[Energy calculation for the optic systems of medical endoscopes designed on the basis of gradient optics]. / Energeticheskii raschët opticheskikh sistem meditsinskikh éndoskopov, postroennykh na osnove gradientnoi optiki.

A relationship that determines the illumination intensity of an image formed by the optic system based on gradient elements is derived. The diameter of gradient optic elements, which enables one to obtain the maximum image illumination intensity with the preset designing parameters of the distal end of a rigid medical endoscope, is calculated.

[Calculation of optic system of superfine medical endoscopes based on gradient elements]. / Raschët opticheskikh sistem sverkhtonkikh meditsinskikh éndoskopov, postroennykh na osnove gradientnykh élementov.

The application of gradient optic elements to rigid endoscopes decreases their diameter to 1.5-2.0 mm. The given mathematical dependences determine aperture and field characteristics, focus and focal segments, resolution of the optic systems based on gradient optics. Parameters of the gradient optic systems for superfine medical endoscopes are characterized and their practical application is shown.

[Lighting of biological objects during their visual recording by super thin rigid endoscopes]. / Osveshchënnost biologicheskikh obektov pri ikh vizualnoi registratsii s pomoshchíu sverkhtonkikh zhestkikh éndoskopov.

The paper deals with the effects of illumination intensity levels on perception conformality and colour saturation in the image of a biological object. Reveals the impact of the optical parameters of an endoscope, the parameters characterizing the biological object and its illumination intensity on the resolution of the optic system of observer's eyes--an endoscope. The biological object illumination intensity range recommended in its visual recording by using rigid endoscopes is defined.