de estructuras inicialmente intraabdominales hacia la región inguinal arrastra consigo una evaginación de peritoneo parietal: el canal de Nuck. Su obliteración incompleta permitirá el paso de líquido o estructuras abdominales originando un hidrocele de dicho canal o hernias inguinales indirectas. El quiste del canal de Nuck se presenta como una masa fluctuante, elástica y no reductible, ecográficamente quística, bien delimitada, de pared ecogénica fina y contenido anecoico, sin señal Doppler color. El diagnóstico diferencial incluye hernias, adenomegalias, enfermedad vascular, tumoral, etc. Aunque el diagnóstico definitivo es histopatológico, la ecografía es una técnica accesible, eficiente y fiable, que permite el estudio dinámico y en tiempo real

The descent of initially intra-abdominal structures towards the inguinal region leads to an evagination of the parietal peritoneum, and is called the canal of Nuck. Its incomplete obliteration will allow the passage of liquid or abdominal structures, leading to a hydrocele of the said canal or indirect inguinal hernias. The canal of Nuck cyst appears as a fluctuating, elastic and non-reducible mass, cystic in the ultrasound, and well-defined with a thin echogenic wall and an anechoic content, with no colour Doppler signal. The differential diagnosis includes hernias, adenomegalies, vascular pathology, and tumours. Although the definitive diagnosis is histopathological, ultrasound is an accessible, efficient and reliable technique, which allows dynamic and real-time study

Acute cholangitis in the context of Lemmel syndrome with signs of diverticulitis.

Here, we present the case of a 51-year-old male with pain in the right hypochondrium, jaundice, fever, chills and septic shock. A computed tomography (CT) scan showed a juxtapapillary diverticulum with inflammatory changes, which caused bile duct ectasia and left biliary radicals. We considered this to be a septic shock of a biliary origin due to the cholangitis associated with Lemmel syndrome, with signs of juxtapapillary diverticulitis.

Hepatic hydatidosis that debuts with a direct rupture to the pleural cavity.

We present the case of a patient with pain in the right hypochondrium, dyspnea, deterioration of his general condition and a positive anti-Echinoccocus antibodies test. Ultrasound and thoraco-abdominal computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a complex hepatic cystic lesion with a transdiaphragmatic fistulous tract trajectory, directed to the pleural space. The lesion was compatible with a complicated hydatid cyst with direct rupture to the pleural cavity. Treatment with albendazole prior to surgery was started.

Hematochezia secondary to hemosuccus pancreaticus due to a pseudoaneurysm associated with a pancreatic pseudocyst.

The patient had a history of recurrent acute necrotizing pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis and a pancreatic pseudocyst with an associated pseudoaneurysm in the superior mesenteric artery. He presented mesogastric pain, nausea, 187 U/l amylase and 242 U/l lipase. A hemorrhagic appearance inside the pseudocyst and lumen of the common bile duct was seen on ultrasound.

Divertículo de Meckel perforado por cuerpo extraño: causa poco frecuente de dolor abdominal / Meckel's diverticulum perforated by a foreign body: a rare cause of abdominal pain

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Meckel's diverticulum perforated by a foreign body: a rare cause of abdominal pain.

We present the case of a male with generalized abdominal pain of sudden onset in the right hemiabdomen, associated with defense and leukocytosis. The study of contrast CT identified a foreign body with a linear and sharp morphology that crossed the wall of a small bowel loop (Fig. 1). The patient underwent a segmental resection of the ileum, which showed a Meckel's diverticulum perforated by a chicken bone.

Bisphenol A and reproductive hormones and cortisol in peripubertal boys: The INMA-Granada cohort.

INTRODUCTION: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine disrupting compound. Although several studies have investigated the effect of BPA exposure and reproductive hormones in humans, results have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: To explore the cross-sectional relationship between bisphenol A (BPA) exposure and reproductive hormones/cortisol among peripubertal boys. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Urinary BPA and serum hormones were assessed in 172 boys belonging to the INMA "Environment and Childhood" Granada birth cohort in their follow-up at 9-11years of age. BPA concentrations were quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and levels of serum total testosterone (TT), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and cortisol were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. RESULT(S): After adjustment for confounders, linear regression models showed that each natural-log unit increase in urinary BPA concentrations was associated with a 19% increase in geometric mean (GM) serum TT levels, and a 16% decrease in GM serum cortisol levels. When urinary BPA concentrations were categorized in tertiles, boys in the 3rd tertile showed 49% higher TT levels and 23% lower cortisol concentrations compared to boys in the 1st tertile. Additionally, urinary BPA concentrations were also significantly associated with higher TT:LH and TT:cortisol ratios, but not with serum LH or FSH levels. CONCLUSION(S): Our results suggest the possible endocrine disrupting potential of BPA during this important period of development. Although action at the testis or pituitary cannot be ruled out, our findings are compatible with a possible involvement of BPA at the adrenal gland, resulting in a differential production of androgens/cortisol. However, given the cross-sectional design of our study, the heterogeneous results reported in the literature, and the scant experimental research on BPA effects at the adrenal gland, the present findings should be interpreted with caution.

Accumulation of mesalazine pills in the medium ileum in a patient with Crohn´s disease.

Crohn´s disease is an inflammatory disease that can involve any portion of the gastrointestinal tract, although terminal ileum is the most commonly affected portion. It is characterized by a transmural and discontinuous distribution pattern, with alternating periods of active disease and remission. We present the case of a 23-year-old patient diagnosed with Crohn´s disease, in treatment with extended release Mesalazine and corticoids. The CT Enterography showed activity signs and a great dilatation of medium ileum with lots of Mesalazine pills accumulated inside. Pill accumulation occurred because of stenosis, which did not let the pills at this level progress to distal ileum, and be absorbed.

Acúmulo de comprimidos de mesalazina en íleon medio en paciente con enfermedad de Crohn / Accumulation of mesalazine pills in the medium ileum in a patient with Crohn´s disease

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Gastric invagination in adults as a rare cause of constitutional syndrome.

This article describes and illustrates the case of an adult patient with clinical symptoms of constitutional syndrome, postprandial discomfort and a mass in the left lateral abdominal region caused by a gastric intussusception with a fundal adenoma as the head of the invagination. The intussusception was diagnosed by MRI (magnetic resonance imaging).

Invaginación gástrica en el adulto como causa poco frecuente de síndrome constitucional / Gastric invagination in adults as a rare cause of constitutional syndrome

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Factores relacionados con la supervivencia libre de enfermedad en el cáncer de mama / Disease-free survival related factors in breast cancer

Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre los parámetros clínicos y anatomopatológicos del tumor primario y la supervivencia libre de enfermedad (SLE) en una serie hospitalaria de casos de cáncer de mama invasivo. Material y método: Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo con 635 pacientes diagnosticadas en el Hospital Universitario San Cecilio de Granada entre 1994 y 2006. La información relativa al tumor primario y a la evolución de la enfermedad se recogió mediante revisión de historias clínicas. La identificación de factores relacionados con el riesgo de recidiva y/o metástasis, y la SLE se realizó, a corto (3 y 5 años) y medio plazo (10 años), mediante análisis de regresión de Cox. Resultados: Tras ajustar por edad, tamaño tumoral, afectación ganglionar, grado histológico y expresión de receptores de estrógenos y de progesterona, se relacionan con mayor riesgo de recaída y menor SLE: el tamaño tumoral (3 años: riesgo relativo ajustado 3,00, intervalo de confianza del 95% 1,79-5,03; 5 años: 2,56, 1,65-3,98; 10 años: 2,16, 1,44-3,24), la infiltración ganglionar (3 años: 4,58, 2,42-8,65; 5 años: 3,84, 2,35-6,30; 10 años: 3,08, 2,05-4,61), la invasión linfovascular (5 años: 1,88, 1,16-3,04; 10 años: 2,19, 1,43-3,35), la multifocalidad/multicentricidad (3 años: 2,69, 1,46-4,96; 5 años: 1,90, 1,08-3,35) y p53 (3 años: 2,03, 1,00-4,09). Se relacionan con mayor SLE, la expresión de receptores de progesterona (3 años: 0,48, 0,26-0,89; 5 años: 0,58, 0,35-0,97; 10 años: 0,59, 0,38-0,90). Conclusiones: Las características biológicas del tumor primario permiten identificar pacientes con diferente pronóstico y SLE, pudiendo contribuir a la planificación de estrategias de seguimiento más personalizadas (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between the clinical and pathological parameters of the primary tumor and disease-free survival (DFS) in a sample of hospital cases of invasive breast cancer. Material and method: We performed a retrospective cohort study in 635 patients recruited at San Cecilio University Hospital in Granada (Spain) between 1994 and 2006. Information on the primary tumor and the outcomes of patients was collected by reviewing the medical records. Predictors of recurrence and/or metastasis and DFS (follow up of 3, 5 and 10 years) were analyzed by using Cox regression analysis. Results: Multivariate models adjusted for age, tumor size, lymph nodal status, histological grade and estrogen and progesterone receptor expression showed a higher risk of recurrence and/or metastasis and lower DFS (adjusted relative risk, 95% confidence intervals) with tumor size (3 yrs: 3.00, 1.79-5.03; 5 yrs: 2.56, 1.65-3.98; 10 yrs: 2.16, 1.44-3.24), lymph nodal status (3 yrs: 4.58, 2.42-8.65; 5 yrs: 3.84, 2.35-6.30; 10 yrs: 3.08, 2.05-4.61), lymphovascular invasion (5 yrs: 1.88, 1.16-3.04; 10 yrs: 2.19, 1.43-3.35), multifocal and/or multicenter tumors (3 yrs: 2.69, 1.46-4.96; 5 yrs: 1.90, 1.08-3.35) and p53 protein expression (3 yrs: 2.03, 1.00-4.09). DFS was positively associated with an increased expression of progesterone receptor (3 yr: 0.48, 0.26-0.89; 5 yrs: 0.58, 0.35-0.97; 10 yrs: 0.59, 0.38-0.90). Conclusions: The biological characteristics of the primary tumor can be used to identify patients with distinctive prognoses and DFS, and could be helpful in making individual follow up strategies (AU)

Characterization of indoor extremely low frequency and low frequency electromagnetic fields in the INMA-Granada cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the exposure to electric fields and magnetic fields of non-ionizing radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum (15 Hz to 100 kHz) in the dwellings of children from the Spanish Environment and Childhood-"INMA" population-based birth cohort. METHODOLOGY: The study sample was drawn from the INMA-Granada cohort. Out of 300 boys participating in the 9-10 year follow-up, 123 families agreed to the exposure assessment at home and completed a specific ad hoc questionnaire gathering information on sources of non-ionizing radiation electric and magnetic fields inside the homes and on patterns of use. Long-term indoor measurements were carried out in the living room and bedroom. RESULTS: Survey data showed a low exposure in the children's homes according to reference levels of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection but with large differences among homes in mean and maximum values. Daytime electrostatic and magnetic fields were below the quantification limit in 78.6% (92 dwellings) and 92.3% (108 dwellings) of houses, with an arithmetic mean value (± standard deviation) of 7.31±9.32 V/m and 162.30±91.16 nT, respectively. Mean magnetic field values were 1.6 lower during the night than the day. Nocturnal electrostatic values were not measured. Exposure levels were influenced by the area of residence (higher values in urban/semi-urban versus rural areas), type of dwelling, age of dwelling, floor of the dwelling, and season. CONCLUSION: Given the greater sensitivity to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields of children and following the precautionary principle, preventive measures are warranted to reduce their exposure.

[Disease-free survival related factors in breast cancer]. / Factores relacionados con la supervivencia libre de enfermedad en el cáncer de mama.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between the clinical and pathological parameters of the primary tumor and disease-free survival (DFS) in a sample of hospital cases of invasive breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We performed a retrospective cohort study in 635 patients recruited at San Cecilio University Hospital in Granada (Spain) between 1994 and 2006. Information on the primary tumor and the outcomes of patients was collected by reviewing the medical records. Predictors of recurrence and/or metastasis and DFS (follow up of 3, 5 and 10 years) were analyzed by using Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Multivariate models adjusted for age, tumor size, lymph nodal status, histological grade and estrogen and progesterone receptor expression showed a higher risk of recurrence and/or metastasis and lower DFS (adjusted relative risk, 95% confidence intervals) with tumor size (3 yrs: 3.00, 1.79-5.03; 5 yrs: 2.56, 1.65-3.98; 10 yrs: 2.16, 1.44-3.24), lymph nodal status (3 yrs: 4.58, 2.42-8.65; 5 yrs: 3.84, 2.35-6.30; 10 yrs: 3.08, 2.05-4.61), lymphovascular invasion (5 yrs: 1.88, 1.16-3.04; 10 yrs: 2.19, 1.43-3.35), multifocal and/or multicenter tumors (3 yrs: 2.69, 1.46-4.96; 5 yrs: 1.90, 1.08-3.35) and p53 protein expression (3 yrs: 2.03, 1.00-4.09). DFS was positively associated with an increased expression of progesterone receptor (3 yr: 0.48, 0.26-0.89; 5 yrs: 0.58, 0.35-0.97; 10 yrs: 0.59, 0.38-0.90). CONCLUSIONS: The biological characteristics of the primary tumor can be used to identify patients with distinctive prognoses and DFS, and could be helpful in making individual follow up strategies.

Risk of second primary cancer among women with breast cancer: a population-based study in Granada (Spain).

OBJECTIVE: The higher risk of developing new cancers in breast cancer survivors is a public health concern. Our aim was to examine risk of second primary cancers among women diagnosed with breast cancer. METHODS: We studied two cohorts of female cancer patients identified in a population-based cancer registry in Granada (Spain): women first diagnosed with a primary breast cancer (n=5897) and those with a primary cancer in another site (n=22,814), followed during 1985-2007 for second cancers and breast cancer occurrence, respectively. We used Standardized Incidence Ratios (SIRs) to estimate second cancer risk by age (<50y, ≥50y), time since diagnosis (≤5y, >5y) and calendar periods (≤1995, >1996). SIR for breast cancer was calculated in the second cohort. RESULTS: The risk of developing second cancers (n=314) was 39% higher (95% CI=1.23-1.54) among breast cancer patients, and particularly high among women under 50 (SIR=1.96, 95% CI=1.48-2.44). Excess risk for endometrial cancer (SIR=3.04, 95% CI=2.14-3.94) was statistically significant and remained so in women over 50. Younger women were at higher risk of second ovarian cancer (SIR=4.90, 95% CI=1.27-8.53). Increased SIRs were observed during the first five years after breast cancer diagnosis, whereas SIRs decreased thereafter. Breast cancer incidence (n=171) was not higher among women previously diagnosed with other cancer types (SIR=0.86, 95% CI=0.74-1.00). CONCLUSION: Women diagnosed with breast cancer have a higher incidence of second primary cancers, particularly of endometrial cancer in women over 50 at diagnosis, and ovarian cancer in younger women. These findings may be explained by treatment-related effects or shared risk factors.

Supervivencia en cáncer de mama tras 10 años de seguimiento en las provincias de Granada y Almería / Breast cancer survival after 10 years of follow up, in Granada and Almeria spanish provinces

Fundamento: Describir la supervivencia global y libre de enfermedad a los cinco y diez años del diagnóstico de cáncer de mama en mujeres participantes un estudio caso control previo, y establecer las variables pronóstico relacionadas. Métodos: Se realizó el seguimiento de 202 mujeres diagnosticadas en tres hospitales públicos de Granada y Almería entre 19961998. La supervivencia se evaluó mediante el método de Kaplan-Meier, y la identificación de factores relacionados mediante el análisis de regresión de Cox. Resultados: La edad media al diagnóstico fue de 54,27±10,4 años. La supervivencia global a los 5 años fue del 83,9% (IC 95%: 78,13-89,66) y a los 10 años del 71% (IC 95%: 63,25-78,74) con un tiempo medio de seguimiento de 119,91 meses (IC 95% 113,65126,17). La supervivencia libre de enfermedad a los 5 años fue del 81% (IC 95%: 74,52-87,47) y a los 10 años del 71,3% (IC 95%: 63,33-79,26) con un tiempo medio de seguimiento de 118,75 meses (IC 95% 111,86-125,65). La mortalidad de la serie fue del 33’17%. Conclusiones: Las características de la enfermedad en las mujeres de la muestra estudiada son similares a las de otras regiones de España y Europa, con una supervivencia global superior a la descrita en Europa y y comparable a la de España amba referidas para el mismo periodo(AU)

Background: To describe the overall and disease-free survival at five and ten years after breast cancer diagnosis in women from a previous case-control study, and establish related prognostic factors. Methods: We followed up 202 patients diagnosed between 1996 and 1998 in three public hospitals in Granada and Almeria provinces in Spain. Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan and Meier method, and the Cox proportional hazards model was applied to identify the most significant variables contributing to survival. Results: Mean age at diagnosis was 54.27±10.4 years. Mean follow-up for overall survival was 119.91 months (95%CI 113.65126.17); the five-year survival rate was 83.9% (95%CI: 78.13-89.66) and the ten-year rate was 71% (95%CI: 63.25-78.74). Mean followup for disease-free survival was 118.75 months (95%CI 111.86125.65); the five-year disease-free survival rate was 81% (95%CI: 74.52-87.47) and the ten-year rate was 71.3% (95%CI: 63.33-79.26). The mortality rate of the study population was 33.17%. Conclusions: Disease characteristics are similar in our population to those in other Spanish and European regions, while the overall survival is higher than the mean rate during the same period in Europe (5-yr rate of 79%) and similar to that in Spain (83%)(AU)

[Breast cancer survival after 10 years of follow up, in Granada and Almeria Spanish Provinces]. / Supervivencia en cáncer de mama tras 10 años de seguimiento en las provincias de Granada y Almería.

BACKGROUND: To describe the overall and disease-free survival at five and ten years after breast cancer diagnosis in women from a previous case-control study, and establish related prognostic factors. METHODS: We followed up 202 patients diagnosed between 1996 and 1998 in three public hospitals in Granada and Almeria provinces in Spain. Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan and Meier method, and the Cox proportional hazards model was applied to identify the most significant variables contributing to survival. RESULTS: Mean age at diagnosis was 54.27 ± 10.4 years. Mean follow-up for overall survival was 119.91 months (95%CI 113.65-126.17); the five-year survival rate was 83.9% (95%CI: 78.13-89.66) and the ten-year rate was 71% (95% CI: 63.25-78.74). Mean follow-up for disease-free survival was 118.75 months (95%CI 111.86-125.65); the five-year disease-free survival rate was 81% (95% CI: 74.52-87.47) and the ten-year rate was 71.3% (95% CI: 63.33-79.26). The mortality rate of the study population was 33.17%. CONCLUSIONS: Disease characteristics are similar in our population to those in other Spanish and European regions, while the overall survival is higher than the mean rate during the same period in Europe (5-yr rate of 79%) and similar to that in Spain (83%).